MARTINA HYNKOVÁ: ‚JINÉ SVĚTY' ŽEN JAZZOVÉ SEKCE V OBDOBÍ TZV. NORMALIZACE ABSTRACT This master thesis deals with the Jazz section of the Musicians' Union in the normalization period. It was an amateur organization which existed from 1971 until 1986. It took an active part in the area of jazz and united an extensive jazz community. The thesis aims at gender aspects of female Jazz section's activities and roles. The research question can be formulated as follows: Which strategies of living did female members of the Jazz section choose during the normalization? The thesis is based on a biographical method consisting of six interviews with former female members of the Jazz section. Those interviews were made via an episodic narrative interview. The author revealed the following strategies of living: accession to the Jazz section community, being an active member of the community, going abroad to visit cultural events, contact with dissent and living in two worlds. Making of these other worlds by female members of the Jazz section thus became strategies of living on their own.

Kvinnlig organisering finns i många former och det har gjorts en del internationell och svensk forskning om det. Denna uppsats är skriven för att fylla i luckan angående den åländska kvinnoorganiseringen i form av Ålands Marthadistrikt. Marthaverksamheten startade på det finska fastlandet 1899 och kom till Åland 1912. 1932 firade de åländska marthorna 20-årsjubiléet av detta och det fanns deltagare från alla 32 föreningarna. Undersökningens syfte är att göra en organisationsstudie om Ålands Marthadistrikts verksamhet och dess värderingar 1932–1934 med utgångspunkt från teorin om privat och offentlig sfär. Detta görs med hjälp av tre frågeställningar som är: 1. Vilken verksamhet genomförde marthorna 1932–1934? 2. Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det mellan föreningarna inom distriktet? 3. Vilka värderingar eller ideologier ligger bakom verksamheten? För att uppfylla syftet används både en kvantitativ metod och en kvalitativ metod med fokus på textanalys. Materialet som används är hämtat från Ålands Marthadistriktsarkiv och består av styrelseprotokoll, årsberättelser, förteckningar och räkenskaper. Ålands Marthadistrikt ordnade en verksamhet som mest bestod av möten, föredrag, kurser, studiecirklar och samkväm. Varje år förekom en lite större tillställning som marthorna deltog i eller anordnade. Dessa var bland annat 20-årsjubiléet, presidentbesöket och den årliga Marthadagen. De föredrag och kurser som distriktet och föreningarna genomförde handlade om olika sorters hemvård eller hemslöjd exempelvis huslig ekonomi, madrasstillverkning, trädgårdsskötsel och sömnad. Kvinnosynen i distriktet var att kvinnorna skötte hemmet och därför fokuserade majoriteten av verksamheten på det. Dock uppmuntrade distriktet kvinnor att delta i saker utanför hemmet som arbete och politik. En annan viktig del av verksamheten var att ordna tillfällen där kvinnor kunde träffas och umgås vilket uppskattades stort bland medlemmarna. Resultat i undersökningen är att marthaverksamheten till största del verkade i den privata sfären hemmet och att den gjorde att kvinnorna fick en egen sfär frånskild männen i samhället. Dock fanns det även verksamhet som bidrog till att kvinnor kom in i den offentliga sfären och beblandades med männen i samhället / Women organisation has many forms, and these have been studied international and in Sweden in some degree. This essay is written with the purpose of filling the blank about the women organisation in Åland called Ålands Martha district. The Martha activity started on the Finnish mainland in 1899 and came to Åland 1912. In 1932, the Åland Marthas celebrated the 20th anniversary of this and there were participants from all 32 associations. The purpose of this survey is to do an organizational study about Ålands Martha district’s activity and values 1932-1934 starting from the theory of private and public sphere. This is done with the help of three questions which are: 1. What activities did the Marthas carry out in 1932-1934? 2. What similarities and differences are there between the associations within the district? 3. What values and ideologies are behind the activity? To fulfil the purpose, both a quantitative method and qualitative method with a focus on text analysis are used. The material used is taken from Åland’s Martha district’s archive and consists of board minutes, annual reports, listings, and accounts. Ålands Martha district arranged activities that mainly consisted of meetings, lectures, courses, study circles and parties. Each year a big happening took place in which the Marthas participated in or arranged. These were, among other things, the 20th anniversary, the president’s visit, and the yearly Martha day. The lectures and courses that the district and associations arranged were about different kind of house caring or home crafting, for example, home economics, mattress manufacturing, gardening, and sewing. The view of women in the district was that the women managed the home and therefore most of the activities focused on it. However, the district encouraged women to participate in things outside of the home such as work and politics. Another important part of the activities was to arrange occasions where women could meet and hang out which were highly appreciated between the members. The result of the survey is that the Martha’s activity mostly operated in the private sphere of the home and that it gave the women their own sphere separated from the men in the society. However, there were activities that contributed to women taking a place in the public sphere and being mixed up with the men in the society.

This thesis focuses on harmonisation of work and family life of female university graduates at beginning of their careers and at the time when they were taking care of babies up to five years of age. I have chosen this topic not only because it is rather an actual topic but also because I'm personally attached to it. My feminist research analysis is based on the theory of power and knowledge as is it described by Foucault and Butler. I was interested in original families of my communication partners where they grew up and where they adopted their social habits and behaviour. In the light of this social process, I have analysed what powers they had to face in their original families in terms of usage of gender stereotypes based on patriarchal layout of our society and preferential existence of one gender over the other. I have also focused on current families of my communication partners and on power relationships on the basis of which the process of harmonisation of professional and family life of my communication partners takes place, both in their private and public space. I have also analysed how social habits and behaviour gained during their childhood are implemented. It was very important for the interviews and for my feminist research to approach my communication partners as subjects, and...