Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / Four studies evaluated effects of mineral supplementation on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation of finishing cattle. Study 1 supplemented 0 or 3.3 g/d yeast combined with Cr propionate to steers separated into light and heavy groups. No treatment x weight group interactions were observed for ADG, DMI, final BW, carcass traits, or plasma glucose of lactate concentrations (P ≥ 0.06). A treatment x weight group interaction was observed for G:F (P = 0.03). In study 2, steers were supplemented 60 or 300 mg Zn/kg DM with or without zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH). No interactions or effects of Zn or ZH were observed for IGF-1, plasma glucose, or lactate concentrations (P > 0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration decreased with ZH (P < 0.01). No interactions or effects of Zn or ZH were detected for ADG, DMI, final BW, G:F, and carcass traits were minimally affected (P ≥ 0.05). Study 3 evaluated effects of supplementing 30 or 100 mg Zn/kg DM (30 or 100Zn) with and without ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 200 mg/d). No interactions or effects of Zn were observed for feedlot performance or PUN (P ≥ 0.07). Final BW, ADG, and HCW increased when heifers were fed RH (P ≤ 0.02). Zinc x RH interactions were observed for LM area and yield grade (P ≤ 0.01), but other carcass traits were not affected (P ≥ 0.08). In study 4, heifers were supplemented 0, 30, 60, or 90 mg Zn/kg DM. Zinc supplementation did not affect final BW, ADG, or DMI (P ≥ 0.07), but G:F increased linearly (P = 0.02). Carcass traits were not affected by Zn supplementation (P ≥ 0.07). Effects of in vitro Zn titration (0, 30, 60, 60, 90, 120, or 150 mg/kg Zn) were evaluated using ground corn and soybean meal as substrate. In vitro fermentation was not affected by added Zn (P ≥ 0.05). These studies suggest Cr and Zn supplementation minimally affected carcass traits, but Zn supplementation up to 60 mg/kg improved feed efficiency with minimal impact on ruminal fermentation. Supplementing increased Zn concentrations may alter fat and muscle deposition when fed with RH.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(課程) 学位授与年月日:平成25年3月25日 水谷武史氏の博士論文として提出された

O consumo na dose correta e principalmente na frequência adequada são as principais dificuldades do fornecimento de ionóforos para animais em dietas com elevado teor de volumoso. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da frequência do fornecimento de narasina no desempenho (Exp. I), parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio (Exp. II) em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo elevado teor de volumoso. As dietas experimentais foram compostas por 95% de feno de coastcros e 5% de milho moído. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: Controle (C): fornecimento do concentrado uma vez ao dia sem ionóforo, Narasina 24 horas (N24): fornecimento diário de narasina na dosagem de 13 mg de narasina /kg de MS, Narasina 48 horas (N48): fornecimento de narasina a cada 48 horas (dias alternados), sendo no primeiro dia ofertado 26 mg de narasina/kg de MS e no segundo dia foi fornecido apenas o milho moído (média receberam 13 mg de narasina/kg de MS), Narasina 72 horas (N72): fornecimento de narasina a cada 72 horas, sendo no primeiro dia ofertado 39 mg de narasina/kg de MS, já no segundo e terceiro dia fornecido apenas o milho moído sem ionóforo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS (2002) e considerado efeito significativo quando P 0,05. Experimento I: Foram utilizados 44 cordeiros (33,31 ± 0,59 kg), sendo o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com a duração de 105 dias. Não houve efeito para o CMS (P = 0,28), no entanto, a inclusão de narasina diariamente (N24) e a cada 48 horas (N48) aumentou o GMD dos animais (P = 0,03) e a EA (P = 0,02). Experimento II: Foram utilizados quatro borregos (Dorper x Santa Inês, castrados e providos de cânulas ruminais). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4. O experimento teve duração total de 144 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de trinta e seis dias. Em cada período os doze primeiros dias foram utilizados como wash-out, do 13° ao 36° dia os animais receberam as dietas experimentais, a colheitas de dados (total de fezes, urina e de fluido ruminal) foram realizadas nos seis últimos dias de cada período. Não houve efeito na digestibilidade da MS e do FDN, os tratamentos N24 e N48 aumentaram a concentração molar de 11 propionato (P < 0,01), a concentração total de AGCC (P < 0,01) e diminuiu a relação acetato:propionato (P < 0,01). Com base nos dados obtidos é possível concluir que os tratamentos N24 e N48 aumentaram o peso final dos cordeiros, e alterou positivamente fermentação ruminal dos ovinos, por outro lado, a narasina mostrou diminuição na sua capacidade como moduladora da fermentação ruminal no intervalo de fornecimento maior que dois dias (72 horas/N72). / The intake on the correct dosage and frequency are the main difficulties of supplying ionophores for animals on high forage diets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of supplementation of narasin over performance (Exp. I), ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance (Exp. II) on sheep fed high forage diets. The experimental diets consisted on 95% coastcross hay and 5% ground corn used as a delivery vehicle of the additive. The treatments were: Control (C): daily supply of concentrate without the ionophore; narasin 24 hours (N24): daily supply of 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM; narasin 48 hours (N48): supply of narasin every 48 hours (every other day), being provided 26 mg of Narasin/kg of DM on the first day and only the ground corn on the second day (an average of 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM); narasin 72 hours (N72): supply of narasin every 72 hours (one day receiving the additive followed by two days without receiving it), being provided 39 mg of narasin/kg of DM on the first day and only the ground corn on the second and third days. The statistical analysis was done using the MIXED procedure on SAS (2002) and the effects were considered significant when P 0.05. Experiment I: Were used 44 lambs (33.31 ± 0.59 kg) in a randomized block experimental design, the trial lasted 105 days. There was no effect for DMI (P = 0.28), the daily inclusion of narasin (N24) and every 48 hours (N48) increased the ADG (P = 0.03) and the FE (P < 0.01). Experiment II: Were used 4 male lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês, castrated and cannulated in the rumen) in a 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design. The trial lasted 144 days, divided in 4 periods of 36 days each. The first twelve days of each period were used as wash-out, from the 13th to the 36th day the animals received the experimental diets, and the data collection (feces, urine and ruminal fluid) were done on the last six days of each period. . It was not the effect on the digestibility of DM (P = 0.30) and NDF (P = 0.14). The daily inclusion of narasin (N24) and every 48 hours (N48) increased the molar concentration of propionate (P < 0.01), the total concentration of SCFA (P <0.01) and reduced the acetate to propionate (acetate:propionate ratio) ratio (P < 0.01). Based on this data it was possible to 13 conclude that the daily supply of narasin (N24) and every 48 hours (N48) affected the performance and ruminal fermentation parameters on sheep, but this effects decreased when intervals bigger than 48 hours (N72) were used.

