Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-57).

Thesis (Dr. P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1942. / Type-written. Bibliography: leaves 62-69.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 42-48.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Zoonosis represent the majority of emerging infectious diseases, which have variable occurrence according to biological, environmental, socio-economic and cultural factors. With respect to socio-cultural factors, a growing practice in Brazil is keeping exotic animals as pets. These can have significant role in the spread of pathogens with zoonotic potencial, such as Chlamydia psittaci, etiologic agent of chlamydiosis in birds and psittacosis in humans. The Psittaciformes are the main order of birds affected by C. psittaci and is the most commonly kept as a pet. Avian chlamydiosis is endemic in Brazil; however, few studies have been conducted regarding its zoonotic potential. In human, psittacosis can lead to atypical pneumonia, however, due to difficulties related to laboratory diagnosis and the relative lack of knowledge by health professionals about this disease, its prevalence in the country is still unknown. In this context, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of C. psittaci in patients with psittacosis symptoms attended at the Ambulatory of Tropical Diseases and Zoonosis of the Infectology Institute Emilio Ribas (IIER). In addition, establishing the epidemiological link with birds and evaluate risk factors related to this zoonosis. Therefore, serum samples from eligible patients were collected in order to be tested for C. psittaci IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies. At the same time, biological samples from any species of birds related to suspected cases of psittacosis were collected for molecular analysis of C. psittaci. Among the eligible patients in this study, 27% (10/37) were classified as confirmed cases of psittacosis; 13.5% (5/37) as probable and 59.5% (22/37) as discarded. Pneumonia (p = 0.004), cough (p = 0.002) and chills (p = 0.011) were statistically significant when comparing with those patients in which psittacosis was discarded. With reference to the epidemiological link with birds, 73% (11/15) of the confirmed/probable cases had domiciliary contact with birds and 27% (4/15) had occupational contact. In addition, 47% (7/15) patients had contact with infected birds in which C. psittaci was laboratorial confirmed; from another 47% (7/15) of the cases, biological samples of the birds related to the patient could not be obtained, and in 6% (1/15) of the cases C. psittaci was not detected in the bird hosts evaluated. In addition, several confirmed/probable cases reported having close contact with the birds as handling (100%, 15/15), keeping the bird in the shoulder (67%, 10/15), kissing the bird (40%, 6/15) and sharing the food with the bird (13%, 2/15), practices that facilitate diseases transmission. Human and animal health care providers have an important role to play in identifying specific factors affecting the health of their patients and should work together. Conjointly efforts would increase the understanding on zoonotic disease and would, ultimately, improve prevention and control strategies / As zoonoses representam a maior parte das doenças infecciosas emergentes, as quais tem ocorrência variável de acordo com fatores biológicos, ambientais e sócio-econômico-culturais. No que tange aos fatores sócio-culturais, uma prática crescente no Brasil é a manutenção de espécies silvestres como animais de estimação. Estes podem ter significante papel na disseminação de agentes patogênicos com potencial zoonótico, tal como Chlamydia psittaci, agente etiológico da clamidiose em aves e da psitacose em seres humanos. Os Psittaciformes representam a principal Ordem de aves acometida pela C. psittaci, sendo também a mais comumente mantida como pet. A clamidiose aviária é endêmica no Brasil, contudo, são raros os estudos direcionados a avaliação do seu potencial zoonótico. Em humanos a psitacose pode desencadear um quadro severo de pneumonia atípica, no entanto, devido à dificuldade relacionada ao diagnóstico laboratorial e pelo relativo desconhecimento da doença pelos profissionais de saúde, sua prevalência no país é ainda desconhecida. Dentro desse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a ocorrência da C. psittaci em pacientes suspeitos de psitacose atendidos no Ambulatório de doenças tropicais e zoonoses do Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas (IIER); estabelecer o vínculo epidemiológico com aves realizando o diagnóstico nestas, assim como avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados com essa zoonose. Para tanto, amostras de sangue de pacientes com quadros suspeitos de psitacose foram coletadas para a investigação de anticorpos anti-C. psittaci IgA, IgM e IgG. Paralelamente, amostras biológicas de quaisquer espécies de aves relacionadas com os casos suspeitos de psitacose foram coletadas para a pesquisa molecular de C. psittaci. Entre os pacientes elegíveis deste estudo, 27% (10/37) foram classificados como casos confirmados de psitacose; 13,5% (5/37) como prováveis e 59,5% (22/37) como descartados. Pneumonia (p = 0.004), tosse (p = 0.002) e calafrio (p = 0.011) foram estatisticamente significantes quando comparado com os pacientes nos quais a psitacose foi descartada. Quanto ao vínculo epidemiológico com aves, 