The contents of this thesis describe the results of an investigation into the means by which computer aided design (CAD) may be applied to the protection systems of electrical drives, removing much of the repetitive procedures presently used in determining relay settings. To further this aim, a series of algorithms have been devised which allow exploitation of the concept. The areas chosen for demonstration are, direct-on-line started induction motors and transformer fed variable speed drives. In both cases "standard settings' cannot be implemented as the field of application varies enormously. The text discusses an algorithm which utilises several databases containing motor, fuse and cable parameters. Chapter three uses a program derived from this algorithm which allows data to be extracted from the databases and manipulated in order to determine the optimum circuit components. Subsequent chapters examine the implementation of two types of motor protection relay and discusses the algorithms used in modelling them. The text is supported by applications which demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived programs. Chapter six discusses in depth the application of overcurrent relays for the protection of transformers used on variable speed drive installations. The possibility of using overcurrent elements in two or three phases is examined together with the attendant difficulties which may arise. The algorithms are further expanded to incorporate applications which involve the protection of multi-transformer installations supplied from a common point.

No description available.

Published Article / A company in South Africa is a three-phase induction motor protection relay manufacturer. The function of the protection relay is to capture running data, to provide protection against possible damage, to control an electric motor and to communicate this data to the System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in a control room. In the case of remote sites e.g. a pump station, the protection relays are used as standalone units. The protection relays are equipped with communication facilities to be used in an instrumentation environment. If a trip occurs or settings need to be changed a technician has to visit the remote site and address the problem. The ideal cost and time effective solution is to perform these tasks remotely via a reliable wireless network. A study was conducted to ascertain the viability of using the standard GSM cellular networks in South Africa to effectively control electric motors and to communicate with the Motor Protection Relays (MPRs) controlling the electric motors in order to determine the status of a motor, settings of the motor, trips that occurred and time of occurrence. It was shown that a node controller could be used to store all the data from various electric motors at a single location. It was also shown that the data from the different electric motors could be analysed at the node controller and that communication can then be initiated from the controller to a responsible person via the GSM network. It was further illustrated that, by making use of the GSM networks in South Africa together with the short message service (SMS), communication and control can be effectively established. SMSs proved to be a reliable means of communication between cellular phones, an embedded network and MPRs. It was shown that software protocols, although slower in communication speed, proved to be reliable and effective for the purpose of transferring information between the node controller and the motor protection relays connected to the electric motors.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade de um Sistema de Monitoramento de Baixo Custo (SMBC), por meio da observação de ganhos operacionais no caso de serem agregadas funções de monitoramento e controle aos relés eletrônicos dos protetores (equipamentos religadores do sistema de distribuição reticulado), visando a melhoria da qualidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica através da redução dos tempos de reação das concessionárias às falhas, do aumento da vida útil dos equipamentos e redução dos custos operacionais. Um relé para protetores de rede com características apropriadas foi desenvolvido pela empresa Futura, testado nos laboratórios do IEE/USP e instalado em campo, dentro do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da ANEEL com a concessionária Companhia Energética de Brasília. A operação foi acompanhada por 13 meses avaliando as novas possibilidades de operação remota, os benefícios para a concessionária e os ganhos sociais. Os benefícios do uso do sistema, os ganhos operacionais, gerenciais e sociais, são relatados constatando a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção do sistema. Ao final, recomendações para a continuidade da pesquisa são feitas / This work presents a viability study for a Low-cost Monitoring System (SMBC), through the examination of the operational improvements on electrical network distribution systems when new functions are added to network protectors relays allowing remote monitoring and control using typical automation protocols. The improvements on energy supply quality by reducing response times to failures, extension of equipment life and pro-active actions are also evaluated. A network protector relay with the new features have been developed by Futura Automação and tested in the IEE/USP laboratories, within a Research & Development program promoted by the national electrical energy regulator, ANEEL, and the utility Companhia Energética de Brasília (CEB). The 7 new relays have been installed for field operation and for evaluation of the new possibilities of operation and possible gains for the utility took place in 13 months of continuous operation. The benefits, operational improvements, management and social gains are described assuring the technical and economical viability of the system. Recommendations for future research are made

