In this research, a recent version of the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), called BEPS-TerrainLab, was adapted to northern peatlands and evaluated using observations made at the Mer Bleue bog located near Ottawa, Ontario, and the Sandhill fen located near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The code was extended and modified with a major focus on the adequate representation of northern peatlands' multi-layer canopy and the associated processes related to energy, water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes through remotely-sensed leaf area index (LAI) maps. An important prerequisite for the successful mapping of LAI based on remote sensing imagery is the accurate measurement of LAI in the field with a standard technique such as the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer. As part of this research, a quick and reliable method to determine shrub LAI with the LAI-2000 instrument was developed. This method was used to collect a large number of LAI data at the Mer Bleue bog for the development of a new remote sensing-based methodology using multiple endmember spectral unmixing that allows for separate tree and shrub LAI mapping in ombrotrophic peatlands. A slight modification of this methodology allows for its application to minerotrophic peatlands and their surrounding landscapes. These LAI maps were used to explicitly represent the tree and shrub layers of the Mer Bleue bog and the tree and shrub/sedge layers of the Sandill fen within BEPS-TerrainLab. The adapted version of BEPS-TerrainLab was used to investigate the in fluence of mescoscale topography (Mer Bleue bog) and macro- and mesoscale topography (Sandhill fen) on wetness, evapotranspiration, and gross primary productivity during the snow-free period of 2004. This research suggests that future peatland ecosystem modelling efforts at regional and continental scales should include a peatland type-specific differentiation of macro- and mesoscale topographic effects on hydrology, to allow for a more realistic simulation of peatlands' soil water balance. This is an important prerequisite for the reduction of currently existing uncertainties in wetlands' contribution to North America's carbon dioxide and methane annual fluxes from an ecosystem modelling perspective.

A new product progresses through a sequence of stages from its introduction in the market and its profitability, this sequence is known as the ¡§product life cycle (PLC).¡¨ However, before a product enter the market during the conceive phase, there are three major elements: product data conception, product data collaboration, and product data management. These elements allow a company to track product development through portfolio management and to maintain sales product configuration and market documentation through centralize database. The essence of product lifecycle management (PLM) helps a company increase product revenues through reduced design phase period and prototyping costs due to changes. Currently, the PLM uses a process-oriented model where its strategies are inefficient due to lack of comprehensive consideration and fast rate of change in market needs. As a result, resources are wasted and product competitiveness is affected when the entire process is altered. Thus, this research presents the architecture-oriented product lifecycle management model (AOPLMM) as a solution to deficiencies of the process-oriented model. The goal of AOPLMM is to establish product design development based on multi-needs of the market. Overall, AOPLMM is able to integrate design organization (such as requirement specification, intellectual property right, and green environmental design) and information system for product development knowledge in defining responsibilities of each division and collaboration among them. AOPLMM includes six fundamental diagrams: the ¡§architecture hierarchy diagram,¡¨ the ¡§framework diagram,¡¨ the ¡§component operation diagram,¡¨ the ¡§component connection diagram, the ¡§structure-behavior coalescence diagram,¡¨ and the ¡§interaction flow diagram.¡¨ To construct an efficient model through information management system has several advantages such as flexibility in product design, immediate response to market needs, simplification of product development, decline in enterprise cost, and increase in competitiveness. Therefore, an architecture-oriented model is the clear choice for product lifecycle management.

