<p>The study empirically investigated the effects of consumer price perception dimension and reputation dimension on attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers. Consumer price perception dimension includes value consciousness, price consciousness, and price-quality association factors. Reputation dimension includes retailer’s reputation, existence of word-of-mouth (WOM), positive WOM, and negative WOM.</p><p>Previous studies have found that factors under the consumer price perception dimension have an impact on attitude toward private label brands. The current study argues, based on theoretical framework, reputation dimension could also be considered as having an impact on attitude toward private label brands but that this has not been investigated before.</p><p>Measurement scales for consumer price perception dimensions were taken from Baltas (1997) and Burton et al. (1998). New measurement scales were developed for factors under the reputation dimension. The reliability and validity of all the factors used in the study have been discussed.</p><p>A multiple regression analysis was conducted where the private label attitude was the dependent variable and all factors under the two dimensions investigated in the study were the independent variables. The results of the analysis showed that value consciousness and price consciousness factors under the consumer price perception dimension have significant relationships with attitude toward private label brands. Similarly, retailer’s reputation, positive WOM, and negative WOM under the reputation dimension have significant relationships with attitude toward private label brands. Specifically, these three reputation dimension factors were found to have more influence on attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers than the two factors found significant under the consumer price perception dimension.</p><p>The major implication for the Swedish retailers is that they should put more emphasis on their own reputation (retailer’s reputation factor) and on positive WOM to develop favorable attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers. They should also fight any negative WOM about their private label brands. In addition, the Swedish retailers should try to promote the quality aspect of their private label brands to the young Swedish consumers as value consciousness was found to be a significant determinant across the most of the demographic variables studied here.</p>

The study empirically investigated the effects of consumer price perception dimension and reputation dimension on attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers. Consumer price perception dimension includes value consciousness, price consciousness, and price-quality association factors. Reputation dimension includes retailer’s reputation, existence of word-of-mouth (WOM), positive WOM, and negative WOM. Previous studies have found that factors under the consumer price perception dimension have an impact on attitude toward private label brands. The current study argues, based on theoretical framework, reputation dimension could also be considered as having an impact on attitude toward private label brands but that this has not been investigated before. Measurement scales for consumer price perception dimensions were taken from Baltas (1997) and Burton et al. (1998). New measurement scales were developed for factors under the reputation dimension. The reliability and validity of all the factors used in the study have been discussed. A multiple regression analysis was conducted where the private label attitude was the dependent variable and all factors under the two dimensions investigated in the study were the independent variables. The results of the analysis showed that value consciousness and price consciousness factors under the consumer price perception dimension have significant relationships with attitude toward private label brands. Similarly, retailer’s reputation, positive WOM, and negative WOM under the reputation dimension have significant relationships with attitude toward private label brands. Specifically, these three reputation dimension factors were found to have more influence on attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers than the two factors found significant under the consumer price perception dimension. The major implication for the Swedish retailers is that they should put more emphasis on their own reputation (retailer’s reputation factor) and on positive WOM to develop favorable attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers. They should also fight any negative WOM about their private label brands. In addition, the Swedish retailers should try to promote the quality aspect of their private label brands to the young Swedish consumers as value consciousness was found to be a significant determinant across the most of the demographic variables studied here.

Date: May 30, 2011 Program: MIMA – International Marketing Course name: Master Thesis (EFO 705) Title: Consumer behavior towards private label brands: A study of  Thai undergraduate students' experience Method: Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Quantitative method was used to collect the primary data for this research. Moreover, qualitative method was also used to support the results from questionnaires. Conclusion: The research attempts to examine the different factors that influence consumers' purchasing intentions of private label brands among Thai undergraduate students. Five important factors were identified; there are collectivist culture, perceived risk, price, quality and store loyalty. Collectivist culture and perceived risk were found out to be important background factors which affect the other three factors. Furthermore, the result shows that price and quality of private label brands are highly related as most of the target consumers tend to associate expensiveness with high quality and vice-versa. However, the effect of store loyalty on consumers' (Thai undergraduate students)purchasing intention was found out to be insignificant.