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade de um Sistema de Monitoramento de Baixo Custo (SMBC), por meio da observação de ganhos operacionais no caso de serem agregadas funções de monitoramento e controle aos relés eletrônicos dos protetores (equipamentos religadores do sistema de distribuição reticulado), visando a melhoria da qualidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica através da redução dos tempos de reação das concessionárias às falhas, do aumento da vida útil dos equipamentos e redução dos custos operacionais. Um relé para protetores de rede com características apropriadas foi desenvolvido pela empresa Futura, testado nos laboratórios do IEE/USP e instalado em campo, dentro do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da ANEEL com a concessionária Companhia Energética de Brasília. A operação foi acompanhada por 13 meses avaliando as novas possibilidades de operação remota, os benefícios para a concessionária e os ganhos sociais. Os benefícios do uso do sistema, os ganhos operacionais, gerenciais e sociais, são relatados constatando a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção do sistema. Ao final, recomendações para a continuidade da pesquisa são feitas / This work presents a viability study for a Low-cost Monitoring System (SMBC), through the examination of the operational improvements on electrical network distribution systems when new functions are added to network protectors relays allowing remote monitoring and control using typical automation protocols. The improvements on energy supply quality by reducing response times to failures, extension of equipment life and pro-active actions are also evaluated. A network protector relay with the new features have been developed by Futura Automação and tested in the IEE/USP laboratories, within a Research & Development program promoted by the national electrical energy regulator, ANEEL, and the utility Companhia Energética de Brasília (CEB). The 7 new relays have been installed for field operation and for evaluation of the new possibilities of operation and possible gains for the utility took place in 13 months of continuous operation. The benefits, operational improvements, management and social gains are described assuring the technical and economical viability of the system. Recommendations for future research are made

O ilhamento intencional quando desenvolvido em modo seguro pode ser considerado uma solução viável à promoção da confiabilidade das redes elétricas na presença de geradores distribuídos. Diante disso, esta tese de doutorado propõe metodologias que definem os ajustes das proteções do ponto de acoplamento comum e do gerador para viabilizar tecnicamente o ilhamento intencional, permitindo também avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso deste quando não planejado por um período de operação da rede. As metodologias propostas consideram os relés de deslocamento de fase ou \"salto de vetor\", relés de taxa de variação de frequência e os relés de sub/sobrefrequência convencionais. Estas metodologias baseiam-se na associação direta do tempo de detecção do ilhamento e do tempo de restrição. Estes tempos são oriundos da capacidade de detecção de ilhamento do relé baseado em medidas de frequência do ponto de acoplamento comum e da proteção do gerador. Os resultados foram consistentes e além de determinar a viabilidade técnica do ilhamento intencional de geradores distribuídos, permitiram avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso do ilhamento intencional. Adicionalmente, as metodologias permitiram definir quando possível os ajustes das proteções mais adequados à operação segura da ilha. / The intentional islanding when perfomed in a safe way can be considered a viable solution to the promotion of the reliability of the electrical networks in the presence of distributed generators. In this context, this doctoral thesis proposes methodologies that define the adjustments of the protections of the point of common coupling and the generator to technically enable the intentional islanding and allow to evaluate the probability of successful islanded operation. The proposed methodologies consider the vector surge or \"vector jump relays\", the rate of change of frequency and conventional under/overfrequency relays for islanding detection purposes, and the under/overfrequency relays to protect the generator. These methodologies are based on the direct association of the islanding detection time and the restriction time, and on their relation with the active power imbalance of the island. The detection and restriction times are derived from the islanding detection capability of the previous-mentioned relays, and from the generator protection, respectivelly. The results showed that the methodologies were able to identify favourable conditions for a successful islanded operation, and allowed assessing its probability of occurrence given different conditions of load and generation power imbalance. Additionally, the methodologies allowed to define, when possible, the adjustments of the most adequate protections for the isolated operation of the microgrid.

