A atenção odontológica tem sido tradicionalmente realizada em consultórios. Aos hospitais a prática mais comum é reservada ao atendimento cirúrgico bucomaxilofacial ou procedimentos que necessitam de anestesia geral. Entretanto, a atuação do Cirurgião-Dentista em âmbito hospitalar vai além. O Odontólogo deve ter foco no cuidado ao paciente cuja doença sistêmica possa ser fator de risco para agravamento e ou instalação de doença bucal, ou cuja doença bucal possa ser fator de risco para agravamento e ou instalação de doença sistêmica. (Silva-Lovato et al., 2009; Manual de Odontologia Hospitalar, 2012). O Estado de São Paulo conta com uma ampla rede de serviços hospitalares próprios. Embora os resultados dos últimos anos comprovem o maior acesso da população a rede hospitalar pública do Estado de São Paulo, com aumento no número de atendimentos a pacientes internados, maior quantidade de cirurgias e de procedimentos complexos realizados (Mendes, Bittar, 2010), não há dados públicos concretos comprovando a atuação do Cirurgião- Dentista nesse contexto. Por outro lado, estudos e experiências em hospitais têm mostrado que a inserção do Cirurgião-Dentista na equipe multiprofissional de atendimento ao paciente sob internação contribui para minimizar o risco de infecção, melhorar a qualidade de vida, reduzir o tempo de internação, diminuir a quantidade de prescrição de medicamentos e a indicação de nutrição parenteral, além de promover um atendimento completo ao paciente. (Sonis et al., 2001; Sonis et al., 2004; Morais et al., 2006; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007; Eduardo et al., 2008; Bezinelli et al., 2013). Nosso trabalho trata-se de um estudo transversal com o objetivo de caracterizar o serviço de Odontologia dentro dos hospitais públicos veiculados a Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Para tanto foram coletados dados do Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo e do CNES de 62 hospitais de diferentes formatos de gestão: direta, indireta e autarquia e/ou fundação. Os resultados mostraram que dos hospitais de administração indireta (n=30), 9 possuem o Cirurgião-Dentista na equipe multiprofissional, sendo 33% desses voltados ao atendimento odontológico dos funcionários do Hospital, 33% pertencem ao serviço de Cirurgia Buco Maxilo Facial e 44% apresentam um serviço de odontologia ao paciente com comprometimento sistêmico, tanto internado como em âmbito ambulatorial. Nos hospitais de administração direta (n=24), 20 apresentam no corpo clínico o Cirurgião-Dentista, sendo que 25% estão no atendimento do funcionário do hospital, 65% no serviço de Cirurgia Buco Maxilo Facial e 45% no atendimento ao paciente internado ou em âmbito ambulatorial que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. Nos hospitais ligados as universidades estaduais (n=8), 75% possuem o serviço de Buco Maxilo Facial e 75% o de atendimento ao paciente internado ou em âmbito ambulatorial que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. Os resultados mostram também que há 36% menos Cirurgiões-Dentistas atuando nos hospitais quando comparado os dados coletados in loco (Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo) com os disponíveis no CNES. No presente trabalho o investimento para a montagem do serviço de odontologia hospitalar é cerca de R$ 98.626,00 e o custeio mensal é de R$ 29.540,00. Pelo trabalho desenvolvido é possível concluir: que hospitais veiculados a SES são heterogênos. Há diferenças quanto ao formato de gestão e administração, tamanho, complexidade, especialidades médicas presentes, demanda atendida. A maioria dos serviços de odontologia dentro do hospital é de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco Maxilo Facial e não possuem atendimento odontológico ao paciente no leito que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. O CNES não apresenta a realidade da atuação do Cirurgião-Dentista dentro do hospital e o custo não é fator limitante para a para implantação e manutenção de um serviço de Odontologia Hospitalar. / Dental care has traditionally been performed in dental offices. It is more common practice for oral and maxillofacial surgery care or procedures that require general anesthesia to be reserved for treatment at hospitals. However, the work of the Dental Surgeon in the hospital environment goes beyond this. The Dentist must be focused on care of the patient whose systemic disease may be a risk for aggravation and or onset of oral disease, or whose oral disease may be a risk factor for aggravation or onset of systemic disease. (Silva-Lovato et al., 2009; Manual de Odontologia Hospitalar, 2012). The State of São Paulo has a wide network of its own hospital services. Although the results of the last few years have proved that there is greater access by the population to the public hospital network of the State of São Paulo, with an increasing number of attendances of hospitalized patients, larger number of surgeries and complex procedures performed (Mendes, Bittar, 2010), there are no concrete public data proving the activities of the Dental Surgeon in this context. On the other hand, studies and experiences in hospitals have shown that the inclusion of the Dental Surgeon in the multiprofessional team of hospitalized patient care contributes to minimizing the risk of infection, improving quality of life, reducing time of hospitalization, diminishing the amount of medication prescribed and indication of parenteral nutrition, in addition to promoting complete care of the patient. (Sonis et al., 2001; Sonis et al., 2004; Morais et al., 2006; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007; Eduardo et al., 2008; Bezinelli et al., 2013). Ours is a cross-sectional study with the aim of characterizing the Dental Service within public hospitals linked to the State Secretary of Health of São Paulo. For this purpose data were collected from the Smile More Often São Paulo Program (Sorria Mais São Paulo) and of the national register of health establishments (Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde CNES of 62 hospitals with different management formats: direct, indirect, municipal and/or foundation. The results showed that of the hospitals with indirect administration (n=30), 9 have a Dental Surgeon in the multiprofessional team, with 33% of them being directed to dental care of the Hospital Staff, 33% belong to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery service and 44% provide dental service for systemically compromised patients, both those who are hospitalized and those in the outpatient clinics. In the hospitals with direct administration (n=24), 20 have a Dental Surgeon on the clinical staff, with 25% being engaged in dental care of the hospital staff, 65% in the Oral Maxillofacial Surgery service and 45% in caring for hospitalized patients or those in the outpatient clinics, who are systemically compromised. In the hospitals linked to the state universities (n=8), 75% have an Oral Maxillofacial service and 75% a service caring for the hospitalized patient, or those in the outpatient clinic, who are systemically compromised. The results also showed that there are 36% fewer Dental Surgeons working in hospitals when the data collected in loco (Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo) are compared with those available in CNES. In the present study the investment for setting up the hospital dental service is around R$ 98.626,00 and the monthly cost is R$ 29.540,00. From the work develop it was possible to conclude: That the hospitals linked to SES are heterogeneous. There are differences with regard to the management and administration format, size, complexity, medical specialties present, and demand served. The majority of the dental services within the hospital are provided in Surgery and Oral Maxillofacial Traumatology, and they do not have dental care for the patient in a hospital bed, who is systemically compromised. The CNES does not present the reality of the Dental Surgeons activity in the hospital, and the cost is not a limiting factor for the implementation and maintenance of a Hospital Dental Service.

A atenção odontológica tem sido tradicionalmente realizada em consultórios. Aos hospitais a prática mais comum é reservada ao atendimento cirúrgico bucomaxilofacial ou procedimentos que necessitam de anestesia geral. Entretanto, a atuação do Cirurgião-Dentista em âmbito hospitalar vai além. O Odontólogo deve ter foco no cuidado ao paciente cuja doença sistêmica possa ser fator de risco para agravamento e ou instalação de doença bucal, ou cuja doença bucal possa ser fator de risco para agravamento e ou instalação de doença sistêmica. (Silva-Lovato et al., 2009; Manual de Odontologia Hospitalar, 2012). O Estado de São Paulo conta com uma ampla rede de serviços hospitalares próprios. Embora os resultados dos últimos anos comprovem o maior acesso da população a rede hospitalar pública