73% (11/15) dos casos prováveis e confirmados de psitacose relataram exposição domiciliar com aves e em 27% (4/15) a exposição foi ocupacional. Adicionalmente, 47% (7/15) dos pacientes tiveram contato com aves nas quais a infecção por C. psittaci foi comprovada laboratorialmente. Em 47% (7/15) dos casos não foi possível obter material biológico das aves relacionadas com os casos e em 6% (1/15) dos casos C. psittaci não foi detectada nas aves avaliadas. Ainda, os casos prováveis e confirmados de psitacose relataram manter contato próximo com suas aves, como pega-lás na mão (100%, 15/15), mantê-las no ombro (67%, 10/15), beijá-las (40%, 6/15) e dividir alimento com elas (13%, 2/15). Ressalta-se que essas práticas facilitam a transmissão do patógeno. Profissionais da saúde tanto humana quanto animal têm um papel importante a desempenhar na identificação de fatores que afetam a saúde de seus pacientes e devem, portanto, trabalhar juntos. Esforços mútuos contribuiriam no conhecimento de doenças com potencial zoonótico e certamente contribuiriam para medidas mais eficazes de prevenção e controle

La chlamydiose aviaire, causée par la bactérie Chlamydia psittaci, représente un risque zoonotique important. L’infection chez l’animal est principalement asymptomatique, mais chez l’Homme elle peut entrainer des pneumopathies atypiques sévères et causer la mort dans les cas les plus graves. Les personnes infectées sont principalement celles exposées régulièrement à des oiseaux, particulièrement dans le cadre professionnel. En France, de nombreux cas humains sont liés à une exposition à des canards Mulard, espèce utilisée pour la production du foie gras. Afin d’évaluer la prévalence des Chlamydiaceae chez les volailles et de caractériser les souches circulantes, des suivis ont été réalisés à différents stades de l’élevage (couvoir, pré-gavage et gavage pour la filière canard, et abattoirs impliqués dans l’abattage de différentes espèces aviaires). Des prélèvements d’air et de poussières ainsi que des suivis sérologiques et biologiques de personnels volontaires ont été effectués en parallèle afin d’évaluer l’exposition des professionnels travaillant au contact des volailles. Des prélèvements environnementaux ainsi que des essais in vitro visant à étudier la survie de C. psittaci ont été réalisés afin de tenter de mieux caractériser les voies de contamination des oiseaux, ce qui pourrait, à terme, permettre de maitriser le risque de contamination par C. psittaci chez l’animal et donc de réduire l’exposition des professionnels. Les résultats ont démontré une prévalence importance de C. psittaci chez le canard Mulard, au contraire des autres volailles qui hébergent très majoritairement C. gallinacea. L’exposition des professionnels aux Chlamydia est réelle, tout au long du processus d’élevage des volailles, mais plus particulièrement en élevages de canards Mulard et à l’abattoir, aussi il convient pour les professionnels de se protéger à chaque contact avec les animaux. L’hypothèse d’une contamination environnementale des animaux se fait de plus en plus claire, avec notamment la mise en évidence d’un lien existant entre les procédures de nettoyage et désinfection et l’excrétion des canards, la description de la survie de C. psittaci en dehors de tout hôte vivant, ou encore la mise en évidence d’une possible survie de C. psittaci au sein d’A. castellanii. La mise au point de moyens de lutte efficaces permettant de réduire voire de supprimer l’excrétion chez les volailles est également nécessaire, dans le but de diminuer l’exposition des professionnels / Avian chlamydiosis is a factor of economic loss to the poultry industry as well as a risk for zoonotic transmission to human. Chlamydia psittaci is the primary avian chlamydial pathogen with zoonotic potential. Although being mainly asymptomatic in birds, it can cause a disease called “psittacosis” in humans, with severe atypical pneumonia that leads to death in the most severe cases. Persons affected are mainly those whose occupations put them at risk of exposure, and a number of recent reports in France have confirmed that most of the human cases seemed to be linked to poultry, especially mule ducks. Currently there is evidence suggesting that avian chlamydiosis in poultry involves a new chlamydial agent, namely C. gallinacea. In order to evaluate the presence of Chlamydiaceae in poultry and the exposure of workers, we conducted four studies in the poultry industries, in duck hatchery, breeding farms and slauhgterhouse, as well as a studie in two poultry slaughterhouses including samples from voluntary workers. Results showed an important asymptomatic carriage of C. psittaci by mule ducks and a real, invisible and unpredictable exposure of workers. The species C. gallinacea was really prevalent in poultry othe than ducks and we still ignore its impact on human. Contamination of animals on farm seems to be mainly made via the environment. In vitro studies have been done to examine the survival of C. psittaci as a function of temperature in a non-nutritiv middle and showed that viable bacteria were still detectable after two months. Finally, the possible interactions between C. psittaci and an amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii, were studied and seem to show that the bacteria was able to enter the amoeba but we still ignore if it can survive or not

