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On flexibly integrating machine vision inspection systems in PCB manufactureZhang, Jingbing January 1992 (has links)
No description available.
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Application of surface analytical techniques to the characterisation of 60Pb/40Sn solder alloy on PCBsYoshitomi, Satoshi January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
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An investigation into silver filled insulating resins as a conductive adhesive for solder replacementRoberts, Graeme January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
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Recuperação de níquel a partir do licor de lixiviação de placas de circuito impresso de telefones celulares. / Recovery of nickel from leach liquor of printed circuit boards of mobile. PhonesMurcia Santanilla, Adriana Johanny 05 December 2011 (has links)
Os resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos é um dos fluxos de resíduos que mais cresce no mundo. O aumento na produção destes equipamentos como resultado dos avanços tecnológicos e a sua rápida obsolescência promovem o aumento de geração deste tipo de resíduos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a recuperação de níquel presente no licor de lixiviação de placas de circuito impresso de telefones celulares obsoletos, através da aplicação de processos hidrometalúrgicos e eletrometalúrgico. Inicialmente, foram preparadas soluções sintéticas a partir da composição química do licor de lixiviação das frações magnética (MA) e não magnética (NMA) das placas de circuito impresso cominuídas. Os elementos presentes nas soluções são: ferro, zinco, níquel e alumínio. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma etapa de remoção do ferro, através de precipitação seletiva. A morfologia e a composição química do precipitado foram analisadas através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e EDS, respectivamente. A composição química das soluções resultantes da precipitação foi determinada através da técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Através do processo de precipitação conseguiu-se uma porcentagem de remoção de ferro na solução NMA de 99,6% e na solução MA de 99,9%, porém, observou-se também a coprecipitação de zinco, alumínio e níquel. Com as soluções resultantes desta etapa, foi realizada a purificação das soluções através de extração por solvente, utilizando Cyanex 272 como agente extratante. As variáveis estudadas nos ensaios de extração por solvente foram: pH, concentração do extratante, relação fase aquosa/orgânica (A/O) e temperatura. . Além disso, também foi determinado o número de contatos necessários para a extração de ferro, zinco e alumínio, obtendo assim, uma solução aquosa contendo unicamente níquel. Finalmente, foram realizados os ensaios de eletrodeposição para a obtenção de níquel metálico. Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura sobre o filme depositado. A morfologia dos depósitos e a espessura da camada foram analisadas através do MEV, verificando que o aumento da temperatura influencia nas características do depósito obtido. / Electric and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. Continuous increasing production owing to the technological advances and the products consumption rise, all together with the rapid obsolescence of this scrap promotes the necessity of exchange and the increasing of generate waste. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study a recovering of nickel from leach liquor of cell phones printed circuit boards, through of hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical process application. Firstly, was prepared synthetic solutions of both magnetic (MA) and nonmagnetic (NMA) fractions of printed circuit boards. The metal ions present in the synthetic solutions are: iron, zinc, nickel and aluminium. Afterwards was realized the iron removal stage, through both selective precipitation and solvent extraction process, in order to make a comparison of these techniques. The precipitates were analyzed across of scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the chemical composition of these solutions through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). With selective precipitation it was obtained 99,6% and 99,9% of iron removal with selective precipitation in NMA and MA solutions, respectively. Therefore, it was also observed co-precipitation of zinc, aluminium and nickel. With solutions after precipitation stage was carried out the solutions purification through solvent extraction using cyanex 272 as extractant. Solvent extraction test were studied different parameters, such as: equilibrium pH, extractant concentration, aqueous-organic (A/O) ratio and temperature. It was also determinates the stages number required for iron, zinc and aluminium extraction, to obtain nickel in aqueous solution uniquely. Finally, was carried out the electrodeposition test for obtain metallic nickel. Was analyzed the effect of temperature on the deposited layer. Surface Morphology and thickness of the deposits were evaluated by MEV, verifying that temperature increasing influences on deposited layer.
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Effects of Curing Agents and Drilling Methods on CAF Formation in Halogen-Free LaminatesChan, Lok Si January 2012 (has links)
Increasing demands for more reliability and functionalities in electronic devices have pushed the electronics industry to adopt newly developed materials and reduce interconnect sizes and spacing. These adaptations have led to concerns of reliability failures caused by conductive anodic filament formation (CAF). CAF is a conductive copper-containing salt that forms via an electrochemical process. It is initiated at the anode and grows along the epoxy/glass interface to the cathode, and once CAF reaches the cathode a short circuit will occur.
The objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of curing agents (DICY vs. phenolic-cured epoxy) and drilling methods (laser vs. mechanical drilling) on CAF formation using an insulation resistance test at 85 ºC, relative humidity of 85%, and a voltage gradient of 0.4V/µm.
Time-to-failure for DICY-cured and phenolic-cured epoxy with laser drilled microvias and mechanically drilled vias were determined using the insulation resistance test. The failed coupons were cross-sectioned and examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to verify the existence of CAF. Weibull analysis was used to compare the reliability and identify the failure modes of the failed coupons.
Test results show that DICY-cured epoxy is a better CAF resistant material than phenolic-cured epoxy. It is believed that the brittleness of phenolic-cured material might enhance the damage to the epoxy/glass fiber interface during drilling; and hence, facilitate subsequent CAF formation.
The study also shows that laser drilled microvias are less prone to CAF formation than mechanically drilled vias, because there is less mechanical damage and lower glass fiber content. Finally, using Weibull analysis, it is determined that laser drilled microvias experienced infant-mortality failure, whereas mechanically drilled vias exhibited a wear-out type failure.
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Effects of Curing Agents and Drilling Methods on CAF Formation in Halogen-Free LaminatesChan, Lok Si January 2012 (has links)
Increasing demands for more reliability and functionalities in electronic devices have pushed the electronics industry to adopt newly developed materials and reduce interconnect sizes and spacing. These adaptations have led to concerns of reliability failures caused by conductive anodic filament formation (CAF). CAF is a conductive copper-containing salt that forms via an electrochemical process. It is initiated at the anode and grows along the epoxy/glass interface to the cathode, and once CAF reaches the cathode a short circuit will occur.
The objective of this research is to evaluate and compare the effects of curing agents (DICY vs. phenolic-cured epoxy) and drilling methods (laser vs. mechanical drilling) on CAF formation using an insulation resistance test at 85 ºC, relative humidity of 85%, and a voltage gradient of 0.4V/µm.
Time-to-failure for DICY-cured and phenolic-cured epoxy with laser drilled microvias and mechanically drilled vias were determined using the insulation resistance test. The failed coupons were cross-sectioned and examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to verify the existence of CAF. Weibull analysis was used to compare the reliability and identify the failure modes of the failed coupons.
Test results show that DICY-cured epoxy is a better CAF resistant material than phenolic-cured epoxy. It is believed that the brittleness of phenolic-cured material might enhance the damage to the epoxy/glass fiber interface during drilling; and hence, facilitate subsequent CAF formation.
The study also shows that laser drilled microvias are less prone to CAF formation than mechanically drilled vias, because there is less mechanical damage and lower glass fiber content. Finally, using Weibull analysis, it is determined that laser drilled microvias experienced infant-mortality failure, whereas mechanically drilled vias exhibited a wear-out type failure.
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Recuperação de níquel a partir do licor de lixiviação de placas de circuito impresso de telefones celulares. / Recovery of nickel from leach liquor of printed circuit boards of mobile. PhonesAdriana Johanny Murcia Santanilla 05 December 2011 (has links)
Os resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos é um dos fluxos de resíduos que mais cresce no mundo. O aumento na produção destes equipamentos como resultado dos avanços tecnológicos e a sua rápida obsolescência promovem o aumento de geração deste tipo de resíduos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a recuperação de níquel presente no licor de lixiviação de placas de circuito impresso de telefones celulares obsoletos, através da aplicação de processos hidrometalúrgicos e eletrometalúrgico. Inicialmente, foram preparadas soluções sintéticas a partir da composição química do licor de lixiviação das frações magnética (MA) e não magnética (NMA) das placas de circuito impresso cominuídas. Os elementos presentes nas soluções são: ferro, zinco, níquel e alumínio. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma etapa de remoção do ferro, através de precipitação seletiva. A morfologia e a composição química do precipitado foram analisadas através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e EDS, respectivamente. A composição química das soluções resultantes da precipitação foi determinada através da técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Através do processo de precipitação conseguiu-se uma porcentagem de remoção de ferro na solução NMA de 99,6% e na solução MA de 99,9%, porém, observou-se também a coprecipitação de zinco, alumínio e níquel. Com as soluções resultantes desta etapa, foi realizada a purificação das soluções através de extração por solvente, utilizando Cyanex 272 como agente extratante. As variáveis estudadas nos ensaios de extração por solvente foram: pH, concentração do extratante, relação fase aquosa/orgânica (A/O) e temperatura. . Além disso, também foi determinado o número de contatos necessários para a extração de ferro, zinco e alumínio, obtendo assim, uma solução aquosa contendo unicamente níquel. Finalmente, foram realizados os ensaios de eletrodeposição para a obtenção de níquel metálico. Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura sobre o filme depositado. A morfologia dos depósitos e a espessura da camada foram analisadas através do MEV, verificando que o aumento da temperatura influencia nas características do depósito obtido. / Electric and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. Continuous increasing production owing to the technological advances and the products consumption rise, all together with the rapid obsolescence of this scrap promotes the necessity of exchange and the increasing of generate waste. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study a recovering of nickel from leach liquor of cell phones printed circuit boards, through of hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical process application. Firstly, was prepared synthetic solutions of both magnetic (MA) and nonmagnetic (NMA) fractions of printed circuit boards. The metal ions present in the synthetic solutions are: iron, zinc, nickel and aluminium. Afterwards was realized the iron removal stage, through both selective precipitation and solvent extraction process, in order to make a comparison of these techniques. The precipitates were analyzed across of scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the chemical composition of these solutions through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). With selective precipitation it was obtained 99,6% and 99,9% of iron removal with selective precipitation in NMA and MA solutions, respectively. Therefore, it was also observed co-precipitation of zinc, aluminium and nickel. With solutions after precipitation stage was carried out the solutions purification through solvent extraction using cyanex 272 as extractant. Solvent extraction test were studied different parameters, such as: equilibrium pH, extractant concentration, aqueous-organic (A/O) ratio and temperature. It was also determinates the stages number required for iron, zinc and aluminium extraction, to obtain nickel in aqueous solution uniquely. Finally, was carried out the electrodeposition test for obtain metallic nickel. Was analyzed the effect of temperature on the deposited layer. Surface Morphology and thickness of the deposits were evaluated by MEV, verifying that temperature increasing influences on deposited layer.
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The curse of dimensionality of decision-making units: A simple approach to increase the discriminatory power of data envelopment analysisVincent, Charles, Aparicio, J., Zhu, J. 14 December 2019 (has links)
Yes / Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a technique for identifying the best practices of a given set of decision-making units (DMUs) whose performance is categorized by multiple performance metrics that are classified as inputs and outputs. Although DEA is regarded as non-parametric, the sample size can be an issue of great importance in determining the efficiency scores for the evaluated units, empirically, when the use of too many inputs and outputs may result in a significant number of DMUs being rated as efficient. In the DEA literature, empirical rules have been established to avoid too many DMUs being rated as efficient. These empirical thresholds relate the number of variables with the number of observations. When the number of DMUs is below the empirical threshold levels, the discriminatory power among the DMUs may weaken, which leads to the data set not being suitable to apply traditional DEA models. In the literature, the lack of discrimination is often referred to as the “curse of dimensionality”. To overcome this drawback, we provide a simple approach to increase the discriminatory power between efficient and inefficient DMUs using the well-known pure DEA model, which considers either inputs only or outputs only. Three real cases, namely printed circuit boards, Greek banks, and quality of life in Fortune’s best cities, have been discussed to illustrate the proposed approach. / panish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad), the State Research Agency (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) and the European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional) under grant MTM2016-79765-P (AEI/FEDER, UE).