do Estado de São Paulo, com aumento no número de atendimentos a pacientes internados, maior quantidade de cirurgias e de procedimentos complexos realizados (Mendes, Bittar, 2010), não há dados públicos concretos comprovando a atuação do Cirurgião- Dentista nesse contexto. Por outro lado, estudos e experiências em hospitais têm mostrado que a inserção do Cirurgião-Dentista na equipe multiprofissional de atendimento ao paciente sob internação contribui para minimizar o risco de infecção, melhorar a qualidade de vida, reduzir o tempo de internação, diminuir a quantidade de prescrição de medicamentos e a indicação de nutrição parenteral, além de promover um atendimento completo ao paciente. (Sonis et al., 2001; Sonis et al., 2004; Morais et al., 2006; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007; Eduardo et al., 2008; Bezinelli et al., 2013). Nosso trabalho trata-se de um estudo transversal com o objetivo de caracterizar o serviço de Odontologia dentro dos hospitais públicos veiculados a Secretaria do Estado da Saúde de São Paulo. Para tanto foram coletados dados do Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo e do CNES de 62 hospitais de diferentes formatos de gestão: direta, indireta e autarquia e/ou fundação. Os resultados mostraram que dos hospitais de administração indireta (n=30), 9 possuem o Cirurgião-Dentista na equipe multiprofissional, sendo 33% desses voltados ao atendimento odontológico dos funcionários do Hospital, 33% pertencem ao serviço de Cirurgia Buco Maxilo Facial e 44% apresentam um serviço de odontologia ao paciente com comprometimento sistêmico, tanto internado como em âmbito ambulatorial. Nos hospitais de administração direta (n=24), 20 apresentam no corpo clínico o Cirurgião-Dentista, sendo que 25% estão no atendimento do funcionário do hospital, 65% no serviço de Cirurgia Buco Maxilo Facial e 45% no atendimento ao paciente internado ou em âmbito ambulatorial que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. Nos hospitais ligados as universidades estaduais (n=8), 75% possuem o serviço de Buco Maxilo Facial e 75% o de atendimento ao paciente internado ou em âmbito ambulatorial que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. Os resultados mostram também que há 36% menos Cirurgiões-Dentistas atuando nos hospitais quando comparado os dados coletados in loco (Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo) com os disponíveis no CNES. No presente trabalho o investimento para a montagem do serviço de odontologia hospitalar é cerca de R$ 98.626,00 e o custeio mensal é de R$ 29.540,00. Pelo trabalho desenvolvido é possível concluir: que hospitais veiculados a SES são heterogênos. Há diferenças quanto ao formato de gestão e administração, tamanho, complexidade, especialidades médicas presentes, demanda atendida. A maioria dos serviços de odontologia dentro do hospital é de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco Maxilo Facial e não possuem atendimento odontológico ao paciente no leito que apresenta comprometimento sistêmico. O CNES não apresenta a realidade da atuação do Cirurgião-Dentista dentro do hospital e o custo não é fator limitante para a para implantação e manutenção de um serviço de Odontologia Hospitalar. / Dental care has traditionally been performed in dental offices. It is more common practice for oral and maxillofacial surgery care or procedures that require general anesthesia to be reserved for treatment at hospitals. However, the work of the Dental Surgeon in the hospital environment goes beyond this. The Dentist must be focused on care of the patient whose systemic disease may be a risk for aggravation and or onset of oral disease, or whose oral disease may be a risk factor for aggravation or onset of systemic disease. (Silva-Lovato et al., 2009; Manual de Odontologia Hospitalar, 2012). The State of São Paulo has a wide network of its own hospital services. Although the results of the last few years have proved that there is greater access by the population to the public hospital network of the State of São Paulo, with an increasing number of attendances of hospitalized patients, larger number of surgeries and complex procedures performed (Mendes, Bittar, 2010), there are no concrete public data proving the activities of the Dental Surgeon in this context. On the other hand, studies and experiences in hospitals have shown that the inclusion of the Dental Surgeon in the multiprofessional team of hospitalized patient care contributes to minimizing the risk of infection, improving quality of life, reducing time of hospitalization, diminishing the amount of medication prescribed and indication of parenteral nutrition, in addition to promoting complete care of the patient. (Sonis et al., 2001; Sonis et al., 2004; Morais et al., 2006; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007; Eduardo et al., 2008; Bezinelli et al., 2013). Ours is a cross-sectional study with the aim of characterizing the Dental Service within public hospitals linked to the State Secretary of Health of São Paulo. For this purpose data were collected from the Smile More Often São Paulo Program (Sorria Mais São Paulo) and of the national register of health establishments (Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde CNES of 62 hospitals with different management formats: direct, indirect, municipal and/or foundation. The results showed that of the hospitals with indirect administration (n=30), 9 have a Dental Surgeon in the multiprofessional team, with 33% of them being directed to dental care of the Hospital Staff, 33% belong to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery service and 44% provide dental service for systemically compromised patients, both those who are hospitalized and those in the outpatient clinics. In the hospitals with direct administration (n=24), 20 have a Dental Surgeon on the clinical staff, with 25% being engaged in dental care of the hospital staff, 65% in the Oral Maxillofacial Surgery service and 45% in caring for hospitalized patients or those in the outpatient clinics, who are systemically compromised. In the hospitals linked to the state universities (n=8), 75% have an Oral Maxillofacial service and 75% a service caring for the hospitalized patient, or those in the outpatient clinic, who are systemically compromised. The results also showed that there are 36% fewer Dental Surgeons working in hospitals when the data collected in loco (Programa Sorria Mais São Paulo) are compared with those available in CNES. In the present study the investment for setting up the hospital dental service is around R$ 98.626,00 and the monthly cost is R$ 29.540,00. From the work develop it was possible to conclude: That the hospitals linked to SES are heterogeneous. There are differences with regard to the management and administration format, size, complexity, medical specialties present, and demand served. The majority of the dental services within the hospital are provided in Surgery and Oral Maxillofacial Traumatology, and they do not have dental care for the patient in a hospital bed, who is systemically compromised. The CNES does not present the reality of the Dental Surgeons activity in the hospital, and the cost is not a limiting factor for the implementation and maintenance of a Hospital Dental Service.

This thesis describes the development of an autonomous recovery system for stratospheric balloons, focusing on the novel pressurised balloon prototype BALMAN of CNES. Stratospheric balloons, reaching altitudes of up to 40 km, are utilised for scientific experiments, with recovery of payloads being a critical aspect. While traditional recovery methods involve separating the balloon envelope and deploying a parachute, BALMAN's parachute will be deployed in free fall. The proposed autonomous system comprises decision-making and electronics components. The decision-making segment employs microcontrollers and environmental sensors to recognise the balloon's descent, triggering the release decision. The electronics section, responsible for providing energy to a pyro cutter, is designed with electrical switches and capacitors. Thermal simulations guide the placement of heaters, maintaining system temperature within operational limits. The final prototype, tested for functionality on-ground, exhibits a measured energy release of 24 mJ, double the requirement for pyro cutter activation. However, environmental and flight testing remain pending. The system's potential applications extend beyond BALMAN, offering a standardised autonomous recovery solution for various balloons. This innovation promises enhanced landing accuracy, obviates the need for telecommunication in recovery, and facilitates payload descent deceleration. Future endeavors involve comprehensive testing and potential integration into BALMAN missions, showcasing the system's adaptability and operational simplicity across diverse stratospheric endeavors.

