yes / We analyzed the trabecular bone changes in the pubic bone (PB) and in the auricular surface (AS) of the ilium using 319 CT scans of cadavers to estimate the age. Although the sharpness of the trabecular structure decreases in CT images when soft tissues are present, we identified four phases for the changes in PB and five in AS; a juvenile trait in PB and a senile trait in AS helped narrow the age range. High correlation with age was identified for both sexes in PB (F 0.89; M 0.75) and in AS (F 0.85; M 0.71) used independently or combined (F 0.91; M 0.78). The old adults (>60 years) could be evaluated with better accuracy and discriminated in several phases. We found low inter-observer error and low inaccuracy (about 6 years, mean for all age ranges). The method is robust with respect to slice thickness, display window and kernel within the tested ranges.

Thesis advisor: Christopher S. Lee / Background: Genital hair removal is a popular practice in Westernized cultures and has been associated with the belief that removal is necessary for hygiene. A body of literature exists that has found that genital hair removal is associated with adverse health outcomes, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This dissertation aims to detail the history of the practice, why the hygiene belief exists, and to systematically review the existing literature that assesses genital hair removal and STIs. Methods: Historical, socio-cultural analysis from the feminist perspective was performed on the literature to outline why genital hair removal was adopted at a population level. The STI/genital hair removal literature was systematically reviewed and analyzed utilizing PRISMA guidelines. The data generated did not support meta-analysis. Results: Genital hygiene removal has been normalized in Westernized culture as a compulsory component of genital hygiene, particularly for women. Genital hair removal decreases pubic lice infestations. Genital hair removal increases the incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia infections in women. The data does not support that genital hair removal is necessary for genital hygiene and may be harmful to genital health. Conclusions: Healthcare providers should ask about genital hair and genital hygiene practices when taking a sexual health or preventative care history. Health care providers can educate patients that genital hair removal is not necessary for genital health. New research inquiries on this topic must account for the normalization of the genital hygiene belief. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

Previous studies have reported that the ageing method of Suchey-Brooks (pubic bone) and some of the features applied by Lovejoy et al. and Buckberry-Chamberlain (auricular surface) can be confidently performed on 3D visualizations from CT-scans. In this study, seven observers applied the Suchey-Brooks and the Buckberry-Chamberlain methods on 3D visualizations based on CT-scans and, for the first time, on 3D visualizations from laser scans. We examined how the bone features can be evaluated on 3D visualizations and whether the different modalities (direct observations of bones, 3D visualization from CT-scan and from laser scans) are alike to different observers. We found the best inter-observer agreement for the bones versus 3D visualizations, with the highest values for the auricular surface. Between the 3D modalities, less variability was obtained for the 3D laser visualizations. Fair inter-observer agreement was obtained in the evaluation of the pubic bone in all modalities. In 3D visualizations of the auricular surfaces, transverse organization and apical changes could be evaluated, although with high inter-observer variability; micro-, macroporosity and surface texture were very difficult to score. In conclusion, these methods were developed for dry bones, where they perform best. The Suchey-Brooks method can be applied on 3D visualizations from CT or laser, but with less accuracy than on dry bone. The Buckberry-Chamberlain method should be modified before application on 3D visualizations. Future investigation should focus on a different approach and different features: 3D laser scans could be analyzed with mathematical approaches and sub-surface features should be explored on CT-scans.

Yes / Previous studies have reported that the ageing method of Suchey-Brooks (pubic bone) and some of the features applied by Lovejoy et al. and Buckberry-Chamberlain (auricular surface) can be confidently performed on 3D visualizations from CT-scans. In this study, seven observers applied the Suchey-Brooks and the Buckberry-Chamberlain methods on 3D visualizations based on CT-scans and, for the first time, on 3D visualizations from laser scans. We examined how the bone features can be evaluated on 3D visualizations and whether the different modalities (direct observations of bones, 3D visualization from CT-scan and from laser scans) are alike to different observers. We found the best inter-observer agreement for the bones versus 3D visualizations, with the highest values for the auricular surface. Between the 3D modalities, less variability was obtained for the 3D laser visualizations. Fair inter-observer agreement was obtained in the evaluation of the pubic bone in all modalities. In 3D visualizations of the auricular surfaces, transverse organization and apical changes could be evaluated, although with high inter-observer variability; micro-, macroporosity and surface texture were very difficult to score. In conclusion, these methods were developed for dry bones, where they perform best. The Suchey-Brooks method can be applied on 3D visualizations from CT or laser, but with less accuracy than on dry bone. The Buckberry-Chamberlain method should be modified before application on 3D visualizations. Future investigation should focus on a different approach and different features: 3D laser scans could be analyzed with mathematical approaches and sub-surface features should be explored on CT-scans

Os ligamentos são estruturas estabilizadoras estáticas das articulações e desempenham um papel importante na junção mecânica. Podem ser influenciadas por fatores de diversas naturezas, inclusive adaptações sofridas durante o período puerperal. Na gravidez existem grandes modificações hormonais que preparam o organismo materno para o desenvolvimento do embrião e feto, bem como para a parturição. Assim, sob ação hormonal os ligamentos e a sínfise púbica têm suas características mecânicas alteradas preparando a mãe para o parto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar mecanicamente as modificações sofridas na sínfise púbica e no ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho, durante a gestação e na fase final. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 44 ratas da raça Wistar, com massa corporal inicial média de 301.1 / 8,1g e idade aproximada de 100 dias. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais: o grupo controle, grupo prenhez I e o grupo prenhez II. Para constituição do grupo prenhez I e II, fêmeas férteis foram acasaladas com machos e o coito foi comprovado pela presença de espermatozóides no lavado vaginal obtido da fêmea. Confirmando a prenhez, os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas até o décimo sexto dia para o grupo prenhez I e sacrificados, para o grupo prenhez II foi esperado até o vigésimo dia de gestação e sacrificados, sendo coletados a pelve e os joelhos de ambos os grupos. Após preparo, a sínfise púbica e o ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho foram ensaiados mecanicamente em tração, com obtenção dos seguintes parâmetros: carga no limite máximo e rigidez. Os resultados comparados com as fêmeas controles não prenhes mostraram que para a sínfise púbica houve aumento da rigidez e diminuição da carga no limite máximo. Para o ligamento cruzado anterior não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos / Ligaments are static stabilizer structures of the joints and play an important role in the mechanical junction. They may be influenced by factors of several natures, including adaptations suffered during the puerperal period. There are in pregnancy big hormonal modifications that prepare the maternal organism for the embryo and fetus development, as well to parturition. Thus, under hormonal actions the ligaments and the pubic sinfisis have their mechanical features shifted preparing the mother for the labor. This paper aimed to point out the shifts occurred by the pubic sinfisis and by the knee anterior cruciate ligament during pregnancy and in the final phase. For the study were used 44 mice Wistar breed, corporal average mass of 301,1 / 8,1g and approximated age of 100 days. They were divided into 3 experimental groups: control group, pregnancy I group and pregnancy II group. For the disposition of the control group, the animals were expected to complete 120 days, then sacrificed and collected the pelvis and the knees. For pregnancy group I and II, fertile females were mated with males and the coitus was proved with the presence of spermatozoids in the vaginal washed obtained from the female. Once confirmed pregnancy, the animals were kept in cages until the 16th day for pregnancy group I and so only collected the animal’s pelvis. For pregnancy group II was expected until the 23rd day of pregnancy and sacrificed, being collected the pelvis and the knees. After preparing, the pubic sinfisis and the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee were mechanically tested in traction, obtaining the following parameters: load in maximum border line and stiffness. The results compared with non pregnant females showed that to the pubic sinfisis there was an increase of stiffness and a load in maximum border line decrease. For the anterior cruciate ligament there was no significant difference between the groups

Os ligamentos são estruturas estabilizadoras estáticas das articulações e desempenham um papel importante na junção mecânica. Podem ser influenciadas por fatores de diversas naturezas, inclusive adaptações sofridas durante o período puerperal. Na gravidez existem grandes modificações hormonais que preparam o organismo materno para o desenvolvimento do embrião e feto, bem como para a parturição. Assim, sob ação hormonal os ligamentos e a sínfise púbica têm suas características mecânicas alteradas preparando a mãe para o parto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar mecanicamente as modificações sofridas na sínfise púbica e no ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho, durante a gestação e na fase final. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 44 ratas da raça Wistar, com massa corporal inicial média de 301.1 / 8,1g e idade aproximada de 100 dias. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais: o grupo controle, grupo prenhez I e o grupo prenhez II. Para constituição do grupo prenhez I e II, fêmeas férteis foram acasaladas com machos e o coito foi comprovado pela presença de espermatozóides no lavado vaginal obtido da fêmea. Confirmando a prenhez, os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas até o décimo sexto dia para o grupo prenhez I e sacrificados, para o grupo prenhez II foi esperado até o vigésimo dia de gestação e sacrificados, sendo coletados a pelve e os joelhos de ambos os grupos. Após preparo, a sínfise púbica e o ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho foram ensaiados mecanicamente em tração, com obtenção dos seguintes parâmetros: carga no limite máximo e rigidez. Os resultados comparados com as fêmeas controles não prenhes mostraram que para a sínfise púbica houve aumento da rigidez e diminuição da carga no limite máximo. Para o ligamento cruzado anterior não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos / Ligaments are static stabilizer structures of the joints and play an important role in the mechanical junction. They may be influenced by factors of several natures, including adaptations suffered during the puerperal period. There are in pregnancy big hormonal modifications that prepare the maternal organism for the embryo and fetus development, as well to parturition. Thus, under hormonal actions the ligaments and the pubic sinfisis have their mechanical features shifted preparing the mother for the labor. This paper aimed to point out the shifts occurred by the pubic sinfisis and by the knee anterior cruciate ligament during pregnancy and in the final phase. For the study were used 44 mice Wistar breed, corporal average mass of 301,1 / 8,1g and approximated age of 100 days. They were divided into 3 experimental groups: control group, pregnancy I group and pregnancy II group. For the disposition of the control group, the animals were expected to complete 120 days, then sacrificed and collected the pelvis and the knees. For pregnancy group I and II, fertile females were mated with males and the coitus was proved with the presence of spermatozoids in the vaginal washed obtained from the female. Once confirmed pregnancy, the animals were kept in cages until the 16th day for pregnancy group I and so only collected the animal’s pelvis. For pregnancy group II was expected until the 23rd day of pregnancy and sacrificed, being collected the pelvis and the knees. After preparing, the pubic sinfisis and the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee were mechanically tested in traction, obtaining the following parameters: load in maximum border line and stiffness. The results compared with non pregnant females showed that to the pubic sinfisis there was an increase of stiffness and a load in maximum border line decrease. For the anterior cruciate ligament there was no significant difference between the groups

Yes / Age estimation methods are often based on the age-related morphological changes of the auricular surface and the pubic bone. In this study, a mathematical approach to quantify these changes has been tested analyzing the curvature variation on 3D models from CT and laser scans. The sample consisted of the 24 Suchey–Brooks (SB) pubic bone casts, 19 auricular surfaces from the Buckberry and Chamberlain (BC) “recording kit” and 98 pelvic bones from the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution). Strong and moderate correlations between phases and curvature were found in SB casts (ρ 0.60–0.93) and BC “recording kit” (ρ 0.47–0.75), moderate and weak correlations in the Terry Collection bones (pubic bones: ρ 0.29–0.51, auricular surfaces: ρ 0.33–0.50) but associated with large individual variability and overlap of curvature values between adjacent decades. The new procedure, requiring no expert judgment from the operator, achieved similar correlations that can be found in the classic methods.

yes / Recent studies have reported that quantifying symphyseal and auricular surfaces curvature changes on 3D models acquired by laser scanners have a potential for age estimation. However, no tests have been carried out to evaluate the repeatability of the results between different laser scanners. 3D models of the two pelvic joints were generated using three laser scanners (Custom, Faro, Minolta). The surface curvature, the surface area and the distance between co-registered meshes were investigated. Close results were found for surface areas (differences between 0.3% and 2.4%) and for distance deviations (average < 20 μm, SD < 200 μm). The curvature values were found to be systematically biased between different laser scanners, but still showing similar trends with increasing phases / scores. Applying a smoothing factor to the 3D models, it was possible to separate anatomy from the measurement error of each instrument, so that similar curvature values could be obtained (p < 0.05) independent of the specific laser scanner. / The full text was made available at the end of the publisher's embargo: 31st March 2016

No description available.

A atenção odontológica tem sido tradicionalmente realizada em consultórios. Aos hospitais a prática mais comum é reservada ao atendimento cirúrgico bucomaxilofacial ou procedimentos que necessitam de anestesia geral. Entretanto, a atuação do Cirurgião-Dentista em âmbito hospitalar vai além. O Odontólogo deve ter foco no cuidado ao paciente cuja doença sistêmica possa ser fator de risco para agravamento e ou instalação de doença bucal, ou cuja doença bucal possa ser fator de risco para agravamento e ou instalação de doença sistêmica. (Silva-Lovato et al., 2009; Manual de Odontologia Hospitalar, 2012). O Estado de São Paulo conta com uma ampla rede de serviços hospitalares próprios. Embora os resultados dos últimos anos comprovem o maior acesso da população a rede hospitalar pública do Estado de São Paulo, com aumento no número de atendimentos a pacientes internados, maior quantidade de cirurgias e de procedimentos complexos realizados (Mendes, Bittar, 2010), não há dados públicos concretos comprovando a atuação do Cirurgião- Dentista nesse contexto. Por outro lado, estudos e experiências em hospitais têm mostrado que a inserção do Cirurgião-Dentista na equipe multiprofissional de atendimento ao paciente sob internação contribui para minimizar o risco de infecção, melhorar a qualidade de vida, reduzir o tempo de internação, diminuir a quantidade de prescrição de medicamentos e a indicação de nutrição parenteral, além de promover um atendimento completo ao paciente. (Sonis et al., 2001; Sonis et al., 2004; Morais et al., 2006; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007; Eduardo et al., 2008; Bezinelli et al., 2013). Nosso trabalho trata-se de um estudo transversal com o objetivo de caracterizar o serviço de Odontologia dentro dos hospitais públicos veiculados a Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Para tanto foram coletados dados do Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo e do CNES de 62 hospitais de diferentes formatos de gestão: direta, indireta e autarquia e/ou fundação. Os resultados mostraram que dos hospitais de administração indireta (n=30), 9 possuem o Cirurgião-Dentista na equipe multiprofissional, sendo 33% desses voltados ao atendimento odontológico dos funcionários do Hospital, 33% pertencem ao serviço de Cirurgia Buco Maxilo Facial e 44% apresentam um serviço de odontologia ao paciente com comprometimento sistêmico, tanto internado como em âmbito ambulatorial. Nos hospitais de administração direta (n=24), 20 apresentam no corpo clínico o Cirurgião-Dentista, sendo que 25% estão no atendimento do funcionário do hospital, 65% no serviço de Cirurgia Buco Maxilo Facial e 45% no atendimento ao paciente internado ou em âmbito ambulatorial que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. Nos hospitais ligados as universidades estaduais (n=8), 75% possuem o serviço de Buco Maxilo Facial e 75% o de atendimento ao paciente internado ou em âmbito ambulatorial que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. Os resultados mostram também que há 36% menos Cirurgiões-Dentistas atuando nos hospitais quando comparado os dados coletados in loco (Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo) com os disponíveis no CNES. No presente trabalho o investimento para a montagem do serviço de odontologia hospitalar é cerca de R$ 98.626,00 e o custeio mensal é de R$ 29.540,00. Pelo trabalho desenvolvido é possível concluir: que hospitais veiculados a SES são heterogênos. Há diferenças quanto ao formato