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Separação e purificação de metais presentes em placas de circuito impresso de computadores descartados utilizando-se extração por solventes. / Separation and purification of metals from printed circuit board of spent computers using solvent extraction.Correa, Monica Maria Jimenez 06 February 2015 (has links)
Com o transcorrer dos anos a problemática da geração de resíduos sólidos vem ganhando destaque no âmbito ambiental. Atualmente, várias tecnologias na área de tratamento de resíduos sólidos estão sendo estudadas com o objetivo de reduzir o volume de resíduos gerados e obter ganhos econômicos adicionais. As placas de circuito impresso (PCIs) descartadas são classificadas como resíduos sólidos e na sua composição, por vezes, possuem quantidades de metais maiores que as encontradas em minérios. O presente trabalho estudou a separação de metais não ferrosos encontrados em dois tipos de placas de circuito impresso de computadores descartados (placas mãe e placas de vídeo), visando a sua recuperação. O procedimento utilizado incluiu etapas de processamento físico e processamento hidrometalúrgico. O processamento físico foi iniciado com a cominuição das PCIs utilizando moinho de facas e moinho de martelos. Em seguida, foi retirada uma parte do resíduo moído para ser quarteado e encaminhado para os ensaios hidrometalúrgicos. As amostras obtidas após o quarteamento foram denominadas amostras da rota I. Com o restante do material moído foi realizada separação magnética, na qual foram obtidas amostras de material não magnético, denominadas: amostras da rota II, tais amostras seguiram também para tratamento hidrometalúrgico. A seguir foi realizada a caracterização dos materiais presentes nas PCIs e nas suas respectivas amostras (amostras da rota I e amostras da rota II). O processamento hidrometalúrgico foi então iniciado com a etapa de lixiviação. Nesta etapa, parâmetros como tempo, temperatura e concentração do ácido foram avaliados. O licor coletado na lixiviação das amostras da rota II seguiu para fase de extração por solventes (SSX), na qual os metais foram purificados e separados. Nos ensaios de SSX foram empregados os extratantes ácidos Cyanex 272, D2EHPA, TBP e suas misturas. Experimentos variando a relação aquosa/orgânica (A/O), a temperatura e a concentração de extratante foram desenvolvidos. Finalmente foram determinados o número de estágios teóricos de extração para purificar o licor obtido na lixiviação das amostras da rota II. Os resultados mostraram que as placas mãe possuem na sua composição 35,8% de metais; 38,4% de polímeros e 25,9 % de cerâmicos, já as placas de vídeo estudadas possuem 35,8 % de metais, 33 % de polímeros e 31,2 % de cerâmicos. Na etapa de lixiviação foi possível recuperar 100% do cobre contido nas amostras da rota II (fração não magnética da placa de vídeo e da placa mãe). A etapa de extração por solventes permitiu separar o alumínio e o zinco do licor obtido na lixiviação das amostras da rota II (fração não magnética da placa de vídeo e da placa mãe). A extração do alumínio e o zinco empregou 10% v/v D2EHPA, temperatura ambiente, tempo de reação de 10 min e pH igual a 3,5. Além disso, o cobre foi separado usando-se 20% v/v de D2EHPA, temperatura ambiente, tempo de reação de 10 min e pH igual a 3,5. Finalmente foi encontrado que este procedimento permite recuperar 82 % do cobre contido na placa mãe e 60 % do cobre da placa de vídeo. / Over the years, the solid waste generation problem has been gaining strength in an environmental context. Currently, several technologies on the field of waste treatment are been studied aiming to reduce the volume of produced waste and gain additional economic value. Discarded printed circuit boards (PCBs) are classified as solid waste and in it composition, sometimes, they hold greater quantities of metal than ores. The present research studied the separation of non-ferrous metals from two types of printed circuit boards from discarded computers (motherboards and video boards) aiming its recovery. The overall process used physical treatment and hydrometallurgical treatment. The physical processing started with griding the PCBs using a knife mill and a hammer mill. Quartered samples from the grinded material were utilized on the hydrometallurgical process. Samples obtained after quartering were called samples from route l. The remained milled material was magnetically separated generating non-magnetic samples, called: samples from route ll, also followed by hydrometallurgical treatment. After, present materials on the PCBs and its respective samples were characterized (samples from route l and samples from route ll). Leaching those materials was the first step of the hydrometallurgical step. Leaching parameters time, temperature and acid concentration were evaluated. The resulting liquor from leaching samples from route ll followed to the solvent extraction (SSX) phase, in which metals were screened and purified. On the extraction phase there were utilized the acid extractants: Cyanex 272, D2EHPA, TBP and its mixtures. Experiments varying extraction parameters as organic/aqueous (O/A), temperature and extractant concentration were carried out during this phase. Finally, the number of theoretical stages of extraction were determined to purify the liquor obtained by leaching samples from route ll. The results showed that the mother PCBs are constituted by 35.8% of metals; 38.4% of polymers and 25.9% of ceramic, while the video PCBs are composed by 35.8% of metals, 33% polymer and 31.2% of ceramic. In the leaching step was possible to recover 100% of the copper contained in the route II samples (non-magnetic fraction of the video boards and motherboards). The solvent extraction step can separate aluminum and zinc from the liquor produced in leaching process of the Route II samples (non-magnetic fraction of the video board and motherboard). Aluminum and zinc extraction used 10% v/v of D2EHPA, room temperature, reaction time 10 min and pH 3.5. Moreover, copper was removed using 20% v/v of D2EHPA, room temperature, reaction time of 10 min and pH 3.5. Finally it was found that this procedure allows recovering 82% of the copper contained in the motherboard and 60% of the copper video board.