Les limiteurs de courants de court-circuit supraconducteurs sont des appareillages à fort potentiel pour les réseaux électriques. En effet, ils offrent une limitation efficace dès les premiers instants du court-circuit. On peut qualifier la limitation de "naturelle", c’est-à-dire qu’elle est intrinsèquement liée aux caractéristiques du matériau et ne nécessite pas de commande particulière. Afin de faciliter la conception et l’intégration des limiteurs de courant de court-circuit supraconducteurs résistifs (rSFCL) destinés aux réseaux électriques, il est nécessaire de disposer de modèles de simulation précis. Ces derniers doivent prendre en compte et simuler correctement (et le plus précisément possible) les phénomènes électriques et thermiques du rSFCL en présence de surintensités de courant, qu’il s’agisse d’un court-circuit franc ou d’un phénomène temporaire de plus faible amplitude. Il est difficile d’envisager la planification de l’intégration d’un rSFCL sans passer par des outils numériques qui permettent la simulation d’un tel dispositif dans un réseau électrique en régime transitoire. Il est alors plus facile d’appréhender et de prédire le comportement transitoire du limiteur dans des conditions de stress réalistes, qui peuvent comprendre une grande variété de surintensités, tant en durée qu’en amplitude. Néanmoins, les rSFCL sont des dispositifs fortement non-linéaires caractérisés par un couplage électrique et thermique très fort. L’implémentation d’un tel modèle dans un logiciel de simulation de type “circuits électriques” en régime transitoire présente un certain défi. Bien que des modèles de rSFCL existent déjà, des améliorations doivent être apportées pour prendre en compte i) l’ensemble des phénomènes physiques liés à la limitation (thermiques et électriques), ii) les propriétés géométriques des rubans supraconducteurs utilisés et iii) la possibilité de réaliser des études globales (impact du limiteur sur le réseau) et iv) l’influence de l’architecture du ruban en présence de phénomènes locaux (points chauds). Cette thèse se concentre donc sur le développement d’un modèle de rSFCL basé sur des rubans supraconducteurs de deuxième génération. Ce modèle est développé dans le logiciel EMTP-RV, qui est un outil utilisé par un grand nombre de compagnies d’électricité dans le monde. Le modèle proposé dans cette thèse repose sur une analogie qui fait le lien entre les phénomènes électriques et thermiques, et qui permet une modélisation entièrement basée sur des éléments de circuits électriques. Le modèle permet de prendre également en compte les propriétés non linéaires des matériaux, tant au niveau électrique qu’au niveau thermique, avec l’utilisation de dipôles non-linéaires. Le modèle a été développé pour offrir un niveau de généricité intéressant pour la modélisation des rubans supraconducteurs. Il permet un fonctionnement avec une excitation AC ou DC en tension ou en courant et tient compte de la non-uniformité de courant critique, qui est typiquement observée dans la longueur des rubans disponibles commercialement. Il est également possible de représenter des variantes d’architectures (géométries et matériaux), avec une souplesse de modélisation qui est basée sur un assemblage de blocs “élémentaires” dont les dimensions peuvent être différentes. Cela permet alors d’évaluer, dans une même simulation, l’architecture du limiteur à une échelle submillimétrique (points chauds) et à une échelle “systémique”, tel que le comportement de plusieurs centaines de mètres de ruban. Des comparaisons ont permis de vérifier que le modèle circuit avait un comportement similaire à son équivalent en éléments finis, seulement si la taille des éléments électrothermiques de base (dans EMTP-RV) est adéquate. Le modèle équivalent circuit permet de réaliser des simulations de différentes architectures de rubans supraconducteurs, avec ou sans résistance d’interface, entre les couches tampons et la couche de (RE)BCO par exemple [...] / Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) are a promising technology for power systems, i.e. they provide efficient current limitation from the very beginning of the fault without requiring any control system. In fact, the current limiting characteristics are directly connected to the physical properties of superconducting materials. There is a need for accurate models to help designing resistive-type SFCLs (rSFCL) and planning their integration into electrical networks. Such models have to take into account the physics involved for simulating (as accurately as possible) the electrical and thermal behaviours for a wide range of fault conditions, i.e. high and low short-circuit currents that can be of various durations. It is difficult to see how the planning and integration of SFCLs can be realized without using numerical tools, especially tools that allow realizing power system transient simulations, such as EMTP-RV. In fact, such software packages support engineers in predicting the behaviour of SFCLs in realistic network conditions, which may comprise a wide variety of overcurrent or fault situations. However, rSFCLs exhibit highly non-linear behaviours with a strong coupling between thermal and electrical phenomena. The implementation of such a model in power systems simulation tools is therefore challenging. Although some models have been already developed over the