In this research, a recent version of the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), called BEPS-TerrainLab, was adapted to northern peatlands and evaluated using observations made at the Mer Bleue bog located near Ottawa, Ontario, and the Sandhill fen located near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The code was extended and modified with a major focus on the adequate representation of northern peatlands' multi-layer canopy and the associated processes related to energy, water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes through remotely-sensed leaf area index (LAI) maps. An important prerequisite for the successful mapping of LAI based on remote sensing imagery is the accurate measurement of LAI in the field with a standard technique such as the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer. As part of this research, a quick and reliable method to determine shrub LAI with the LAI-2000 instrument was developed. This method was used to collect a large number of LAI data at the Mer Bleue bog for the development of a new remote sensing-based methodology using multiple endmember spectral unmixing that allows for separate tree and shrub LAI mapping in ombrotrophic peatlands. A slight modification of this methodology allows for its application to minerotrophic peatlands and their surrounding landscapes. These LAI maps were used to explicitly represent the tree and shrub layers of the Mer Bleue bog and the tree and shrub/sedge layers of the Sandill fen within BEPS-TerrainLab. The adapted version of BEPS-TerrainLab was used to investigate the in fluence of mescoscale topography (Mer Bleue bog) and macro- and mesoscale topography (Sandhill fen) on wetness, evapotranspiration, and gross primary productivity during the snow-free period of 2004. This research suggests that future peatland ecosystem modelling efforts at regional and continental scales should include a peatland type-specific differentiation of macro- and mesoscale topographic effects on hydrology, to allow for a more realistic simulation of peatlands' soil water balance. This is an important prerequisite for the reduction of currently existing uncertainties in wetlands' contribution to North America's carbon dioxide and methane annual fluxes from an ecosystem modelling perspective.

This is an exploration of process-oriented dialogue and how it is applied in group work and conflict facilitation. It encompasses a range of group-work applications, beginning with an investigation of useful approaches in bringing opposing parties together in dialogue situations. From there it unfolds the ways in which dialogue, in the midst of conflict, contributes to greater understanding of others' positions, and the creation of community spirit. A number of dynamics inherent in conflicting situations are explored, including the belief systems and dynamics present which deter parties from coming together to dialogue after conflict, whether interventions can help shift the attitudes of conflicting parties, whether discussion of the conflict can be useful, and the role of the facilitator. Models of conflict resolution, community building, and dialogue are introduced, and the Process Work model of group work is explored. Various case studies are described, along with surveys from two groups. The findings are analysed in the light of different paradigms and the application of process-oriented ideologies and methods and their effectiveness are critiqued / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

There is now considerable controversy concerning the role that incremental change plays in the process of organizational transformation. Some scholars assert that incremental change is the primary source of resistance to more radical re-orientations, while others argue that on occasion, ongoing incremental change can produce dramatic transformation. To help reconcile these competing perspectives, in this paper I report the results of an inductive study of one firm's successful attempt to improve continuously and incrementally its core manufacturing process. The principal results of this effort are: (1) to challenge the current view of the source of change in process-oriented improvement initiatives; and (2) to offer an alternative characterization of the mechanisms through which competence-enhancing, incremental change actually occurs. The theory emerging from this analysis provides one path to resolving the dilemma posed by incremental change processes that can, on occasion, produce organizational transformation, but more often limit the organization's ability to adapt to its environment. / MIT Center for Innovation in Product Development under NSF Cooperative Agreement Number EEC-9529140

Marketing management plays a very important and professional role in the enterprises. Therefore, marketing management is getting more and more popularity among the enterprises in recent years. Several aspects on marketing, such as technical documents, research and development plans, product quotations, are considered as core assets in one company. How to effectively realize marketing management has become a key for a company¡¦s survival. Up to date, several world-wide well known marketing management models such as Michael Porter flow diagram, ISO 9000 flow diagram, and Enterprises flow diagram all embrace the process-oriented approach which treats the system¡¦s structure view and behavior view separately. Separating structure view from behavior view during the planning phase may cause many difficulties, such as uneven distribution of resources, bad risk management and so on, when working on the later realization and verification phase of the marketing management system¡¦s construction. This research utilizes architecture-oriented modeling methodology so that structure view and behavior view are coalesced when decomposing the marketing management system to obtain structure elements and behaviors deriving from interactions among these structure elements. By adopting structure-behavior coalescence, abbreviated as SBC, which includes ¡§architecture hierarchy diagram", "structure element diagram", "structure element operation diagram", "structure element connection diagram", "structure-behavior coalescence diagram", and "interactive flow diagram", this research constructs a complete architecture-oriented marketing management model, abbreviated as AOMMM. This research is the first study using architecture-oriented approach to construct the marketing management system. Also, AOMMM solves many difficulties caused by the process-oriented approach when constructing marketing management systems. These are the contributions of this research.

For decades, the scope of an enterprise becomes huge day by day. In order to adapt to the rapid changing environments, it is necessary that an enterprise considers the re-engineering of organizational structures and functional processes altogether. The enterprise's administrators, while re-enginerring enterprises, need an applicable business architecture to be the Model. While setting up the business architecture, we must dialyse such factors as organizational structures, functional processes, etc. to build up the most suitable strategy. While re-enginerring enterprises, a better result comes out if organizational structures and functional processes are considered altogether. Currently, business re-engineerings adopted by an enterprise belong to process-oriented business re-engineerings. Process-oriented business re-engineerings focus mainly on an enterprise¡¦s functional processes and neglect the relationship between organizational structures and functional processes. The achievement is always not so good as expected. Embracing organizational structures and functional processes in concert and harmony, it has offered and organized advantages received after business re-engineering, the best shared practice and experience. This research probes into architecture-oriented business re-engineerings. This research leads business re-engineering and starts from the process-oriented business re-engineering that most enterprises choose now. And from ¡§organizational structures and functional processes in concert and harmony,¡§ it carries on business re-engineering necessary terms to succeed in to prove, still lies in: ¡§organizational structures and functional processes in concert and harmony,¡¨ ¡§tactics architecture of globality,¡¨ ¡§carry on the re-engineering to the cardinal or key architecture,¡¨ ¡§trans-departmental architecture re-engineering groups,¡¨ ¡§comprehensible enterprise architecture perspective,¡¨ ¡§understanding and analysing business architecture,¡¨ etc. This is exactly one of the elements that architecture-oriented business re-engineering needs too. It is expected that it can lead to an important reference that the business re-engineering requires. According to the above conclusion, we find that an enterprise can be benefited by the contribution of this research. It also provides administrators or executives many suggestions that support implementing business re-engineering of an enterprise. Key Words: Business Architecture, Architecture-Oriented Business Re-engineering, Process-Oriented Business Re-engineering, Organizational Structure, Functional Porcesss

The production and marketing management is the primary activities of the enterprise value chain; what is more, the performance of it has become the most important key point of enterprise management to create profit and competition. Hence, by controlling the enterprise total resources and tightly negotiation between production and marketing departments, to reinforce the mutual understanding and achieve the best performance from limited resource, it has formed the essential field criteria for manufacture companies to manage in the variable business circumstance. Thus, for the present production and marketing management activities, it is the necessary to describe more clearly in organization interfaces among the departments, and reveal full scope of total resource. For top management give a strong support to make the right decision. This Architecture-Oriented (AO) study uses structure-and-behavior-in-one-unity, building up an Architecture-Oriented Production/Marketing (AOPM) management model, and establish the model build-up rules to provide the build-up sequence to follow. By introducing practical Production/Marketing management examples in implementation of Architecture-Oriented to actual cases, through compare the conventional Process- Oriented Production/Marketing (POPM) with the research AOPM to obtain a another brand new model for enterprise management consideration. This research is divided into three parts (1) concept of the Architecture-Oriented (2) establish the model build-up rules to provide the build-up sequence to follow (3) build up an AOPM management model. The main contribution is that AOPM management model contains structure view, behavior view, resource view, organization view and the other point of views. To compare the AOPM management model with the conventional POPM management model through different views in organization function, interface and resource consolidation, show that the APOM management model is much better then conventional POPM management model to meet enterprise management demand. This model is net only easy to establish but also in controlling the build-up rules. So it is helpful for enterprise to introduce Architecture-Oriented management model as a useful tool.

This research is designed to investigate the relationship between IT and Organisational customs and practices in Business Process Reengineering (BPR) projects based on a research framework, which consists of organisational culture, IT and the outcome of BPR initiatives together with the inextricable interdependence between them. The focus is on developing a process oriented, context-based description and explanation of the BPR phenomenon in Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (AGCC) countries. The study strives to describe and explain the process of adopting and implementing BPR initiatives in petrochemical and utilities industries in AGCC countries in terms of interaction of contextual conditions, actions and consequences. The research methodology of this thesis focuses on the pragmatics of conducting case studies as a rigorous and effective method of research. The study emphasises on conducting positivist inquiry of three case studies' data to deductively test the researcher's understanding on BPR and her assumptions of 'Blueprints' for successful BPR in AGCC countries. Two of the case studies organisations are sister companies operating in the oil and gas industry, whereas the third case study organisation is a utility company operating in the field of water and electricity generation and supply. This study resulted in a framework that could serve as a prescription to achieve a successful BPR initiative. It has identified a number of organisational elements that emphasised the necessity to pay attention to cultural and IT issues prior to undertaking BPR projects. These include the development of strategy and sound stimuli for the project, the availability of leadership, top management vision, availability of required skills and expertise and the maturity of the IT infrastructure. In addition, the study has empirically emphasised a number of BPR project implementation elements that should be in place to ensure successful implementation and management of the project including: the availability of an appropriately composed project team, continuous communication, users' involvement and usage of communication technologies.

This dissertation originated from a concern regarding healthy and sustainable living, with the focus on aspects of well-being, eating and nutrition. It has not been seen or explicitly explored as a problem to address within the discipline of interior design. It is of the opinion that the environments in which we live can directly influence the way we live. Green (Inside)? is a project proposal which addresses both a normative stance towards interior design and a recognized gap in the social sphere. A scarceness of experiential design in interior environments is examined. This stance is contextualized as a response against the status quo of the restaurant industry towards sustainable living. Restaurants, specifically fast-food outlets or caf?'s, tend to promote unhealthy lifestyles and lack to provide an experience beyond the food itself. The theoretical approaches of sustainable development, human centred design and experiential design, informed the design discourse. The character of the design is guided by the found theories of a process oriented view, the farm-to-table concept, urban farming and principles of the changing kitchen. The programme is placed within the Maboneng precinct in Johannesburg CBD. It establishes a new urban food identity and brand, furthermore connected with its creative and industrial identity. The conceptual restaurant, the Inside, proposes an eating experience, using the eating process as medium of communication to address various topics of ecological and lifestyle sustainability. It will intentionally expose users to participate and interact within the spaces, its processes and a specific sensory-story. The design interventions will aim to encourage and educate users towards sustainability. / n Kommer oor gesonde en volhoubare lewensstyle, spesifiek gerig op welsyn en eetgewoontes, was die vertrekpunt vir die verhandeling. Hierdie kwessie is nog nie heeltemal verken as 'n probleem wat aangespreek kan word in die dissipline van binne-ontwerp nie. Dit is egter van mening dat die ruimtes waarin ons leef en beweeg ons manier van lewe be?nvloed. "Green (Inside)?" is 'n projek wat gebaseer is op twee aspekte: Die eerste handeling is 'n normatiewe standpunt vir binne-ontwerp, waar 'n skaarste in die ervarings van binneruimtes erken is; die tweede aspek het 'n tekortkoming in die sosiale mark ge?dentifiseer. Die probleem is geplaas in die konteks van die restaurant bedryf, rakende volhoubare lewenswyses. Restaurante, spesifiek kitskoswinkels en kafee's, is geneig om ongesonde lewensstyle aan te moedig. Daar is ook 'n gebrek aan ruimtelike ervarings, buiten die ervaring wat die kos self bied. Verskeie teoretiese benaderings het die argument versterk, onder andere die kwessie van volhoubare ontwikkeling, 'n her-definie?ring van kos en die eet proses, verbruiker fokus in ontwerp en laastens ervaringsleer ontwerp. Die karakter van die ontwerp was be?nvloed deur die proses-geori?nteerde uitkyk teorie, die plaas-tot-tafel konsep, stedelike landbou asook nuwe beginsels van hoe 'n kombuis verander. Die projek is geplaas in die Maboneng gebiedct, Johannesburg. Verder was 'n nuwe stedelike kulin?re verbruiker voorgestel, gebaseer op die kreatiewe en industri?le identiteit van die ligging. Die konseptuele restaurant, "the Inside", is a voorstelling van 'n eet-ervaring. Die eetproses word gebruik as kommunikasiemiddel waarmee ekologiese en volhoubaarheids kwessies aangespreek word. Verskeie prossesse van die ruimtes sal doelbewus blootgestel word, van waar di? interaksies sal beoog om 'n sensoriese storie vir die verbruiker te skets. Die ontwerp sal beoog om mense te onderig en aan te moedig om aspekte van volhoubaarheid te beoefen. / Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Architecture / MInt (Prof) / Unrestricted