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Recuperação de metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos através de processo biohidrometalúrgico. / Metals recovery from printed circuit boards of obsolete computers by biohydrometallurgical process.Yamane, Luciana Harue 26 April 2012 (has links)
O consumo de produtos eletroeletrônicos, em especial de computadores pessoais, aliado ao avanço tecnológico, diminui a vida útil dos equipamentos a cada geração e o intenso marketing gera um rápido processo de substituição. As placas de circuito impresso são encontradas em praticamente todos os equipamentos eletroeletrônicos e são particularmente problemáticas para reciclar devido à mistura heterogênea de material orgânico, metais e fibra de vidro. As placas de circuito impresso são industrialmente recicladas através de processos hidrometalúrgicos e pirometalúrgicos. A biolixiviação, que é baseada na capacidade de microrganismos solubilizarem metais, pode ser usada para recuperar metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores. O presente trabalho investigou a recuperação de metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos através de processo biohidrometalúrgico. Para isto, as placas de circuito impresso foram processadas através de cominuição seguida de separações magnética e eletrostática. A bactéria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LR foi cultivada e adaptada na presença de placas de circuito impresso. Um estudo de frascos agitados foi realizado com amostras do material não-magnético das placas de circuito impresso para avaliar a influência da adaptação bacteriana, densidade de polpa, velocidade de rotação e concentração inicial de Fe+2 sobre o processo de biolixiviação. Lixiviação com sulfato férrico também foi estudada para efeitos de comparação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, Eh, concentração de Fe+2, extração de metais, análises por EDS e MEV. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que através da separação magnética é possível obter duas frações: material magnético, na qual ficou concentrado o ferro, permitindo sua posterior recuperação, e material não-magnético, na qual ficou concentrado cobre, zinco, alumínio, estanho e ouro. Para a extração de cobre, zinco e alumínio, os resultados do estudo de frascos agitados permitiram a definição das condições: densidade de polpa de 15gL-1, volume de inóculo (bactérias adaptadas) de 10% (v/v), velocidade de rotação de 170rpm, e concentração inicial de Fe+2 de 6,75gL-1. A lixiviação com sulfato férrico extraiu menos de 35% do cobre do que a biolixiviação, porém é um fator contribuinte assim como a lixiviação promovida pelo ácido sulfúrico. Imagens obtidas no MEV mostraram diferenças entre as superfícies das amostras do material não-magnético antes e depois da biolixiviação, evidenciando os pits de corrosão formados pelo contato da bactéria. / Consumption of electric and electronic devices, especially personal computers, coupled with technological advances, decreases equipments lifespan in each generation and intense marketing generates a rapid replacement process. Printed circuit boards are found in all electric and electronic equipment and are particularly problematic to recycle because of the heterogeneous mix of organic material, metals, and fiberglass. Printed circuit boards are industrially recycled by hydrometallurgical and/or pyrometallurgical processes. Bioleaching, which is based on microorganisms capacity to dissolve metals into soluble elements, can be used to metal recovery from printed circuit boards of computers. This study investigated metal recovery from printed circuit boards of obsolete computers by biohydrometallurgical process. Printed circuit boards from obsolete computers were processed by size reduction followed by magnetic and electrostatic separation. Bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LR were grown and adapted in presence of printed circuit board. A shake-flask study was carried out with printed circuit board samples (non-magnetic material). Influence of bacterial adaptation, pulp density, rotation speed and initial Fe+2 concentrations on bioleaching were evaluated. Leaching in acidic ferric sulphate was also performed for comparison purposes. Analyzed parameters were: pH, Eh, ferrous iron concentration, metals extraction, EDS and SEM analysis. Characterization results shown that through magnetic separation, it is possible to obtain two fractions: magnetic material, which concentrated iron; and non-magnetic material, which concentrated copper, zinc, aluminum, tin and gold. Results obtained in the extraction of copper, zinc and aluminum allowed to define optimal conditions of bioleaching: pulp density of 15gL-1, inoculums volume (adapted bacteria) of 10% (v/v), rotation speed of 170rpm, and Fe+2 initial concentration of 6.75gL-1. Ferric iron leaching extracted less copper (35%) than bioleaching, but its a contribute factor as leaching promoted by diluted sulfuric acid. SEM analysis shown surface differences between non-magnetic material before and after bioleaching, showing corrosion pits formed by bacteria contact.
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