Acompanhando a evolução dos meios de comunicação, as marcas da indústria ganharam força e popularidade, conquistando a confiança dos consumidores. Assim, as marcas de fabricantes consolidaram-se durante o século XX, simbolizando qualidade e status. Enquanto a indústria fortalecia a imagem das suas marcas junto aos consumidores, o poder de negociação do varejo decaía. No entanto, durante a década de 1970 o varejo iniciou um processo de transformação. Sua consolidação e internacionalização contribuíram para o aumento do seu poder de barganha frente às grandes indústrias. Em razão dos grandes volumes negociados o grande varejo passou a ser o principal veículo de distribuição dos produtos fabricados pela indústria. Inicia então uma relação de rivalidade entre a indústria e varejo. Diversas estratégias foram colocadas em prática pelo varejo de alimentos com o objetivo de ganhar competitividade frente aos concorrentes. O desenvolvimento de marcas próprias merece destaque em função da sua abrangência e disseminação no mundo. Diante desse cenário, o trabalho propõe um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento de marcas próprias, sob a perspectiva dos diversos agentes envolvidos: varejo supermercadista, indústria e consumidores. Logo, seu principal objetivo é apresentar informações atualizadas sobre o setor de marcas próprias no Brasil e no mundo, identificar os fatores que podem motivar ou restringir o seu desenvolvimento, analisar os possíveis efeitos e impactos da estratégia de marcas próprias sobre os seus agentes e identificar as forças competitivas envolvidas na indústria de marcas próprias. A Europa é a região onde as marcas próprias têm maior desenvolvimento e mantêm a sua participação consolidada no varejo. Um dos fatores que contribuem para a grande participação das marcas próprias no faturamento das redes supermercadistas instaladas na Europa é a alta concentração de mercado. Conforme as escalas sugeridas Bain (1968) e pelo governo dos Estados Unidos, no Horizontal Mergers Guidelines, de 1992, a concentração do setor supermercadista brasileiro calculada para o ano de 2010 é moderada. De acordo com último estudo de marcas próprias publicado pela Nielsen, a participação das marcas próprias representou 4.8% do faturamento das redes em 2010. Utilizando informações publicadas em trabalhos anteriores foram identificados os efeitos e impactos do desenvolvimento de marcas próprias, distinguidos como verticais e horizontais. Os impactos verticais envolvem os fornecedores, indústria e consumidores. Os impactos horizontais envolvem o varejista que desenvolve marcas próprias e as redes concorrentes. De acordo com literatura consultada foi possível identificar que os fatores motivadores para o desenvolvimento de rótulos privados são tão representativos para o varejo quanto para as empresas fabricantes. No entanto, em função do poder que as grandes redes exercem sobre a indústria, os reflexos negativos da estratégia de marcas próprias podem representar um risco muito maior para os fabricantes de marcas próprias do que para os varejistas. / Following the media evolution, industry brands gained strength and popularity, winning the confidence of its consumers. Manufacturer brands were consolidated during the twentieth century, symbolizing quality, reliability and status to its consumers. While the industry strengthened the image of their brands with consumers, the retail negotiation power crumbled. However, during the 1970s retailers began a transformation process. Their consolidation and internationalization have contributed to the increase in their bargaining power with large industries. Because of the large volumes traded the large retailers became the main distribution vehicle for products manufactured by the industry, starting a rivalry relationship between industry and retail. Several strategies were put in place by food retailing in order to gain a competitive edge against its competitors. The development of their own brands is noteworthy in light of its scope and spread throughout the world. In this scenario, the paper proposes a study on the development of private label brands, also called own brands, from the perspective of the various actors involved: retail, industry and consumers. Therefore, its main objective is to present updated information on the private label brands sector in Brazil and worldwide; to identify factors that may motivate or constrain their development, analyze potential effects and impacts of the own brands strategy on the actors and identify the competitive forces involved in the own brands industry. Europe is the region where private label brands have greater development and maintain their participation consolidated in the retail. One of the factors that contribute to the large share of private label brands in the revenues of supermarket chains based in Europe is the high market concentration. As the scales suggested by Bain, 1968 and the U.S. government, in the Horizontal Mergers Guidelines, 1992, the Brazilian supermarket sector concentration calculated for the year 2010 is moderate. According to the latest study on own brands published by Nielsen, the share of private label brands accounted for 4.8% of the chains revenues in 2010. Using data published in previous works we have identified the effects and impacts of the development of own brands, distinguished as vertical and horizontal. The vertical impacts involve suppliers, industry and consumers. The horizontal impacts involve the retailer that develops its own brands and competing chains. According to the literature, we found that the motivating factors for the development of private label brands are so representative for retail companies as they are for the manufacturers. However, due to the power that the major chains have on the industry, the negative effects of the strategy of own brands can represent a much higher risk for private label brands manufacturers than for retailers.