O consumo na dose correta e principalmente na frequência adequada são as principais dificuldades do fornecimento de ionóforos para animais em dietas com elevado teor de volumoso. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da frequência do fornecimento de narasina no desempenho (Exp. I), parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio (Exp. II) em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo elevado teor de volumoso. As dietas experimentais foram compostas por 95% de feno de coastcros e 5% de milho moído. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: Controle (C): fornecimento do concentrado uma vez ao dia sem ionóforo, Narasina 24 horas (N24): fornecimento diário de narasina na dosagem de 13 mg de narasina /kg de MS, Narasina 48 horas (N48): fornecimento de narasina a cada 48 horas (dias alternados), sendo no primeiro dia ofertado 26 mg de narasina/kg de MS e no segundo dia foi fornecido apenas o milho moído (média receberam 13 mg de narasina/kg de MS), Narasina 72 horas (N72): fornecimento de narasina a cada 72 horas, sendo no primeiro dia ofertado 39 mg de narasina/kg de MS, já no segundo e terceiro dia fornecido apenas o milho moído sem ionóforo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS (2002) e considerado efeito significativo quando P 0,05. Experimento I: Foram utilizados 44 cordeiros (33,31 ± 0,59 kg), sendo o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com a duração de 105 dias. Não houve efeito para o CMS (P = 0,28), no entanto, a inclusão de narasina diariamente (N24) e a cada 48 horas (N48) aumentou o GMD dos animais (P = 0,03) e a EA (P = 0,02). Experimento II: Foram utilizados quatro borregos (Dorper x Santa Inês, castrados e providos de cânulas ruminais). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4. O experimento teve duração total de 144 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de trinta e seis dias. Em cada período os doze primeiros dias foram utilizados como wash-out, do 13° ao 36° dia os animais receberam as dietas experimentais, a colheitas de dados (total de fezes, urina e de fluido ruminal) foram realizadas nos seis últimos dias de cada período. Não houve efeito na digestibilidade da MS e do FDN, os tratamentos N24 e N48 aumentaram a concentração molar de 11 propionato (P < 0,01), a concentração total de AGCC (P < 0,01) e diminuiu a relação acetato:propionato (P < 0,01). Com base nos dados obtidos é possível concluir que os tratamentos N24 e N48 aumentaram o peso final dos cordeiros, e alterou positivamente fermentação ruminal dos ovinos, por outro lado, a narasina mostrou diminuição na sua capacidade como moduladora da fermentação ruminal no intervalo de fornecimento maior que dois dias (72 horas/N72). / The intake on the correct dosage and frequency are the main difficulties of supplying ionophores for animals on high forage diets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of supplementation of narasin over performance (Exp. I), ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance (Exp. II) on sheep fed high forage diets. The experimental diets consisted on 95% coastcross hay and 5% ground corn used as a delivery vehicle of the additive. The treatments were: Control (C): daily supply of concentrate without the ionophore; narasin 24 hours (N24): daily supply of 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM; narasin 48 hours (N48): supply of narasin every 48 hours (every other day), being provided 26 mg of Narasin/kg of DM on the first day and only the ground corn on the second day (an average of 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM); narasin 72 hours (N72): supply of narasin every 72 hours (one day receiving the additive followed by two days without receiving it), being provided 39 mg of narasin/kg of DM on the first day and only the ground corn on the second and third days. The statistical analysis was done using the MIXED procedure on SAS (2002) and the effects were considered significant when P 0.05. Experiment I: Were used 44 lambs (33.31 ± 0.59 kg) in a randomized block experimental design, the trial lasted 105 days. There was no effect for DMI (P = 0.28), the daily inclusion of narasin (N24) and every 48 hours (N48) increased the ADG (P = 0.03) and the FE (P < 0.01). Experiment II: Were used 4 male lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês, castrated and cannulated in the rumen) in a 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design. The trial lasted 144 days, divided in 4 periods of 36 days each. The first twelve days of each period were used as wash-out, from the 13th to the 36th day the animals received the experimental diets, and the data collection (feces, urine and ruminal fluid) were done on the last six days of each period. . It was not the effect on the digestibility of DM (P = 0.30) and NDF (P = 0.14). The daily inclusion of narasin (N24) and every 48 hours (N48) increased the molar concentration of propionate (P < 0.01), the total concentration of SCFA (P <0.01) and reduced the acetate to propionate (acetate:propionate ratio) ratio (P < 0.01). Based on this data it was possible to 13 conclude that the daily supply of narasin (N24) and every 48 hours (N48) affected the performance and ruminal fermentation parameters on sheep, but this effects decreased when intervals bigger than 48 hours (N72) were used.

Os ionóforos possuem papel importante como manipuladores da fermentação ruminal, principalmente por melhorar a eficiência energética e proteica nos animais ruminantes. A narasina é um ionóforo capaz de fazer controle microbiológio no ambiente ruminal. Entretanto, a literatura possui poucas informações sobre a utilização de narasina na nutrição de ovinos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a utilização de doses de narasina em dietas de ovinos alimentados contendo elevado teor de concentrado ou volumoso. A hipotese é que a narasina tenha a capacidade de alterar os produtos finais da fermentação ruminal, melhorando a utilização dos nutrientes e o metabolismo de nitrogênio de ovinos. No Exp I os tratamentos experimentais foram definidos de acordo com a inclusão ou não de aditivos na dieta contendo elevado teor de concentrado, sendo utilizado uma dieta Controle (C), em que não houve a inclusão de ionóforo; a adição de 25 ppm de monensina sódica (M); 5 ppm (N5); 10 ppm (N10); e 15 ppm de narasina (N15). A inclusão de 5, 10 e 15 mg de narasina/kg de MS aumentou o ganho de peso e a eficiência alimentar de cordeiros alimentados durante 56 dias com dieta contendo 90% de concentrado. No Exp II foram avaliadas as mesmas dietas do exp I. A inclusão de 5, 10 e 15 mg de narasina/kg de MS reduziu o CMS e aumentou o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da MS, MO, PB, gordura e CNF. Além disso, após o período de adaptação houve efeito quadrático para a proporção molar de acetato e a relação acetato:propionato com o aumento das doses de narasina, entretanto, não alterou o pH ruminal. As doses de narasina reduziram linearmente a concentração de amônia no fluido ruminal. A inclusão de narasina nas dietas de borregos tendeu a diminuir o consumo de nitrogênio e reduziu a eliminação de nitrogênio pelas fezes e pela urina. No Exp III os tratamentos foram definidos pela inclusão de doses de narasina em dietas contendo elevado teor de volumoso, sendo o tratamento controle (N0: sem a adição de ionóforo) e a inclusão de 8, 16, 24 e 32 mg de narasina/kg de MS. A inclusão de 0, 8, 16, 24 ou 32 mg de narasina/kg de MS em dietas de borregos alimentados com elevado teor de volumoso não afetou o consumo de matéria seca e tendeu a aumentar linearmente o coeficiente de digestibilidade da FDN. As doses de narasina não alteraram a proporção molar de AGCC, entretanto aumentou a concentração total de AGCC e diminuiu linearmente a concentração de amonia no fluido ruminal. Com base nesses dados foi possivel concluir que a narasina pode ser utilizada em dietas de ovinos aumentando o desempenho dos animais. / Ionophores play an important role as ruminant fermentation manipulators mainly for improving energy and protein efficiency in ruminant. Narasin is an ionophore capable of making microbiological control in the ruminal environment. However, the literature has little information on the use of narasin in sheep nutrition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of doses of narasin in diets of sheep fed diets containing high concentrate or forage contents. The hypothesis is that narasin has the ability to alter the final products of ruminal fermentation, improving nutrient utilization and nitrogen metabolism of sheep. In the Exp I the experimental diets were defined according of the inclusion or not of additives in the diet containing high concentrate, using a control diet (C: no ionophore); the addition of 25 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M); 5 (N5), 10 (N10) or 15 mg of narasin/kg of DM. The inclusion of 5, 10 and 15 mg of narasin / kg of DM increased the average daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs fed for 56 days on a diet containing 90% concentrate. In the Exp II were evaluated the same diets used in the Exp I. The inclusion of 5, 10 and 15 mg narasin / kg DM reduced CMS and increased the apparent digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, fat and NFC. In addition, after the adaptation period there was a quadratic effect for the molar proportion of acetate and the acetate: propionate ratio with increasing doses of narasin, however, did not alter the ruminal pH. The doses of narasin linearly reduced the concentration of ammonia in the ruminal fluid. The inclusion of narasin in diets of wethers tended to reduce nitrogen consumption, and reduced the elimination of nitrogen through feces and urine. In the Exp III the experimental diets were defined by the inclusion of doses of narasin in diets containing high forage contend, being the control diets (N0: no ionophore), and inclusion of 8, 16, 24 or 32 mg of narasin/kg od DM. the inclusion of 0, 8, 16, 24 or 32 mg of narasin / kg of DM in diets of lambs fed with high volume did not affect dry matter intake and tended to linearly increase the NDF digestibility coefficient. Doses of narasin did not alter the molar ratio of AGCC, however increased the total concentration of AGCC in and decreased linearly the concentration of ammonia in the ruminal fluid. Based on these data it was possible to conclude that narasin can be use in sheep diets to improve animal performance

University, Diss., 2005--Frankfurt (Main). / Zsfassung in engl. und dt. Sprache.

