Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Zugl.: Giessen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2009.

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2009

La chlamydiose aviaire, causée par la bactérie Chlamydia psittaci, représente un risque zoonotique important. L’infection chez l’animal est principalement asymptomatique, mais chez l’Homme elle peut entrainer des pneumopathies atypiques sévères et causer la mort dans les cas les plus graves. Les personnes infectées sont principalement celles exposées régulièrement à des oiseaux, particulièrement dans le cadre professionnel. En France, de nombreux cas humains sont liés à une exposition à des canards Mulard, espèce utilisée pour la production du foie gras. Afin d’évaluer la prévalence des Chlamydiaceae chez les volailles et de caractériser les souches circulantes, des suivis ont été réalisés à différents stades de l’élevage (couvoir, pré-gavage et gavage pour la filière canard, et abattoirs impliqués dans l’abattage de différentes espèces aviaires). Des prélèvements d’air et de poussières ainsi que des suivis sérologiques et biologiques de personnels volontaires ont été effectués en parallèle afin d’évaluer l’exposition des professionnels travaillant au contact des volailles. Des prélèvements environnementaux ainsi que des essais in vitro visant à étudier la survie de C. psittaci ont été réalisés afin de tenter de mieux caractériser les voies de contamination des oiseaux, ce qui pourrait, à terme, permettre de maitriser le risque de contamination par C. psittaci chez l’animal et donc de réduire l’exposition des professionnels. Les résultats ont démontré une prévalence importance de C. psittaci chez le canard Mulard, au contraire des autres volailles qui hébergent très majoritairement C. gallinacea. L’exposition des professionnels aux Chlamydia est réelle, tout au long du processus d’élevage des volailles, mais plus particulièrement en élevages de canards Mulard et à l’abattoir, aussi il convient pour les professionnels de se protéger à chaque contact avec les animaux. L’hypothèse d’une contamination environnementale des animaux se fait de plus en plus claire, avec notamment la mise en évidence d’un lien existant entre les procédures de nettoyage et désinfection et l’excrétion des canards, la description de la survie de C. psittaci en dehors de tout hôte vivant, ou encore la mise en évidence d’une possible survie de C. psittaci au sein d’A. castellanii. La mise au point de moyens de lutte efficaces permettant de réduire voire de supprimer l’excrétion chez les volailles est également nécessaire, dans le but de diminuer l’exposition des professionnels / Avian chlamydiosis is a factor of economic loss to the poultry industry as well as a risk for zoonotic transmission to human. Chlamydia psittaci is the primary avian chlamydial pathogen with zoonotic potential. Although being mainly asymptomatic in birds, it can cause a disease called “psittacosis” in humans, with severe atypical pneumonia that leads to death in the most severe cases. Persons affected are mainly those whose occupations put them at risk of exposure, and a number of recent reports in France have confirmed that most of the human cases seemed to be linked to poultry, especially mule ducks. Currently there is evidence suggesting that avian chlamydiosis in poultry involves a new chlamydial agent, namely C. gallinacea. In order to evaluate the presence of Chlamydiaceae in poultry and the exposure of workers, we conducted four studies in the poultry industries, in duck hatchery, breeding farms and slauhgterhouse, as well as a studie in two poultry slaughterhouses including samples from voluntary workers. Results showed an important asymptomatic carriage of C. psittaci by mule ducks and a real, invisible and unpredictable exposure of workers. The species C. gallinacea was really prevalent in poultry othe than ducks and we still ignore its impact on human. Contamination of animals on farm seems to be mainly made via the environment. In vitro studies have been done to examine the survival of C. psittaci as a function of temperature in a non-nutritiv middle and showed that viable bacteria were still detectable after two months. Finally, the possible interactions between C. psittaci and an amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii, were studied and seem to show that the bacteria was able to enter the amoeba but we still ignore if it can survive or not