Dès les débuts de la conquête spatiale, la tribologie spatiale est considérée comme une discipline à part entière car il s'agit de lubrifier un mécanisme non seulement dans le vide spatial, mais aussi lors des opérations au sol, et ceci dans différents environnements (vide simulé, air sec et humide, azote sec). Un lubrifiant spatial, fluide ou solide, doit donc relever le défi de procurer le comportement tribologique désiré dans ces environnements successifs, mais doit aussi résister aux sollicitations dynamiques induites par le lancement. Dans l'espace, le mécanisme doit y être autonome sans maintenance et sa lubrification doit être maintenue pendant au moins 15 ans (800 millions de cycles pour un roulement) tout en conservant fiabilité et précision de positionnement (µrad). Malgré ces enjeux, la maîtrise tribologique spatiale se limite à de l'empirisme et du conservatisme de solutions techniques, notamment lors de l'emploi des matériaux sources de lubrifiants solides qui font l'objet de cette étude. Dans les faits, seules des recommandations d'utilisation existent sans pouvoir prédire le comportement tribologique des solutions. Cette prédiction nécessite la reconstitution de " la vie des contacts ". Cette dernière nécessite l'évaluation des débits de 1ers et 3ème corps. Ces débits dépendent d'un couplage multi-échelles et multi-physique " forcé " par les sollicitations tribologiques. Pour décrypter ces débits, une démarche expérimentale qui couple des mesures mécano-chimiques en temps réel et des analyses post-essai a été développée (forces, analyse de gaz, visualisation électronique et photonique). La simultanéité des mesures permet d'étudier le couplage entre les phénomènes mécaniques (créations de particules de 3ème corps, déformations plastiques des 1er corps) et physicochimiques (adsorption/désorption, modifications chimiques des 1ers et 3ème corps). La démarche est appliquée à l'étude de deux triplets tribologiques ayant respectivement des 1ers corps en MoS2 et MoS2+Ti dont les comportements tribologiques sous vide et sous air humide sont antagonistes. L'utilisation de leur antagonisme permet de mieux comprendre la réponse des 1er et 3ème corps aux sollicitations tribologiques. La reconstitution de la vie de ces triplets a montré : (1) le rôle bénéfique de la structure colonnaire dans l'obtention d'un facteur de frottement faible et d'une longue durée de vie, non parce qu'elle est intrinsèquement colonnaire mais parce qu'elle localise la production de 3ème corps; (2) le rôle bénéfique des contaminations internes et externes aux 1ers et 3ème corps qui délocalisent l'accommodation du volume du 3ème corps vers les complexes de surface, ce qui explique par exemple que l'environnement N2 sec ne puisse, même pour des raisons économiques, simuler l'ultravide. In fine, ces travaux permettent de spécifier une démarche de conception de " triplets tribologiques " qui sera généralisée ultérieurement grâce à la tribologie numérique

Cette thèse aborde l’histoire des activités spatiales françaises en parcourant leur évolution depuis les premières recherches scientifiques dans la haute atmosphère entreprises après la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale jusqu’à la création de l’Agence spatiale européenne (ESA), au milieu des années 1970. Née dans la guerre froide, la politique spatiale française constitue sous la présidence du général de Gaulle, un des éléments de la politique d’indépendance nationale puis, sous l’ère du Président Pompidou, elle accentue son caractère industriel ouvert à la coopération avant de devenir européenne au début du septennat du Président Giscard d’Estaing. Centrée sur le Centre national d’études spatiales (CNES) l’étude souligne le rôle de l’État dans un secteur de hautes technologies où la politique est soumise à l’interaction entre des facteurs nationaux et internationaux comportant des enjeux géopolitiques et géostratégiques. Privilégiant les aspects institutionnels, elle analyse le processus d’élaboration de la politique mise en œuvre à partir des années 1960. D’abord, perçue comme élément de prestige au service du rayonnement de la France dans le monde, la politique spatiale interagit avec l’évolution du système technique pour répondre aux enjeux économiques et industriels que comportent les applications spatiales. L’étude met en évidence l’impérieuse nécessité d’un dialogue permanent entre les acteurs, techniciens et politiques, dont l’interdépendance participe à la formation du processus décisionnel. / The subject of this thesis is the history of space activities in France, evolving from the first scientific atmospheric research programmes undertaken after the Second World War up to the creation of the European Space Agency (ESA) in the 1970s.A by-product of the Cold War, the French Space Policy was one of the pillars of national independence under the presidency of General De Gaulle. Under President Pompidou, it becomes more industrial and opens up to cooperation, only to become European in the beginning of President Giscard d’Estaing 7-year mandate.Focused on the French space agency (Centre national d’etudes spatiales (CNES)), this study emphasizes the role of the state in the high technology sector where policy is submitted to the interaction of national and international factors, taking into account geopolitical and geostrategic stakes. Highlighting the institutional aspects, the study analyses the elaborative process of the policy implemented in the 1960s. First of all perceived as a way of putting France in the spotlight at global level, space policy evolves with technology to face the economic and industrial challenges of space applications. The study highlights the vital necessity of a permanent dialogue between technological and political actors,