Acompanhando a evolução dos meios de comunicação, as marcas da indústria ganharam força e popularidade, conquistando a confiança dos consumidores. Assim, as marcas de fabricantes consolidaram-se durante o século XX, simbolizando qualidade e status. Enquanto a indústria fortalecia a imagem das suas marcas junto aos consumidores, o poder de negociação do varejo decaía. No entanto, durante a década de 1970 o varejo iniciou um processo de transformação. Sua consolidação e internacionalização contribuíram para o aumento do seu poder de barganha frente às grandes indústrias. Em razão dos grandes volumes negociados o grande varejo passou a ser o principal veículo de distribuição dos produtos fabricados pela indústria. Inicia então uma relação de rivalidade entre a indústria e varejo. Diversas estratégias foram colocadas em prática pelo varejo de alimentos com o objetivo de ganhar competitividade frente aos concorrentes. O desenvolvimento de marcas próprias merece destaque em função da sua abrangência e disseminação no mundo. Diante desse cenário, o trabalho propõe um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento de marcas próprias, sob a perspectiva dos diversos agentes envolvidos: varejo supermercadista, indústria e consumidores. Logo, seu principal objetivo é apresentar informações atualizadas sobre o setor de marcas próprias no Brasil e no mundo, identificar os fatores que podem motivar ou restringir o seu desenvolvimento, analisar os possíveis efeitos e impactos da estratégia de marcas próprias sobre os seus agentes e identificar as forças competitivas envolvidas na indústria de marcas próprias. A Europa é a região onde as marcas próprias têm maior desenvolvimento e mantêm a sua participação consolidada no varejo. Um dos fatores que contribuem para a grande participação das marcas próprias no faturamento das redes supermercadistas instaladas na Europa é a alta concentração de mercado. Conforme as escalas sugeridas Bain (1968) e pelo governo dos Estados Unidos, no Horizontal Mergers Guidelines, de 1992, a concentração do setor supermercadista brasileiro calculada para o ano de 2010 é moderada. De acordo com último estudo de marcas próprias publicado pela Nielsen, a participação das marcas próprias representou 4.8% do faturamento das redes em 2010. Utilizando informações publicadas em trabalhos anteriores foram identificados os efeitos e impactos do desenvolvimento de marcas próprias, distinguidos como verticais e horizontais. Os impactos verticais envolvem os fornecedores, indústria e consumidores. Os impactos horizontais envolvem o varejista que desenvolve marcas próprias e as redes concorrentes. De acordo com literatura consultada foi possível identificar que os fatores motivadores para o desenvolvimento de rótulos privados são tão representativos para o varejo quanto para as empresas fabricantes. No entanto, em função do poder que as grandes redes exercem sobre a indústria, os reflexos negativos da estratégia de marcas próprias podem representar um risco muito maior para os fabricantes de marcas próprias do que para os varejistas. / Following the media evolution, industry brands gained strength and popularity, winning the confidence of its consumers. Manufacturer brands were consolidated during the twentieth century, symbolizing quality, reliability and status to its consumers. While the industry strengthened the image of their brands with consumers, the retail negotiation power crumbled. However, during the 1970s retailers began a transformation process. Their consolidation and internationalization have contributed to the increase in their bargaining power with large industries. Because of the large volumes traded the large retailers became the main distribution vehicle for products manufactured by the industry, starting a rivalry relationship between industry and retail. Several strategies were put in place by food retailing in order to gain a competitive edge against its competitors. The development of their own brands is noteworthy in light of its scope and spread throughout the world. In this scenario, the paper proposes a study on the development of private label brands, also called own brands, from the perspective of the various actors involved: retail, industry and consumers. Therefore, its main objective is to present updated information on the private label brands sector in Brazil and worldwide; to identify factors that may motivate or constrain their development, analyze potential effects and impacts of the own brands strategy on the actors and identify the competitive forces involved in the own brands industry. Europe is the region where private label brands have greater development and maintain their participation consolidated in the retail. One of the factors that contribute to the large share of private label brands in the revenues of supermarket chains based in Europe is the high market concentration. As the scales suggested by Bain, 1968 and the U.S. government, in the Horizontal Mergers Guidelines, 1992, the Brazilian supermarket sector concentration calculated for the year 2010 is moderate. According to the latest study on own brands published by Nielsen, the share of private label brands accounted for 4.8% of the chains revenues in 2010. Using data published in previous works we have identified the effects and impacts of the development of own brands, distinguished as vertical and horizontal. The vertical impacts involve suppliers, industry and consumers. The horizontal impacts involve the retailer that develops its own brands and competing chains. According to the literature, we found that the motivating factors for the development of private label brands are so representative for retail companies as they are for the manufacturers. However, due to the power that the major chains have on the industry, the negative effects of the strategy of own brands can represent a much higher risk for private label brands manufacturers than for retailers.

Acompanhando a evolução dos meios de comunicação, as marcas da indústria ganharam força e popularidade, conquistando a confiança dos consumidores. Assim, as marcas de fabricantes consolidaram-se durante o século XX, simbolizando qualidade e status. Enquanto a indústria fortalecia a imagem das suas marcas junto aos consumidores, o poder de negociação do varejo decaía. No entanto, durante a década de 1970 o varejo iniciou um processo de transformação. Sua consolidação e internacionalização contribuíram para o aumento do seu poder de barganha frente às grandes indústrias. Em razão dos grandes volumes negociados o grande varejo passou a ser o principal veículo de distribuição dos produtos fabricados pela indústria. Inicia então uma relação de rivalidade entre a indústria e varejo. Diversas estratégias foram colocadas em prática pelo varejo de alimentos com o objetivo de ganhar competitividade frente aos concorrentes. O desenvolvimento de marcas próprias merece destaque em função da sua abrangência e disseminação no mundo. Diante desse cenário, o trabalho propõe um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento de marcas próprias, sob a perspectiva dos diversos agentes envolvidos: varejo supermercadista, indústria e consumidores. Logo, seu principal objetivo é apresentar informações atualizadas sobre o setor de marcas próprias no Brasil e no mundo, identificar os fatores que podem motivar ou restringir o seu desenvolvimento, analisar os possíveis efeitos e impactos da estratégia de marcas próprias sobre os seus agentes e identificar as forças competitivas envolvidas na indústria de marcas próprias. A Europa é a região onde as marcas próprias têm maior desenvolvimento e mantêm a sua participação consolidada no varejo. Um dos fatores que contribuem para a grande participação das marcas próprias no faturamento das redes supermercadistas instaladas na Europa é a alta concentração de mercado. Conforme as escalas sugeridas Bain (1968) e pelo governo dos Estados Unidos, no Horizontal Mergers Guidelines, de 1992, a concentração do setor supermercadista brasileiro calculada para o ano de 2010 é moderada. De acordo com último estudo de marcas próprias publicado pela Nielsen, a participação das marcas próprias representou 4.8% do faturamento das redes em 2010. Utilizando informações publicadas em trabalhos anteriores foram identificados os efeitos e impactos do desenvolvimento de marcas próprias, distinguidos como verticais e horizontais. Os impactos verticais envolvem os fornecedores, indústria e consumidores. Os impactos horizontais envolvem o varejista que desenvolve marcas próprias e as redes concorrentes. De acordo com literatura consultada foi possível identificar que os fatores motivadores para o desenvolvimento de rótulos privados são tão representativos para o varejo quanto para as empresas fabricantes. No entanto, em função do poder que as grandes redes exercem sobre a indústria, os reflexos negativos da estratégia de marcas próprias podem representar um risco muito maior para os fabricantes de marcas próprias do que para os varejistas. / Following the media evolution, industry brands gained strength and popularity, winning the confidence of its consumers. Manufacturer brands were consolidated during the twentieth century, symbolizing quality, reliability and status to its consumers. While the industry strengthened the image of their brands with consumers, the retail negotiation power crumbled. However, during the 1970s retailers began a transformation process. Their consolidation and internationalization have contributed to the increase in their bargaining power with large industries. Because of the large volumes traded the large retailers became the main distribution vehicle for products manufactured by the industry, starting a rivalry relationship between industry and retail. Several strategies were put in place by food retailing in order to gain a competitive edge against its competitors. The development of their own brands is noteworthy in light of its scope and spread throughout the world. In this scenario, the paper proposes a study on the development of private label brands, also called own brands, from the perspective of the various actors involved: retail, industry and consumers. Therefore, its main objective is to present updated information on the private label brands sector in Brazil and worldwide; to identify factors that may motivate or constrain their development, analyze potential effects and impacts of the own brands strategy on the actors and identify the competitive forces involved in the own brands industry. Europe is the region where private label brands have greater development and maintain their participation consolidated in the retail. One of the factors that contribute to the large share of private label brands in the revenues of supermarket chains based in Europe is the high market concentration. As the scales suggested by Bain, 1968 and the U.S. government, in the Horizontal Mergers Guidelines, 1992, the Brazilian supermarket sector concentration calculated for the year 2010 is moderate. According to the latest study on own brands published by Nielsen, the share of private label brands accounted for 4.8% of the chains revenues in 2010. Using data published in previous works we have identified the effects and impacts of the development of own brands, distinguished as vertical and horizontal. The vertical impacts involve suppliers, industry and consumers. The horizontal impacts involve the retailer that develops its own brands and competing chains. According to the literature, we found that the motivating factors for the development of private label brands are so representative for retail companies as they are for the manufacturers. However, due to the power that the major chains have on the industry, the negative effects of the strategy of own brands can represent a much higher risk for private label brands manufacturers than for retailers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Pereira de Souza Nogueira.pdf: 1385609 bytes, checksum: 15cf97df7b95578fbf8090febfeb2039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-09 / Currently, there has been a growing discussion of the environmental impact on consumption patterns, in which lifestyles and society s consumption models are increasingly being questioned. As a result of this new relationship with the environment, of both consumers and society, the opportunity to use Marketing geared to sustainability applied to private label products of large supermarket chains in the country arises. Retail plays a key role in the day-to-day life of individuals, and may be an agent of attitude and behavioral change of consumers, since such consumers change may ensure the necessary resources for the future generations. The present study aims at analyzing the use of green marketing as a tool for building a competitive advantage for private label brands in the supermarket segment. By searching authors such as Reginaldo Dias, Nirmalya Kumar, Jan-Benedict Steenkamp, Michael Porter and Zymunt Bauman, in addition to field work involving interviews with professionals from two of the largest supermarket chains in the Brazilian market, an analysis was carried out as to how these organizations use green marketing in the management of their own brands. It was finally concluded that the social concern of the sustainable development of the planet leads to an environmental concern in all segments: economy, education and politics. Although social responsibility is discussed today, this research reveals that the actions are still very subtle, and green marketing actions regarding private label brands are still incipient / Atualmente se intensifica a discussão do impacto ambiental dos padrões de consumo, e cada vez mais se questionam o estilo de vida e os moldes de consumo da sociedade. Como resultado dessa nova relação com o meio ambiente, tanto por parte de consumidores quanto pela sociedade, surge a oportunidade do uso do Marketing orientado para a sustentabilidade aplicado aos produtos de marcas próprias das grandes redes de supermercados do país. O varejo desempenha um papel fundamental na vida cotidiana dos indivíduos e pode ser um agente de transformação de atitudes e de comportamentos dos consumidores, pois a mudança do comportamento do consumidor poderá garantir os recursos necessários para as próximas gerações. O presente estudo procura analisar o uso do marketing verde como ferramenta para a construção de diferencial competitivo para produtos de marcas próprias no segmento de supermercados. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de autores como Reginaldo Dias, Nirmalya Kumar, Jan-Benedict Steenkamp, Michael Porter e Zymunt Bauman, além de trabalho de campo com entrevistas junto às duas maiores redes de supermercados do mercado brasileiro, foi verificado e analisado como essas organizações utilizam do marketing verde no gerenciamento de suas marcas próprias. Considerou-se ao final que a preocupação social do desenvolvimento sustentável do planeta desperta uma preocupação ambiental em todos os segmentos: economia, educação e política. Hoje, se fala em responsabilidade social, porém a pesquisa revela que as ações ainda são muito sutis e as ações de marketing verde, nos produtos de marcas próprias, são ainda incipientes

As consumers walk through the grocery store they encounter a vast range of products. In this setting information printed on food packages play a role in consumer decision making. One way of influencing consumer behaviour is by using package panels where detailed communication claims can be placed. This study investigates the effect of package communication claims on propensity to switch brand through quantitative research design. Variations among consumer of private label brands versus consumers of name brands are also investigated. Results show that package communication claims have an effect on consumer propensity to switch brand, however there are differences depending on type of claims. Environmental packaging claims have a negative effect on propensity to switch while nutritional claims do not have a significant effect. Production process claims and product origin claims both have a positive effect on consumer propensity to switch and is thus more favourable for brands to use. Furthermore, package communication claims have a larger positive effect on propensity to switch among consumers of private label brands than among consumers of name brands. Since there is a lack of research in the area of package communication this thesis contribute by proving that packages have an effect on consumer behaviour and argues for further research in this area.