Os ionóforos possuem papel importante como manipuladores da fermentação ruminal, principalmente por melhorar a eficiência energética e proteica nos animais ruminantes. A narasina é um ionóforo capaz de fazer controle microbiológio no ambiente ruminal. Entretanto, a literatura possui poucas informações sobre a utilização de narasina na nutrição de ovinos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a utilização de doses de narasina em dietas de ovinos alimentados contendo elevado teor de concentrado ou volumoso. A hipotese é que a narasina tenha a capacidade de alterar os produtos finais da fermentação ruminal, melhorando a utilização dos nutrientes e o metabolismo de nitrogênio de ovinos. No Exp I os tratamentos experimentais foram definidos de acordo com a inclusão ou não de aditivos na dieta contendo elevado teor de concentrado, sendo utilizado uma dieta Controle (C), em que não houve a inclusão de ionóforo; a adição de 25 ppm de monensina sódica (M); 5 ppm (N5); 10 ppm (N10); e 15 ppm de narasina (N15). A inclusão de 5, 10 e 15 mg de narasina/kg de MS aumentou o ganho de peso e a eficiência alimentar de cordeiros alimentados durante 56 dias com dieta contendo 90% de concentrado. No Exp II foram avaliadas as mesmas dietas do exp I. A inclusão de 5, 10 e 15 mg de narasina/kg de MS reduziu o CMS e aumentou o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da MS, MO, PB, gordura e CNF. Além disso, após o período de adaptação houve efeito quadrático para a proporção molar de acetato e a relação acetato:propionato com o aumento das doses de narasina, entretanto, não alterou o pH ruminal. As doses de narasina reduziram linearmente a concentração de amônia no fluido ruminal. A inclusão de narasina nas dietas de borregos tendeu a diminuir o consumo de nitrogênio e reduziu a eliminação de nitrogênio pelas fezes e pela urina. No Exp III os tratamentos foram definidos pela inclusão de doses de narasina em dietas contendo elevado teor de volumoso, sendo o tratamento controle (N0: sem a adição de ionóforo) e a inclusão de 8, 16, 24 e 32 mg de narasina/kg de MS. A inclusão de 0, 8, 16, 24 ou 32 mg de narasina/kg de MS em dietas de borregos alimentados com elevado teor de volumoso não afetou o consumo de matéria seca e tendeu a aumentar linearmente o coeficiente de digestibilidade da FDN. As doses de narasina não alteraram a proporção molar de AGCC, entretanto aumentou a concentração total de AGCC e diminuiu linearmente a concentração de amonia no fluido ruminal. Com base nesses dados foi possivel concluir que a narasina pode ser utilizada em dietas de ovinos aumentando o desempenho dos animais. / Ionophores play an important role as ruminant fermentation manipulators mainly for improving energy and protein efficiency in ruminant. Narasin is an ionophore capable of making microbiological control in the ruminal environment. However, the literature has little information on the use of narasin in sheep nutrition. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of doses of narasin in diets of sheep fed diets containing high concentrate or forage contents. The hypothesis is that narasin has the ability to alter the final products of ruminal fermentation, improving nutrient utilization and nitrogen metabolism of sheep. In the Exp I the experimental diets were defined according of the inclusion or not of additives in the diet containing high concentrate, using a control diet (C: no ionophore); the addition of 25 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M); 5 (N5), 10 (N10) or 15 mg of narasin/kg of DM. The inclusion of 5, 10 and 15 mg of narasin / kg of DM increased the average daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs fed for 56 days on a diet containing 90% concentrate. In the Exp II were evaluated the same diets used in the Exp I. The inclusion of 5, 10 and 15 mg narasin / kg DM reduced CMS and increased the apparent digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP, fat and NFC. In addition, after the adaptation period there was a quadratic effect for the molar proportion of acetate and the acetate: propionate ratio with increasing doses of narasin, however, did not alter the ruminal pH. The doses of narasin linearly reduced the concentration of ammonia in the ruminal fluid. The inclusion of narasin in diets of wethers tended to reduce nitrogen consumption, and reduced the elimination of nitrogen through feces and urine. In the Exp III the experimental diets were defined by the inclusion of doses of narasin in diets containing high forage contend, being the control diets (N0: no ionophore), and inclusion of 8, 16, 24 or 32 mg of narasin/kg od DM. the inclusion of 0, 8, 16, 24 or 32 mg of narasin / kg of DM in diets of lambs fed with high volume did not affect dry matter intake and tended to linearly increase the NDF digestibility coefficient. Doses of narasin did not alter the molar ratio of AGCC, however increased the total concentration of AGCC in and decreased linearly the concentration of ammonia in the ruminal fluid. Based on these data it was possible to conclude that narasin can be use in sheep diets to improve animal performance

Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: Milk protein allergy is estimated to affect 1.2% to as much as 17% of people of all ages. Advair® Diskus® (FP/SX) utilizes lactose as an excipient which limits the utility of this product for this population. Furthermore, Advair® Diskus® is formulated as an interactive physical mixture via a micronization process. Alternatively, spray dried engineering achieves narrow particle size distribution, allowing greater deposition in the targeted respiratory bronchioles. The purpose of this dry powder inhaler (DPI) study was to conduct an in vitro comparative analysis of the aerodynamic performance of a co-spray dried lactose-free formulation of FP/SX with a mannitol excipient as a molecular mixture versus the Advair® Diskus® 250/50 (FP/SX) interactive physical mixture product. Methods: Utilizing mannitol as an excipient, a co-spray dried FP/SX powder was prepared using the Buchi Mini-Spray Dryer B-290 under closed system configuration. The resulting feed solution was spray dried at pump rates of 25%, 50%, and 100% with all other parameters remaining constant (aspiration, atomization rate, nitrogen gas rate). The primary outcome measure, aerodynamic performance, was assessed using the Copley Next-Generation Impactor (NGI). NGI data for the DPIs was used to calculate mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD), and fine particle fraction (FPF) of each powder, including the Advair® Diskus®. Residual water content was quantified by Karl Fischer titration. Particle characteristics were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Results: FPF, MMAD, and GSD were calculated from NGI data; Wolfram Alpha software was used to calculate MMAD and GSD. T-test regression was used for comparative analysis of spray-dried and Advair® Diskus® powders. MMAD for each spray dried sample was analyzed using a t-test regression against the MMAD values from the Advair® Diskus®. Using aerodynamic analysis studies triplicated for each powder, there was no significant difference between the spray dried powder and Advair® Diskus® for MMAD and GSD (p-values >0.05). The 50% and 100% pump rate samples had similar FPF to the Advair® Diskus® (p-values >0.05). However, the 25% pump rate sample had a significantly improved FPF compared to the Advair® Diskus® (p <0.01). Conclusions: A co-spray-dried lactose-free formulation of FP/SX with a mannitol excipient demonstrated similar aerodynamic performance to the Advair® Diskus® which consists of a physical mixture of two drugs with lactose. Of significance, 25% pump rate spray-dry conditions demonstrated an improved FPF compared to the Advair® Diskus®.

No description available.