Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Pires Novais Dias.pdf: 1264304 bytes, checksum: 4ab76b1bb1945d10345dd838657d646b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04 / This dissertation aims to examine closely the business foundation, which is the legal business through which the process of creating a private foundation in Brazilian law begins. It is a insufficiently addressed subject by the Brazilian doctrine: specialized works on Private Foundations approach the subject only indirectly and in a superficial vision, which is, from a perspective centered on the artificial foundational person, which implies a vision without pretensions of unity and coherence over the foundational business. This fragmentation has as negative consequence, a partial view on the foundational phenomenon, with special reflections on the process of creating the foundation and that, in practice, has corresponded to a disregard of the value of the negotiating freedom of the settlor. In the analysis of the foundational business we start from its formation, nearing the end of its extinction and juristic nature. The methodology used was the literature research of national and international authors and judicial decisions. Among the foreign authors, emphasis was placed on the German, Italian and Portuguese doctrines, because of the similarity of the theoretical bases and greater depth in which the subject is approached in these countries compared to the Brazilian law. The main problems faced are the interpretations of the requirement "free goods", contained in art. 62 of the Civil Code and also about the limit of the stipulation of the foundational purposes, predicted in the single paragraph of that article and, finally, the lawfulness of the reversal of the foundational residual patrimony in the event of termination of the foundation. The conclusions reached in each of these problems respectively were: the requirement free goods imposes that endowed goods to the foundation are not subject to the real rights of guaranty or under lien and its transmission is valid, the settlor can only create foundations for purposes of pursuing the collective interest, and, finally, the settlor may provide a reversal of patrimony that he himself transferred the property / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo analisar detidamente o negócio fundacional, que é o negócio jurídico por meio do qual se dá início ao processo de criação de uma fundação privada no Direito brasileiro. Trata-se de tema insuficientemente abordado pela doutrina brasileira: as obras especializadas sobre Fundações Privadas abordam o assunto apenas de maneira pontual e indireta, isto é, partindo de uma perspectiva centrada na pessoa jurídica da fundação, o que implica em uma visão sem pretensões de unidade e coerência sobre o negócio fundacional. Esta fragmentação tem como consequência negativa uma visão parcial do fenômeno fundacional, com especiais reflexos sobre o processo de criação da fundação e que, na prática, tem correspondido a uma desconsideração do valor da liberdade negocial do instituidor. Na análise do negócio fundacional parte-se da sua formação, chegando ao final à sua extinção e natureza jurídica. A metodologia utilizada foi de pesquisa bibliográfica de autores nacionais e estrangeiros e consulta a decisões judiciais. Entre os autores estrangeiros, deu-se ênfase às doutrinas alemã, italiana e portuguesa, pela semelhança das bases teóricas e maior profundidade com que o tema é abordado nestes países em comparação ao Direito brasileiro. Os principais problemas enfrentados são as interpretações do requisito bens livres , contido no art. 62 do Código Civil e também do limite para estipulação dos fins fundacionais, previsto no parágrafo único do referido artigo e, por fim, a licitude da reversão dos bens fundacionais residuais em caso de extinção da fundação. Os resultados a que se chegou em cada um destes problemas respectivamente foram: que o requisito bens livres impõe que os bens dotados à fundação não estejam sujeitos a direitos reais de garantia ou sob penhora e sua transmissão seja válida; o instituidor só poderá criar fundações para perseguir fins de interesse coletivo; e, por fim, o instituidor poderá estipular a reversão dos bens que ele mesmo transferiu à propriedade

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The collapse of communism and the fall of the Soviet Union offered an unprecedented opportunity for the international community to support transitions to democracy in a region that had long known only totalitarian rule. Among the key players engaged in supporting efforts were U.S. grantmaking institutions, including both non-state and quasi-state aid providers. This thesis explores the motivations and evolving strategies of three different types of grantmaking institutions in a single country, Russia, with a particular focus on democracy aid provision from 1988-2002. The three types of grantmaking organizations examined through case studies include: the Ford Foundation, a private foundation with a history of international grantmaking spanning several decades; the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, a private foundation known primarily for its domestic focus with a much shorter history of international grantmaking; and, finally, the National Endowment for Democracy, a U.S. government-created and heavily taxpayer-funded organization established as a private nonprofit organization to make grants specifically for democracy promotion. Motivating factors for initiating or expanding grantmaking in Russia in the late 1980s included a previous history of grantmaking in the region, a previously established institutional commitment to democracy promotion, international peace and security concerns, and interest from a top institutional leader. Over the course of the fourteen year period studied, five grantmaking features are identified as influencing the development of grantmaking strategies: professional grantmaking staff; organizational habit; global political, social, and economic environments; market and other funding source influences; and physical presence. Though subject to constraints, the non-state and quasi-state grantmaking institutions included in this study were able to avoid weaknesses identified with private philanthropy in other research and demonstrated a willingness to experiment and take risks, an ability to operate at the non-governmental level, and a commitment to long-term grantmaking, informed by expertise.