years, improvements are needed to take into account i) all the phenomena linked to the current limitation (electrical and thermal), ii) geometric properties of superconducting tapes that are used in rSFCLs, and iii) the possibility to perform simulations at the system level, and iv) the influence of the tape architecture in relationship to local phenomena (hot spots). This thesis hence focuses on the development of a models for resistive-type SFCLs based on second generation high temperature superconducting coated conductors (2G HTS CCs), i.e. (RE)BCO tapes. The models are implemented in EMTP-RV, a tool that is used by many utilities around the world. However, the modeling technique can be adapted to other simulation tools as well. The model proposed in this thesis is based on an electro-thermal analogy, which allows modeling thermal effects with non-linear electrical circuit elements such as resistors and capacitors. The model has been developed with the aim of providing flexibility. Hence, it can be used with an AC or DC excitation, and can also take into account non-uniformity in critical critical current density typically observed along length of the conductors (i.e. tapes). It also allows modeling virtually any tape architecture using modular and flexible electrical and thermal basic building blocks that can be different in size. This in turn also allows modeling SFCLs with different level of discretization, i.e. from hot spot modeling with local heat transfer to several meters of (RE)BCO tape. It therefore becomes possible to analyze in the same simulation phenomena happening at the sub-millimetric scale, such as hot-spot phenomena, and at the system-scale, such as the impact on the network of several hundred meters of superconducting tape. In order to validate the EMTP-RV circuit model, comparisons with results obtained with finite elements have been carried out. A similar behavior could be observed, as long as the discretization size of the electro-thermal elements were appropriate. The EMTP-RV circuit model allows performing optimizations of the tape architecture for various thicknesses of stabilizer, in presence or not of an interfacial resistance layer, e.g. between the superconductor and the substrate. While the circuit model was developed to allow representing heat transfer and current distribution in 3D, simulations are still limited to 2D cases because the size of the nodal matrix is otherwise exceeded in EMTP-RV. Simulation results also show that neglecting heat transfer along the thickness of the tape can be risky, [...]

O ilhamento intencional quando desenvolvido em modo seguro pode ser considerado uma solução viável à promoção da confiabilidade das redes elétricas na presença de geradores distribuídos. Diante disso, esta tese de doutorado propõe metodologias que definem os ajustes das proteções do ponto de acoplamento comum e do gerador para viabilizar tecnicamente o ilhamento intencional, permitindo também avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso deste quando não planejado por um período de operação da rede. As metodologias propostas consideram os relés de deslocamento de fase ou \"salto de vetor\", relés de taxa de variação de frequência e os relés de sub/sobrefrequência convencionais. Estas metodologias baseiam-se na associação direta do tempo de detecção do ilhamento e do tempo de restrição. Estes tempos são oriundos da capacidade de detecção de ilhamento do relé baseado em medidas de frequência do ponto de acoplamento comum e da proteção do gerador. Os resultados foram consistentes e além de determinar a viabilidade técnica do ilhamento intencional de geradores distribuídos, permitiram avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso do ilhamento intencional. Adicionalmente, as metodologias permitiram definir quando possível os ajustes das proteções mais adequados à operação segura da ilha. / The intentional islanding when perfomed in a safe way can be considered a viable solution to the promotion of the reliability of the electrical networks in the presence of distributed generators. In this context, this doctoral thesis proposes methodologies that define the adjustments of the protections of the point of common coupling and the generator to technically enable the intentional islanding and allow to evaluate the probability of successful islanded operation. The proposed methodologies consider the vector surge or \"vector jump relays\", the rate of change of frequency and conventional under/overfrequency relays for islanding detection purposes, and the under/overfrequency relays to protect the generator. These methodologies are based on the direct association of the islanding detection time and the restriction time, and on their relation with the active power imbalance of the island. The detection and restriction times are derived from the islanding detection capability of the previous-mentioned relays, and from the generator protection, respectivelly. The results showed that the methodologies were able to identify favourable conditions for a successful islanded operation, and allowed assessing its probability of occurrence given different conditions of load and generation power imbalance. Additionally, the methodologies allowed to define, when possible, the adjustments of the most adequate protections for the isolated operation of the microgrid.