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Hilari _Pdf.pdf: 539492 bytes, checksum: e0488461a67ab589969fbb878d006e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / The wild animal trafficking is the third largest illegal activity in the world, ranking only behind the trafficking of weapons and drugs. The birds are the animals most affected by the illegal trade. Besides damaging to biodiversity, trafficking can also pose risks to human health. A number of diseases can be transmitted and acquired by the birds, the most commonly detected in the bacterial etiology. Improper management, especially related to transportation and overcrowding, promotes increased susceptibility to infections of birds or even the activation of latent infection with subsequent spread of pathogens. For these reasons this study aimed to conduct research and determine the Enterobacteriaceae resistance of strains of Escherichia coli, as well as raising the frequency of Chlamydophila spp. of parrots seized in actions to combat trafficking of wild animals in Goiás, with proper authorization from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA / GO). For this, 300 parrots in a period of one year were enrolled in the Screening Center of Wild Animals (CETAS), in Goiânia, Goiás, and underwent clinical and laboratory examinations. For Research Enterobacteriaceae were collected excreta from the bottom of cages, lined with aluminum foil and packed in ice for transport to the laboratory where they were examined by conventional bacteriological method. For the presence of Chlamydophila psittaci 300 cloacal swabs and 300 tracheids were collected and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We have identified the following excreta bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, 172/300 (33.87%), Enterobacter spp. 153/300 (30.12%), Klebsiella spp. 89/300 (17, 73%), Citrobacter spp. 9 / 300 (11.71%), Proteus vulgaris 21/300 (4.23%), Providencia alcalifaciens 5 / 300 (0.98%), Serratia sp.5/300 (0.98%), Hafnia aivei 3 / 300 ( 0.59%) and Salmonella sp. 1 / 300 (0.19%). Escherichia coli isolates were tested using the sensitivity to antibiotics, which revealed: amoxicillin (10mg) (70.93%), ampicillin (10mg) (75.58%), ciprofloxacin (5μg) (69.76%), chloramphenicol (30μg) (33.14% ), doxycycline (30μg) (64.53%), enrofloxacin (5μg) (41.28%), tetracycline (30μg) (69.19%), sulfonamide (300μg) (71.51%) of antimicrobial resistance. Of samples, 11/300 (3.66%) were positive in PCR analysis for Chlamydophilla spp. The results suggest that parrots from illegal trade are potential backers of zoonotic agents, and also point to the possibility that wild birds would constitute support for transfer of resistant phenotypes of E. coli to the human microbiota and other animals / O tráfico de animais silvestres é a terceira maior atividade ilegal do mundo, estando apenas atrás do tráfico de armas e de drogas. As aves são os animais mais atingidos pelo comércio ilegal. Além de prejudicial à biodiversidade, o tráfico também pode implicar riscos à saúde humana. Uma série de doenças podem ser transmitidas e adquiridas pelas aves, sendo as mais comumente detectadas as de etiologia bacteriana. O manejo inadequado, principalmente relacionado ao transporte e superpopulação, favorece o aumento da susceptibilidade das aves às infecções ou mesmo a ativação de infecções latentes com conseqüente disseminação de patógenos. Pelo exposto objetivouse realizar a pesquisa de Enterobacteriaceae e determinar o perfil de resistência das cepas isoladas de Escherichia coli, assim como, levantamento da freqüência de Chlamydophila spp. de psitacídeos apreendidos nas ações de combate ao tráfico de animais selvagens em Goiás, com devida autorização do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA/GO). Para tanto, 300 psitacídeos, num período de um ano, foram cadastrados no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS), na cidade de Goiânia-Goiás, e submetidos a exames clínicos e laboratoriais. Para a pesquisa de Enterobacteriaceae foram colhidos excretas do fundo de gaiolas, forradas com papel alumínio e acondicionados em gelo para transporte ao laboratório, onde foram analisadas pelo método bacteriológico convencional. Para a pesquisa da Chlamydophila psittaci 300 suabes cloacais e 300 traqueais foram coletados e analisados pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Identificaram-se nas excretas as seguintes bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, 172/300 (33,87%), Enterobacter spp. 153/300 (30,12%), Klebsiella spp. 89/300 (17, 73%), Citrobacter spp. 9/300 (11,71%), Proteus vulgaris 21/300 (4,23%), Providencia alcalifaciens 5/300 (0,98%), Serratia sp.5/300 (0,98%), Hafnia aivei 3/300 (0,59%) e Salmonella sp. 1/300 (0,19%). Isolados de Escherichia coli foram submetidos ao teste de sensibilidade à antimicrobianos, onde se obteve: amoxicilina (10μg) (70,93%), ampicilina (10μg) (75,58%), ciprofloxacina (5μg) (69,76%), cloranfenicol (30μg) (33,14%), doxiciclina (30μg) (64,53%), enrofloxacina(5μg) (41,28%), tetraciclina (30μg) (69,19%), sulfonamida (300μg) (71,51%) de resistência aos antimicrobianos testados. Das amostras colhidas, 11/300 (3,66%) foram positivas na análise pela PCR para Chlamydophilla spp. Os resultados sugerem que psitacídeos provenientes do comercio ilegal são potenciais veiculadores de agentes zoonóticos, e apontam ainda a possibilidade de aves selvagens se constituírem em suporte de transferência de fenótipos de E.coli resistentes para a microbiota humana e de outros animais