Columbiformes sinantrópicos podem ter um importante papel na epidemiologia de patógenos com potencial zoonótico ou de impacto econômico para a indústria avícola. Dentre eles destacam-se: Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp., paramixovírus aviário tipo 1 (APMV-1), inseridos no Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola (PNSA) e a Chlamydophila psittaci, agente de uma das principais zoonoses relacionada com aves silvestres. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho objetivou pesquisar, sazonalmente, a ocorrência destes patógenos em pombos-domésticos (Columba livia) em dois entrepostos no Estado de São Paulo. Ao longo de um ano, mensalmente 10 pombos foram capturados em cada entreposto para a colheita de amostras de suabe cloacal e sangue. A técnica de soroaglutinação rápida em placa (SAR) foi utilizada para a detecção de anticorpos anti-M. synoviae, anti-M. gallisepticum e anti-S.Pullorum/Gallinarum; para a confirmação dos sororeagentes foram utilizadas a prova de inibição da hemaglutinação e soroaglutinação lenta, respectivamente. Para a detecção do DNA de C. psittaci e RNA de AMPV-1 foram utilizados métodos moleculares, PCR e RT-PCR. Para investigação de anticorpos anti-APMV-1 foi empregada a técnica de HI. Na SAR, 3,3% dos soros foram reagentes para M. synoviae; 2,5% para M. gallisepticum e 0,4% para S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. No entanto, essas amostras foram negativas nas técnicas confirmatórias. A ocorrência do APMV-1 não foi detectada. O DNA de C. psittaci foi detectado em 13,3% das amostras sendo 10,8% provenientes de aves capturadas na estação seca e 15,8% na estação chuvosa. Tais resultados são relevantes, pois demonstram que a C. psittaci ocorre em pombos presentes em áreas públicas frequentadas por um grande número de pessoas. Frente à escassez de pesquisas realizadas em Columbiformes no país, novos estudos são necessários para a determinação do real risco que pombos-domésticos podem representar quanto à transmissão de patógenos para aves comerciais e a influência da sazonalidade na disseminação desses microrganismos. / Columbiformes may play an important role in the epidemiology of pathogens with zoonotic potential or economic impact in the poultry industry. Among these pathogens there are Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp., Avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), included in the National Poultry Health Program (PNSA) and Chlamydophila psittaci, etiologic agent of an important zoonosis associated with wild birds. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate, seasonally, the occurrence of the pathogens listed above in feral pigeons (Columba livia) in two warehouses in São Paulo State. During one year, 10 birds were captured monthly in each locality and cloacal swabs and blood samples were collected from each pigeon. The rapid seroagglutination test was performed for the detection of antibodies against M. synoviae, M. gallisepticum and Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum. Positive results were submitted to the hemagglutination inhibition and slow seroagglutination test, respectively. For the C. psittacis DNA and APMV-1s RNA diagnosis, molecular techniques PCR and RT-PCR were performed. Hemagglutination inhibition test was also performed in order to detect antibodies against APMV-1. From the serum samples analyzed by rapid seroagglutination test, 3.3% were positive for M. synoviae, 2.5% for M. gallisepticum and 0.4% for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. However, none of these samples was positive on the confirmatory tests. APMV-1 was not detected in any of the laboratory tests used. C. psittacis DNA was detected in 13.3% of the samples being, 10.8% from pigeons captured during the dry season and 15.8% in the rainy season. These results are relevant since they indicate that C. psittaci occurs in birds living in public areas frequented by a large number of people. The occurrence of the other pathogens was not detected. Nevertheless, due to lack of information about the pigeons sanitary status in the country, additional researches are necessary to determine the risk that feral pigeons can pose in the transmission of pathogens for poultry and the influence of each season in the spread of these microorganisms.

Columbiformes sinantrópicos podem ter um importante papel na epidemiologia de patógenos com potencial zoonótico ou de impacto econômico para a indústria avícola. Dentre eles destacam-se: Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp., paramixovírus aviário tipo 1 (APMV-1), inseridos no Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola (PNSA) e a Chlamydophila psittaci, agente de uma das principais zoonoses relacionada com aves silvestres. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho objetivou pesquisar, sazonalmente, a ocorrência destes patógenos em pombos-domésticos (Columba livia) em dois entrepostos no Estado de São Paulo. Ao longo de um ano, mensalmente 10 pombos foram capturados em cada entreposto para a colheita de amostras de suabe cloacal e sangue. A técnica de soroaglutinação rápida em placa (SAR) foi utilizada para a detecção de anticorpos anti-M. synoviae, anti-M. gallisepticum e anti-S.Pullorum/Gallinarum; para a confirmação dos sororeagentes foram utilizadas a prova de inibição da hemaglutinação e soroaglutinação lenta, respectivamente. Para a detecção do DNA de C. psittaci e RNA de AMPV-1 foram utilizados métodos moleculares, PCR e RT-PCR. Para investigação de anticorpos anti-APMV-1 foi empregada a técnica de HI. Na SAR, 3,3% dos soros foram reagentes para M. synoviae; 2,5% para M. gallisepticum e 0,4% para S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. No entanto, essas amostras foram negativas nas técnicas confirmatórias. A ocorrência do APMV-1 não foi detectada. O DNA de C. psittaci foi detectado em 13,3% das amostras sendo 10,8% provenientes de aves capturadas na estação seca e 15,8% na estação chuvosa. Tais resultados são relevantes, pois demonstram que a C. psittaci ocorre em pombos presentes em áreas públicas frequentadas por um grande número de pessoas. Frente à escassez de pesquisas realizadas em Columbiformes no país, novos estudos são necessários para a determinação do real risco que pombos-domésticos podem representar quanto à transmissão de patógenos para aves comerciais e a influência da sazonalidade na disseminação desses microrganismos. / Columbiformes may play an important role in the epidemiology of pathogens with zoonotic potential or economic impact in the poultry industry. Among these pathogens there are Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp., Avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1), included in the National Poultry Health Program (PNSA) and Chlamydophila psittaci, etiologic agent of an important zoonosis associated with wild birds. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate, seasonally, the occurrence of the pathogens listed above in feral pigeons (Columba livia) in two warehouses in São Paulo State. During one year, 10 birds were captured monthly in each locality and cloacal swabs and blood samples were collected from each pigeon. The rapid seroagglutination test was performed for the detection of antibodies against M. synoviae, M. gallisepticum and Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum. Positive results were submitted to the hemagglutination inhibition and slow seroagglutination test, respectively. For the C. psittacis DNA and APMV-1s RNA diagnosis, molecular techniques PCR and RT-PCR were performed. Hemagglutination inhibition test was also performed in order to detect antibodies against APMV-1. From the serum samples analyzed by rapid seroagglutination test, 3.3% were positive for M. synoviae, 2.5% for M. gallisepticum and 0.4% for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum. However, none of these samples was positive on the confirmatory tests. APMV-1 was not detected in any of the laboratory tests used. C. psittacis DNA was detected in 13.3% of the samples being, 10.8% from pigeons captured during the dry season and 15.8% in the rainy season. These results are relevant since they indicate that C. psittaci occurs in birds living in public areas frequented by a large number of people. The occurrence of the other pathogens was not detected. Nevertheless, due to lack of information about the pigeons sanitary status in the country, additional researches are necessary to determine the risk that feral pigeons can pose in the transmission of pathogens for poultry and the influence of each season in the spread of these microorganisms.

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2004.