Dès les débuts de la conquête spatiale, la tribologie spatiale est considérée comme une discipline à part entière car il s’agit de lubrifier un mécanisme non seulement dans le vide spatial, mais aussi lors des opérations au sol, et ceci dans différents environnements (vide simulé, air sec et humide, azote sec). Un lubrifiant spatial, fluide ou solide, doit donc relever le défi de procurer le comportement tribologique désiré dans ces environnements successifs, mais doit aussi résister aux sollicitations dynamiques induites par le lancement. Dans l’espace, le mécanisme doit y être autonome sans maintenance et sa lubrification doit être maintenue pendant au moins 15 ans (800 millions de cycles pour un roulement) tout en conservant fiabilité et précision de positionnement (µrad). Malgré ces enjeux, la maîtrise tribologique spatiale se limite à de l’empirisme et du conservatisme de solutions techniques, notamment lors de l’emploi des matériaux sources de lubrifiants solides qui font l’objet de cette étude. Dans les faits, seules des recommandations d’utilisation existent sans pouvoir prédire le comportement tribologique des solutions. Cette prédiction nécessite la reconstitution de « la vie des contacts ». Cette dernière nécessite l’évaluation des débits de 1ers et 3ème corps. Ces débits dépendent d’un couplage multi-échelles et multi-physique « forcé » par les sollicitations tribologiques. Pour décrypter ces débits, une démarche expérimentale qui couple des mesures mécano-chimiques en temps réel et des analyses post-essai a été développée (forces, analyse de gaz, visualisation électronique et photonique). La simultanéité des mesures permet d’étudier le couplage entre les phénomènes mécaniques (créations de particules de 3ème corps, déformations plastiques des 1er corps) et physicochimiques (adsorption/désorption, modifications chimiques des 1ers et 3ème corps). La démarche est appliquée à l’étude de deux triplets tribologiques ayant respectivement des 1ers corps en MoS2 et MoS2+Ti dont les comportements tribologiques sous vide et sous air humide sont antagonistes. L’utilisation de leur antagonisme permet de mieux comprendre la réponse des 1er et 3ème corps aux sollicitations tribologiques. La reconstitution de la vie de ces triplets a montré : (1) le rôle bénéfique de la structure colonnaire dans l’obtention d’un facteur de frottement faible et d’une longue durée de vie, non parce qu’elle est intrinsèquement colonnaire mais parce qu’elle localise la production de 3ème corps; (2) le rôle bénéfique des contaminations internes et externes aux 1ers et 3ème corps qui délocalisent l’accommodation du volume du 3ème corps vers les complexes de surface, ce qui explique par exemple que l’environnement N2 sec ne puisse, même pour des raisons économiques, simuler l’ultravide. In fine, ces travaux permettent de spécifier une démarche de conception de « triplets tribologiques » qui sera généralisée ultérieurement grâce à la tribologie numérique / From the very beginning of space exploration, “space tribology” became a specific field of competences in its own right because it implies lubricating a mechanism not only in the vacuum of space but also in several environments (simulated vacuum, dry and humid air, dry N2 environment, etc.) on Earth. Consequently, a lubricant, fluid or solid, must provide the desired tribological behaviour in all those successive environments, but it must also resist to the dynamic loading induced by the launch operations. Once in space, a space mechanism must be autonomous, with no possible maintenance, and its lubrication must be sustained during 15 to 30 years (i.e. up to 800 millions cycles for a ball bearing) in space while sustaining high reliability and great precision (to within a few µrad). Despite those stakes, the mastery of space tribology is limited to empiricism and conservatism of technical solutions, especially when solid lubricants, whose are studied in this study, are used. In facts, only directions for use exist without allowing predicting the tribological behaviour of the solutions. That prediction requires the reconstitution of “the contacts’ life”. The latter requires evaluating the 1st and 3rd bodies flows. Those flows depend on a multiscale and multiphysical coupling effect “forced” by the tribological stresses. To decrypt those flows, an experimental procedure which couples both real time and post-mortem mechano-chemical measurements (friction forces, gas analysis, photonic and electronic visualization,) has thus been developed. The simultaneity in the measure allows studying the relationship between mechanical (3rd body particles creation, plastic deformations of 1st bodies, etc.) and physicochemical (adsorption/desorption, chemical changes of 1st and 3rd bodies, etc.) phenomena. The procedure is applied to two tribological triplets respectively containing 1st bodies comprised of MoS2 and MoS2+Ti coatings whose tribological behaviours in vacuum and humid air are antagonistic. Such antagonism allows better understanding the responses of the 1st and 3rd bodies to the tribological stresses. The reconstruction of the contact life of those triplets allowed showing, among others: (1) the beneficial role of coating columnar structure in the obtaining of both a low friction coefficient and a long wear life. This is not because it is columnar but because such a structure localizes the 3rd body creation; (2) the beneficial role of contaminations, which is either internal or external to the 1st and 3rd bodies, by delocalizing the accommodation from the 3rd body volume to the surface complexes, which explains, for example, that dry N2 environment can not, even for financial reasons, mimic ultrahigh vacuum. In fine, the study allows specifying a procedure for designing “tribological triplets” which will be generalized at a latter stage thanks to the numerical tribology.

L’histoire de la revue Les Cahiers de Prospero est intimement liée à la Chartreuse de Villeneuve lez Avignon et à la double naissance en 1991 du Centre National des Écritures du Spectacle et de la revue Prospero, son aînée. La recherche décrit et analyse les conditions et les enjeux politiques, patrimoniaux, culturels et éditoriaux qui ont construit leur avènement et dont les deux étapes principales sont la réhabilitation du monument en un centre culturel de rencontre à visée européenne et le Compte rendu d’Avignon, vaste enquête dirigée par Michel Vinaver au sein du Centre National des Lettres. L’étude se concentre sur le passage d’une revue institutionnelle et spécialisée (1991-1992) à une revue conçue uniquement par des auteurs de théâtre (1994-1996) qui se transforme en une « carte blanche » confiée à un seul auteur - concepteur par cahier (1999-2002). La recherche se resserre sur les périodes qui anticipent la création de Prospero et des Cahiers de Prospero, l’étude de leur contenu, et la période charnière qui modifie la ligne éditoriale et ouvre un espace de confrontations auctoriales, recentré autour de l’écriture théâtrale. Michel Azama, rédacteur en chef de la revue, en accord avec les dirigeants de la Chartreuse, rassemble un comité d’auteurs : Eugène Durif, Roland Fichet, Didier-Georges Gabily, Philippe Minyana, Jean-Marie Piemme et Noëlle Renaude pour réaliser Les Cahiers de Prospero. Plus qu’un objet littéraire, la revue Les Cahiers de Prospero donne à lire le portrait de l’auteur de théâtre à l’aube du XXIème siècle et contribue, par la richesse de son contenu et l’invitation d’un peintre auteur par cahier, à inventer un objet unique. / The history of the periodical Les Cahiers de Prospero is closely related to La Chartreuse of Villeneuve lez Avignon and to the birth, in 1991, of both the Centre National des Écritures du Spectacle (The National Playwriting Centre) and a former periodical named Prospero.This research describes and analyzes the conditions and the various contexts and issues (political, patrimonial, cultural and editorial) underlying the birth of Les Cahiers de Prospero, the two main steps being the rehabilitation of the monument into a cultural center with a European aim and the Compte rendu d’Avignon (Avignon’s Report), a wide study directed by Michel Vinaver within the Centre National des Lettres. The research will focus on the transformation of a specialised and institutionalised periodical (1991-1992), into a periodical conceived only by theater writers (1994-1996) then into a « carte blanche » given to a single author-designer for each publication (1999-2002).A modification of the editorial line allows the authors to find a space of communication and confrontation, centered around theater-writing issues. Michel Azama, editor-in-chief of the magazine, in agreement with the direction of the Chartreuse, gathers a commitee of authors: Eugène Durif, Roland Fichet, Didier-Georges Gabily, Philippe Minyana, Jean-Marie Piemme and Noëlle Renaude to realize Les Cahiers de Propero. More than a literary object, Les Cahiers de Propero offer a portrait of the theater writer at the dawn of the XXIst century. The richness of its contents and the collaboration of a guest painter author per issue turns it into a unique object.