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Nowadays, the economic grows fast and changes a lot. Meanwhile, the central city gets bigger and bigger. More and more buildings locate everywhere while people enjoy their modern life. The needs of electricity grow by the way. In order to provide more power, the Power Company has tried very hard to find new resources. However, there is another problem when transferring the power through crowded city. To avoid the geographic limitation, most of the overhead lines have been changed into under ground lines instead. Sooner or later, the under ground cable will become the main power transmission. This thesis focuses on the current rating distribution of Taiwan 161KV line with various PE underground cables that contain one circuit, two circuits, four circuits, and eight circuits. The current rating goes within various pipes. To find the best economic benefit with the lowest investment by rearranging the pipes to reach the most current rating and by matching the current rating from under ground cable with the over head cable is the main goal of this thesis. JCS NO.168 analyzes the set up map for all the pipes. In order to offer the best power supply, to maintain the longest cable life within the acceptable working days, the calculating scripts support to figure out the current rating in shortest time.

Flux trapping and cycling energy losses were studied by vibrating sample magnetometry in fine multifilamentary Nb-Ti superconductive strands for which proximity effect coupling between the filaments is significant. Measurements were made to determine the influence of helical twist about the strand axis as well as sample length for strands experiencing varying levels of proximity effect coupling. The proximity effect strength was varied by investigating strands with a range of filament diameters, as well as by the addition of magnetic impurities to the interfilamentary medium (the matrix) to suppress the proximity effect. Critical currents and fields for the matrix were extracted from the measurements. The reduction of cycling loss1 and magnetization2 previously found was confirmed. Additionally, these measurements were extended to strands where little twist was applied, and the magnetization and cyclic loss were found to saturate. Bean-like models for anisotropic media introduced by Carr1 and later Harada2 were further developed to calculate magnetization and penetration fields in these strands over a large range of twist pitch values. A calculation of magnetic hysteresis loops was also made for short strand samples. These models provide a good qualitative understanding of the observed behavior and lead to useful predictions for applications. / Department of Energy

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This dissertation describes experimental studies of the superconducting proximity effect in single-crystal Pb, Sn, and Zn nanowires of lengths up to 60 um, with both ends of the nanowires in contact with macroscopic electrodes that are either superconducting (Sn or Pb) or non-superconducting (Au). The Pb, Sn, and Zn nanowires are fabricated using a template-based electrochemical deposition method. Electric contacts to the nanowires are formed in situ during electrochemical growth. This method produces high transparency contacts between a pair of macroscopic electrodes and a single nanowire, circumventing the formation of oxide or other poorly conducting interface layers. Extensive analyses of the structure and the composition of the nanowire samples are presented to demonstrate that (1) the nanowires are single crystalline and (2) the nanowires are clean without any observable mixing of the materials from the electrodes. The nanowires being investigated are significantly longer than the nanowires with which electrode-induced superconductivity was previously investigated by other groups. We have observed that in relatively short (~6 um) Sn and Zn nanowires, robust superconductivity is induced at the superconducting transition temperatures of the electrodes. When Sn and Pb nanowires are in contact with a pair of Au electrodes, superconductivity is suppressed completely. For nanowires of 60 um in length, although the suppression of superconductivity by Au electrodes is only partial, the induced superconductivity at the higher transition temperatures of the electrodes remains full and robust. Therefore, an anomalous superconducting proximity effect has been observed on a length scale which far exceeds the expected length based on the existing theories of the proximity effect. The measured current-voltage characteristic of the nanowires reveals more details such as hysteresis, multiple Andreev reflection, and phase-slip centers. An interesting relation between the proximity effect and the residual-resistance-ratio of the nanowires has also been observed. Possible mechanisms for this proximity effect are discussed based on these experimental observations.

This dissertation describes experimental studies of the superconducting proximity effect in single-crystal Pb, Sn, and Zn nanowires of lengths up to 60 um, with both ends of the nanowires in contact with macroscopic electrodes that are either superconducting (Sn or Pb) or non-superconducting (Au). The Pb, Sn, and Zn nanowires are fabricated using a template-based electrochemical deposition method. Electric contacts to the nanowires are formed in situ during electrochemical growth. This method produces high transparency contacts between a pair of macroscopic electrodes and a single nanowire, circumventing the formation of oxide or other poorly conducting interface layers. Extensive analyses of the structure and the composition of the nanowire samples are presented to demonstrate that (1) the nanowires are single crystalline and (2) the nanowires are clean without any observable mixing of the materials from the electrodes. The nanowires being investigated are significantly longer than the nanowires with which electrode-induced superconductivity was previously investigated by other groups. We have observed that in relatively short (~6 um) Sn and Zn nanowires, robust superconductivity is induced at the superconducting transition temperatures of the electrodes. When Sn and Pb nanowires are in contact with a pair of Au electrodes, superconductivity is suppressed completely. For nanowires of 60 um in length, although the suppression of superconductivity by Au electrodes is only partial, the induced superconductivity at the higher transition temperatures of the electrodes remains full and robust. Therefore, an anomalous superconducting proximity effect has been observed on a length scale which far exceeds the expected length based on the existing theories of the proximity effect. The measured current-voltage characteristic of the nanowires reveals more details such as hysteresis, multiple Andreev reflection, and phase-slip centers. An interesting relation between the proximity effect and the residual-resistance-ratio of the nanowires has also been observed. Possible mechanisms for this proximity effect are discussed based on these experimental observations.

First discovered by Holm and Meissner in 1932, the superconducting proximity effect has remained a subject of experimental and theoretical interest. In recent years, it has been proposed that proximity effect in a semiconductor with large g-factor and spin-orbit coupling could lead to exotic phases of superconductivity. This thesis focuses on proximity effect in one of the prime semiconductor candidates -- InAs nanowires. The first set of experiments investigates the superconducting phase-dependent tunneling spectrum of a proximitized InAs quantum dot. We observe tunneling resonances of Andreev bound states in the Kondo regime, and induce quantum phase transitions of the quantum dot ground state with gate voltage and phase bias -- the latter being the first experimental observation of its kind. An additional zero-bias peak of unknown origin is observed to coexist with the Andreev bounds states. The second set of experiments extends upon the first with sharper tunneling resonances and an increase in the device critical field. By applying an external magnetic field, we observe spin-resolved Andreev bound states in proximitized InAs quantum dots. From the linear splitting of the tunneling resonances, we extract g-factors of 5 and 10 in two different devices. The third set of experiments utilizes a novel type of epitaxial core-shell InAs-Al nanowire. We compare the induced gaps of these nanowires with control devices proximitized with evaporated Al films. Our results show that the epitaxial core-shell nanowires possess a much harder induced gap -- up to two orders of magnitude in sub-gap conductance suppression as compared to a factor of five in evaporated control devices. This observation suggests that roughness in S-N interfaces plays a crucial role in the quality of the proximity effect. The fourth set of experiments investigates the gate-tunability of epitaxial half-shell nanowires. In a half-shell nanowire Josephson junction, we measure the normal state resistance, maximum supercurrent, and magnetic field-dependent supercurrent interference patterns. The gate dependences of these independent experimental parameters are consistent with one another and indicate that an InAs nanowire in good ohmic contact to a thin sliver of Al retains its proximity effect and is gate-tunable. / Physics

Prior studies suggest that proximity to nuclear power plants do not affect concerns regarding perceived risks of nuclear power. This thesis applies and compare Swedish plant Ringhals with prior studies but with the added intent of addressing the relationship between plant and population. The host community Bua is positive towards Ringhals and the changes it has brought. To some degree more so than results of prior studies with a higher than national average percent of study respondents being in favor of nuclear power. When Ringhals was established, Bua was small and had little power to impact the decision. Today, the population is bigger and have a better chance to affect future pathways for their community. While positive towards nuclear power the population expresses concerns over possible future changes. A large scale change like the construction of a power plant is less likely to happen again.

The problem this thesis addresses is unhealthier diets consumed in high income countries that contribute to rising obesity rates. This problem is most evident amongst those in lower socio-economic positions (SEPs) who benefit less from traditional information-based interventions, possibly due to lower cognitive resource for self-control. Conversely, altering environmental cues appears to change behaviour with less conscious deliberation. This thesis aims to investigate whether interventions targeting the “proximity effect” i.e. the farther away the food, the lower the chance it is selected, consistently affects food selection in general populations in ways that could be used to improve diets without relying on cognitive resource. Three laboratory-based experiments were conducted. Study 1 investigated the proximity effect in a general population sample, including those from lower SEPs. Fewer participants selected an unhealthier food when it was far (53.8%) compared with near (63.3%), an effect which increased in size when participants who moved the bowl were excluded (39.3% vs 63.9%). Study 2 extended Study 1 using a statistically more powerful design in which participants were also randomised to a cognitive load intervention, assessing whether the proximity effect was similar regardless of differences in manipulated cognitive resource. Fewer participants selected an unhealthier food when it was far (57.7%) compared with near (70.7%) an effect not moderated by cognitive resource. Study 3 built on Studies 1 and 2, (in which only one unhealthier food was available), to assess the proximity effect when both healthier and unhealthier foods were available. The selection of healthier food was not significantly affected by its proximity (OR=0.61, 95% CI[0.28,1.32]) and that of competing unhealthier foods (OR=1.54, 95% CI[0.52,4.55]). By contrast, the selection of unhealthier food was influenced by its proximity (OR=0.39, 95% CI[0.18,0.82]) and that of competing healthier foods, although not significantly (OR=2.83, 95% CI[0.98,8.33]). These differing effects require further testing and replication to determine their reliability. The thesis concludes by discussing how the findings of these studies can inform development of interventions capitalising on the “proximity effect” to improve diets for all SEPs, the research needed to address key remaining uncertainties, and the implications of such interventions for addressing the rise in obesity.

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