Orientadores: Andre Luiz Morelato França, Walmir de Freitas Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T02:54:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VieiraJunior_JoseCarlosdeMelo_D.pdf: 1983649 bytes, checksum: 2abfcaa471b650a7138b798950c476a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Uma das principais funções dos sistemas de proteção de geradores distribuídos conectados em redes de subtransmissão ou de distribuição de energia elétrica é desconectá-los tão logo uma situação de ilhamento seja detectada. O ilhamento ocorre quando parte da rede elétrica é desconectada do restante do sistema da concessionária, mas continua a ser energizada por um ou mais geradores distribuídos conectados a ela, formando um subsistema isolado da concessionária. Esta ocorrência deve ser evitada porque coloca em risco a segurança de pessoas e equipamentos e pode deteriorar a qualidade da energia suprida aos consumidores locais. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado propõe novas metodologias para avaliar de forma sistemática e ajustar alguns dos principais relés de proteção anti-ilhamento de geradores síncronos. As técnicas analisadas compreendem os relés de deslocamento de fase ou ¿salto de vetor¿, relés de taxa de variação de freqüência, relés de sub/sobrefreqüência convencionais e os relés de sub/sobretensão convencionais. A aplicação das metodologias desenvolvidas mostrou que elas são ferramentas eficientes para avaliar e determinar o desempenho desses relés quanto à detecção de ilhamentos, auxiliando na seleção dos esquemas de proteção e ajustes mais adequados / Abstract: One of the main functions of distributed generators¿ protection systems is the capability to disconnect the generators immediately after an islanding occurrence is detected. Islanding occurs when a portion of the distribution system is disconnected from the utility grid, yet remains energized by one or more distributed generators connected to it. This operating condition should be avoided because it poses safety risks to utility personnel and equipments as well as it can cause power quality problems to the local costumers. In this context, this thesis proposes new methodologies to systematically evaluate and adjust some anti-islanding techniques applied to synchronous generators. The techniques analyzed are the under/over frequency relays, the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) relays, the vector surge or vector jump relays and the under/overvoltage relays. The results have shown that the proposed methodologies can be efficient tools to evaluate and to determine the performance of these anti-islanding relays, consequently, they can help protection engineers to select the most proper protection devices and their settings / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Maria Cristina Dias Tavares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_OzenirFarahdaRocha_M.pdf: 5023742 bytes, checksum: b0fe9b9418551d927583a884fbec6e92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a implementação de um esquema de religamento monopolar adaptativo rápido baseado na medição do conteúdo harmônico da tensão da fase aberta nas extremidades da linha de transmissão. O objetivo principal deste esquema é controlar e reduzir o tempo compreendido entre a abertura e o religamento da fase em falta, como também bloquear a manobra em caso de faltas permanentes. O esquema proposto foi implementado em um relé de distância e um medidor de conteúdo harmônico. O método está baseado na identificação do instante de extinção da corrente de arco secundário para casos de faltas transitórias. Já para faltas permanentes é implementado o bloqueio da manobra automática e a abertura tripolar do disjuntor da linha protegida. A medição do conteúdo harmônico foi feita primeiramente utilizando um medidor de qualidade de energia comercial, que realiza a medição do conteúdo harmônico de acordo com a norma IEC 61000-4-3. Em seguida, foi utilizado outro método de medição do conteúdo harmônico, chamado de filtro de medição do conteúdo harmônico rápido, elaborado dentro do Simulador Digital em Tempo Real (RTDS). O sistema de transmissão utilizado foi modelado no RTDS e seus dados são dados reais do sistema interligado nacional (SIN). As faltas monofásicas transitórias foram simuladas utilizando o modelo de arco do próprio RTDS. Já para falta permanente utilizou-se uma resistência de 1 'ômega'. O esquema foi avaliado através de testes variando o ponto de aplicação do defeito e o valor da corrente de arco secundário / Abstract: This work presents the implementation of a scheme of fast adaptive single-phase reclosing based on measuring the voltage harmonic content at the opened faulty phase terminals. The main objective of this scheme is to control and to reduce the time between opening and reclosing of the phase in fault, and also to block the maneuver in case of permanent faults. The proposed scheme is implemented in a distance relay and a harmonic content meter. The method is based in the identification of the secondary arc current extinction moment for transient faults cases. For permanent faults an automatic blocking followed by circuit-breaker three-phase opening is implemented. The measurement of harmonic content was made initially using a commercial power quality meter, which performs the harmonic content measurement according to IEC 61000-4-3 standard. Another harmonic content measurement method was tested, the fast harmonic content filter measurement, elaborated within the real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The transmission system used was modeled on RTDS and the data corresponds to an actual Brazilian 500 kV system. To represent the transient single-phase fault it was used RTDS arc model. The permanent fault was modeled with an 1'ômega' resistance. The scheme was evaluated by varying the fault application point and the secondary arc current value / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica