Th. doct.--Hist. de l'art--Paris 10, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 429-458 .Index.

The analysis of proportions is interesting and noteworthy in that there are no commonly accepted regression models for analyzing proportions; indeed, researchers most often use ordinary least squares to estimate the parameters of a linear regression model for proportional data. Such an approach, however, violates several assumptions of the Classical Linear Regression Model. This report outlines the general linear model and the problems associated with using this approach to model proportions and considers a variety of alternate approaches that researchers have taken to model proportions. These alternatives include transforming the dependent variable, a censored regression (Tobit) model, a Fractional Logit model, and Beta Regression. All of the approaches considered are implemented in a case study analyzing Rice party difference scores in the 93rd to 108th Congress. A comparison of the results from each approach confirms the findings of other researchers that Beta regression is the most preferred approach for modeling proportions. / text

Le raisonnement par analogie est reconnu comme une des principales caractéristiques de l'intelligence humaine. En tant que tel, il a pendant longtemps été étudié par les philosophes et les psychologues, mais de récents travaux s'intéressent aussi à sa modélisation d'un point de vue formel à l'aide de proportions analogiques, permettant l'implémentation de programmes informatiques. Nous nous intéressons ici à l'utilisation des proportions analogiques à des fins prédictives, dans un contexte d'apprentissage artificiel. Dans de récents travaux, les classifieurs analogiques ont montré qu'ils sont capables d'obtenir d'excellentes performances sur certains problèmes artificiels, là où d'autres techniques traditionnelles d'apprentissage se montrent beaucoup moins efficaces. Partant de cette observation empirique, cette thèse s'intéresse à deux axes principaux de recherche. Le premier sera de confronter le raisonnement par proportion analogique à des applications pratiques, afin d'étudier la viabilité de l'approche analogique sur des problèmes concrets. Le second axe de recherche sera d'étudier les classifieurs analogiques d'un point de vue théorique, car jusqu'à présent ceux-ci n'étaient connus que grâce à leurs définitions algorithmiques. Les propriétés théoriques qui découleront nous permettront de comprendre plus précisément leurs forces, ainsi que leurs faiblesses. Comme domaine d'application, nous avons choisi celui des systèmes de recommandation. On reproche souvent à ces derniers de manquer de nouveauté ou de surprise dans les recommandations qui sont adressées aux utilisateurs. Le raisonnement par analogie, capable de mettre en relation des objets en apparence différents, nous est apparu comme un outil potentiel pour répondre à ce problème. Nos expériences montreront que les systèmes analogiques ont tendance à produire des recommandations d'une qualité comparable à celle des méthodes existantes, mais que leur complexité algorithmique cubique les pénalise trop fortement pour prétendre à des applications pratiques où le temps de calcul est une des contraintes principales. Du côté théorique, une contribution majeure de cette thèse est de proposer une définition fonctionnelle des classifieurs analogiques, qui a la particularité d'unifier les approches préexistantes. Cette définition fonctionnelle nous permettra de clairement identifier les liens sous-jacents entre l'approche analogique et l'approche par k plus-proches-voisins, tant au plan algorithmique de haut niveau qu'au plan des propriétés théoriques (taux d'erreur notamment). De plus, nous avons pu identifier un critère qui rend l'application de notre principe d'inférence analogique parfaitement certaine (c'est-à-dire sans erreur), exhibant ainsi les propriétés linéaires du raisonnement par analogie. / Analogical reasoning is recognized as a core component of human intelligence. It has been extensively studied from philosophical and psychological viewpoints, but recent works also address the modeling of analogical reasoning for computational purposes, particularly focused on analogical proportions. We are interested here in the use of analogical proportions for making predictions, in a machine learning context. In recent works, analogy-based classifiers have achieved noteworthy performances, in particular by performing well on some artificial problems where other traditional methods tend to fail. Starting from this empirical observation, the goal of this thesis is twofold. The first topic of research is to assess the relevance of analogical learners on real-world, practical application problems. The second topic is to exhibit meaningful theoretical properties of analogical classifiers, which were yet only empirically studied. The field of application that was chosen for assessing the suitability of analogical classifiers in real-world setting is the topic of recommender systems. A common reproach addressed towards recommender systems is that they often lack of novelty and diversity in their recommendations. As a way of establishing links between seemingly unrelated objects, analogy was thought as a way to overcome this issue. Experiments here show that while offering sometimes similar accuracy performances to those of basic classical approaches, analogical classifiers still suffer from their algorithmic complexity. On the theoretical side, a key contribution of this thesis is to provide a functional definition of analogical classifiers, that unifies the various pre-existing approaches. So far, only algorithmic definitions were known, making it difficult to lead a thorough theoretical study. From this functional definition, we clearly identified the links between our approach and that of the nearest neighbors classifiers, in terms of process and in terms of accuracy. We were also able to identify a criterion that ensures a safe application of our analogical inference principle, which allows us to characterize analogical reasoning as some sort of linear process.