de gestão e administração, tamanho, complexidade, especialidades médicas presentes, demanda atendida. A maioria dos serviços de odontologia dentro do hospital é de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco Maxilo Facial e não possuem atendimento odontológico ao paciente no leito que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. O CNES não apresenta a realidade da atuação do Cirurgião-Dentista dentro do hospital e o custo não é fator limitante para a para implantação e manutenção de um serviço de Odontologia Hospitalar. / Dental care has traditionally been performed in dental offices. It is more common practice for oral and maxillofacial surgery care or procedures that require general anesthesia to be reserved for treatment at hospitals. However, the work of the Dental Surgeon in the hospital environment goes beyond this. The Dentist must be focused on care of the patient whose systemic disease may be a risk for aggravation and or onset of oral disease, or whose oral disease may be a risk factor for aggravation or onset of systemic disease. (Silva-Lovato et al., 2009; Manual de Odontologia Hospitalar, 2012). The State of São Paulo has a wide network of its own hospital services. Although the results of the last few years have proved that there is greater access by the population to the public hospital network of the State of São Paulo, with an increasing number of attendances of hospitalized patients, larger number of surgeries and complex procedures performed (Mendes, Bittar, 2010), there are no concrete public data proving the activities of the Dental Surgeon in this context. On the other hand, studies and experiences in hospitals have shown that the inclusion of the Dental Surgeon in the multiprofessional team of hospitalized patient care contributes to minimizing the risk of infection, improving quality of life, reducing time of hospitalization, diminishing the amount of medication prescribed and indication of parenteral nutrition, in addition to promoting complete care of the patient. (Sonis et al., 2001; Sonis et al., 2004; Morais et al., 2006; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007; Eduardo et al., 2008; Bezinelli et al., 2013). Ours is a cross-sectional study with the aim of characterizing the Dental Service within public hospitals linked to the State Secretary of Health of São Paulo. For this purpose data were collected from the Smile More Often São Paulo Program (Sorria Mais São Paulo) and of the national register of health establishments (Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde CNES of 62 hospitals with different management formats: direct, indirect, municipal and/or foundation. The results showed that of the hospitals with indirect administration (n=30), 9 have a Dental Surgeon in the multiprofessional team, with 33% of them being directed to dental care of the Hospital Staff, 33% belong to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery service and 44% provide dental service for systemically compromised patients, both those who are hospitalized and those in the outpatient clinics. In the hospitals with direct administration (n=24), 20 have a Dental Surgeon on the clinical staff, with 25% being engaged in dental care of the hospital staff, 65% in the Oral Maxillofacial Surgery service and 45% in caring for hospitalized patients or those in the outpatient clinics, who are systemically compromised. In the hospitals linked to the state universities (n=8), 75% have an Oral Maxillofacial service and 75% a service caring for the hospitalized patient, or those in the outpatient clinic, who are systemically compromised. The results also showed that there are 36% fewer Dental Surgeons working in hospitals when the data collected in loco (Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo) are compared with those available in CNES. In the present study the investment for setting up the hospital dental service is around R$ 98.626,00 and the monthly cost is R$ 29.540,00. From the work develop it was possible to conclude: That the hospitals linked to SES are heterogeneous. There are differences with regard to the management and administration format, size, complexity, medical specialties present, and demand served. The majority of the dental services within the hospital are provided in Surgery and Oral Maxillofacial Traumatology, and they do not have dental care for the patient in a hospital bed, who is systemically compromised. The CNES does not present the reality of the Dental Surgeons activity in the hospital, and the cost is not a limiting factor for the implementation and maintenance of a Hospital Dental Service.