The class of beta regression models is commonly used by practitioners to model variables that assume values in the standard unit interval (0, 1). It is based on the assumption that the dependent variable is beta-distributed and that its mean is related to a set of regressors through a linear predictor with unknown coefficients and a link function. The model also includes a precision parameter which may be constant or depend on a (potentially different) set of regressors through a link function as well. This approach naturally incorporates features such as heteroskedasticity or skewness which are commonly observed in data taking values in the standard unit interval, such as rates or proportions. This paper describes the betareg package which provides the class of beta regressions in the R system for statistical computing. The underlying theory is briefly outlined, the implementation discussed and illustrated in various replication exercises. / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

This thesis is an inquiry between music and architecture. The rational and emotional aspects of music are applied into architectural language. Rationally, the base for both music and architecture is mathematic, or proportions, which derives from the cosmic order, and gives the harmonic sense for the ears and the eyes. They are both carefully constructed on paper: scores and constructive drawings. Neither of them will make sense unless through experience, which will take to an emotional journey. The numbers for Pythagoras scale are the agreement of sounds that affects our ears with delight, the same that can please our eyes and our minds. Since harmonic ratios inherent in nature are revealed in music, the architect who relies on those harmonies makes use of a universal harmony apparent in music. Light moves within a space throughout time in a year, it can be considered as a time signature for the season and the day in architecture. The form and material change the quality of light. Light and shadow gives rhythm in a space. Music is close to heaven with eternity. In Japan, Mount Fuji is the highest mountain and people worship it as a symbol of immortality. Both of them have their trace connect to nature. The journey for this thesis is about exhibiting a series of woodblock prints called Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji, using knowledge of proportions and light. By ordering the prints into a certain order, the exhibition eventually celebrates the Mount Fuji itself. / Master of Architecture / This thesis is an inquiry about music and architecture. The rational and emotional aspects of music are applied into architectural language. The rational common between music and architecture is mathematic. The harmonic scale in music is used as proportions in architecture. Light that moves within a space through time in a year can be considered as a time signature in music score. Light can also create rhythms. The emotional aspect comes when experiencing a journey. This thesis is about exhibiting a series of woodblock prints called Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji, by using knowledge of proportions and light to create a journey.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Christopher Vahl / In clinical research, noninferiority trials are becoming an important tool for investigating whether a new treatment is useful. The outcome measured can be either continuous (e.g. blood pressure level), time-to-event (e.g. days until heart attack), or binary (e.g. death). Rather than showing that the new treatment is superior to an active control, i.e. standard drug or treatment already available, one tests whether the new treatment is not meaningfully worse than the active control. Here we consider a binary outcome such as success or failure following an intervention. Evaluation of the treatment relative to control becomes a comparison of two binomial proportions; without loss of generality it will be assumed the larger the probability of success for an intervention the better. Simulation studies under these assumptions were programmed over a variety of different sample sizes and true population proportions to determine the performance between asymptotic noninferiority methods based on calculations of risk differences (with and without a continuity correction), relative risks, and odds ratio from two independent samples. Investigation was done to compare type I error rates, power when true proportions were exactly the same, and power when the true proportion for treatment group was less than the control, but not meaningfully inferior. Simulation results indicate most analysis methods have comparable type I error rates; however, the method based on relative risk has higher power under most circumstances. Due to the ease of interpretation with the relative risk, its use is recommended for establishing noninferiority of a binomial proportion between 0.2 and 0.8.

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Paul I. Nelson / The standard Chi-square test for the equality of proportions of positive responses to c specified binary questions is valid when the observed responses arise from independent random samples of units. When the responses to all c questions are recorded on the same unit, a situation called correlated proportions, the assumptions under which this test is derived are no longer valid. Under the additional assumption of compound symmetry, the Cochran-Q test is a valid test for the equality of proportions of positive responses. The purpose of this report is to use simulation to examine and compare the performance of the Cochran-Q test and the standard Chisquare test when testing for the equality of correlated proportions. It is found that the Cochran-Q test is superior to the Chi-square test in terms of size and power, especially when the common correlation among the binary responses is large.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως στόχο να διερευνήσει με ποιον τρόπο και σε ποιο βαθμό μπορεί να βελτιωθεί η διδασκαλία και η επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των εκπαιδευτικών με την ερευνητική διαδικασία της μελέτης μαθήματος. Παράλληλα ερευνάται πώς μπορεί να λειτουργήσει η συνεργασία των εκπαιδευτικών σαν ερευνητική ομάδα στη δημιουργία σχεδίων μαθημάτων στους λόγους και τις αναλογίες. Πιο συγκεκριμένα ερευνάται, όσον αφορά στη διδασκαλία των λόγων και των αναλογιών, ποιες δραστηριότητες είναι κατάλληλες για τους στόχους της κάθε διδασκαλίας, πόσο αποτελεσματικές ή μη είναι και πώς αναδιαμορφώνονται μετά τον αναστοχασμό της ομάδας. Επιπλέον ερευνάται ποιες παρανοήσεις εμφανίζονται στην τάξη που διδάσκονται οι λόγοι και οι αναλογίες και πώς αυτές αντιμετωπίζονται. Επίσης ποιες στρατηγικές επιλέγονται από τους μαθητές, κατά πόσο είναι αποτελεσματικές ή με ποιον τρόπο αλλάζουν. Επιλέξαμε να διερευνήσουμε τις συγκεκριμένες έννοιες των λόγων και αναλογιών διότι θεωρούνται δύο από τις πιο δύσκολες έννοιες να διδαχθούν αλλά από τις πιο απαιτητικές σε γνωστικό περιεχόμενο καθώς και απαραίτητες για την επιτυχία στα μαθηματικά. Το ιδιαίτερο χαρακτηριστικό των λόγων και των αναλογιών είναι ότι είναι πάρα πολύ προσιτά παρά τη δυσκολία τους. Πριν από τις διδασκαλίες γινόταν η συνάντηση της ομάδας για να σχεδιαστούν οι διδασκαλίες. Κατά τη διάρκεια των συναντήσεων παρακολουθούνταν οι βιντεοσκοπήσεις των διδασκαλιών που προηγήθηκαν και συζητούνταν τα κρίσιμα σημεία των διδασκαλιών. Συλλέχθηκαν ποικίλα δεδομένα τόσο από τις συναντήσεις της ομάδας όσο και από τις διδασκαλίες. Βιντεοσκοπήθηκαν και ηχογραφήθηκαν όλες οι διδασκαλίες καθώς και οι συναντήσεις των εκπαιδευτικών και συλλέχθηκαν όλα τα φύλλα εργασίας των μαθητών. Κατά τη διάρκεια των αναστοχασμών εμφανίστηκαν τα κρίσιμα σημεία των διδασκαλιών που αφορούσαν τις παρανοήσεις των μαθητών, τη διαχείριση του εκπαιδευτικού, την αποτελεσματικότητα των δραστηριοτήτων που είχε επιλέξει η ομάδα καθώς και οι στρατηγικές και η συλλογιστική των μαθητών. Πολλές φορές η ομάδα αναδιαμόρφωσε τους στόχους της επόμενης διδασκαλίας και τις δραστηριότητες με βάση τα δεδομένα που συνέλεξε από την παρακολούθηση των βιντεοσκοπημένων διδασκαλιών. Συζητήθηκαν τα αδύνατα σημεία και έγιναν προσπάθειες για τη βελτίωση τόσο των δραστηριοτήτων που προηγήθηκαν όσο και αυτών που θα αποτελούσαν το επόμενο σχέδιο μαθήματος. Οι εμπειρίες και τα ευρήματα της εργασίας αυτής αναδεικνύουν την αξία της συνεργασίας των εκπαιδευτικών καθώς και ποια είναι τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά που έχουν σημασία στη διδασκαλία των λόγων και των αναλογιών. / The present study aims to investigate in what way and extend the teaching and professional development of educators can be improved through the research procedure of a Lesson Study. Additionally, another thing that is explored is the educators’ cooperation as an investigating team and how this can work in the creation of lesson plans in ratios and proportions. More specifically, as far as teaching of ratio and proportion is concerned, which activities are appropriate for the targets of every teaching, how effective or not they are and how they can be reformulated after the team’s reconsideration. Furthermore, we research which misunderstandings appear in the class where ratios are taught and how they can be dealt with. Also, which strategies are chosen by the students, how effective they are and in what ways they change. We chose to investigate the specific concepts of ratio and proportion as they are considered to be not only two of the most difficult concepts to be taught but also two of the most demanding in cognitive context and essential for success in Maths. The special characteristic of ratio and proportion is that they are easily approachable despite their difficulty. The meetings of the team took place before the teachings in order for them to be planned. During the meetings, the video recordings of the previous teachings were watched and the critical points were discussed. Various data were collected from the team meetings as well as the teachings. All the teachings and the teachers meetings were videotaped and recorded and all the students’ working sheets were collected. The teachings’ critical points concerning the students’ misunderstandings, the teacher’s management, the effectiveness of the activities chosen by the group, the students’ strategies and reasoning emerged during the reconsiderations. The team often reformulated the aims of the following teaching and the activities based on the data collected by watching the recorded teachings. The weak points were discussed and efforts were made to improve the previous activities as well as the the ones of the following lesson plan. The experiences and findings of this study show the value of the teachers’ cooperation and point the main characteristics that matter in teaching ratios and proportions.

From the day we are born, we are divided into a gender. This work will look into the way society force children wear into two set genders. I expect to enlighten the problems in set genders in clothes. By studying the characteristics in children wear, scale them up into an adult size and see what happens to the proportions, details and expression. Different kinds of garments with different kind of details. The result is a collection that represents todays features of children wear, pointing out the issues of how society gives children a set identity by the dressing them in a specic way, often by using prints or typical colors.