Numerous postcranial discrete characters and cranial and postcranial metric traits are compared among skeletal samples derived from four east-central Arizona Western Pueblo sites that were inhabited from the 12th through the 14th centuries A.D.: Grasshopper, Kinishba, Point of Pines, and Turkey Creek. Pearson's Lambda Criterion and discriminant analysis are used to reveal patterns of morphological variation among the four groups from which their biological relationships could be inferred. It is concluded that both discrete and metric skeletal traits should be used for biologically differentiating human skeletal series. After all traits were checked for intraobserver error, preliminary data analyses were conducted to elicit appropriate traits for differentiating the groups. Based on these analyses, it is notable that (1) the discrete traits of the postcranium used in this study are relatively independent of age, sex, robusticity, and each other, (2) craniofacial metric traits are influenced little by either occipital or lambdoidal deformation, (3) several postcranial metric traits significantly differ between younger and older adults, though this is not so for cranial metric traits, and (4) correlations among postcranial metric traits are moderate to strong; among cranial metric traits they are rather weak, and very weak among cranial and postcranial metric traits. For both metric and discrete traits, biological distance results obtained from analyses of axial and appendicular skeletal data are discordant. For the axial skeleton, excluding the mandible, the four Western Pueblo groups are relatively biologically homogeneous. For the appendicular skeleton the opposite is the case. Distance results provided by metric and discrete traits, respectively, of the axial skeleton are much more consistent than are those yielded by metric and discrete traits, respectively, of the appendicular skeleton. It is suggested that the axial skeleton, omitting the mandible, is probably less plastic than is the appendicular skeleton and is the appropriate unit of analysis in studies of biological differentiation of skeletal samples.

A clear understanding of interactions between the arid Southwestern environment and that area's prehistoric inhabitants has been a goal of Southwestern archaeology. This research has reconstructed annual corn and dry bean crop yields for southwestern Colorado from A.D. 650 to 1968, as well as the amounts of those foods available for each of those years. Colorado's five southwestern county dry farming corn and dry bean crop records were combined to create two regional crop series. Modern technology's increasing influence was recognized as being present in the two series. This influence was felt to parallel Colorado's statewide fertilizer consumption and was removed using a multiple regression procedure. Two modern technology free regional crop series resulted. These two series, along with the original two historic crop series were calibrated against five Four Corners tree-ring chronologies from four localities. Both Douglas-fir and pinyon were employed in the calibration. The calibration process used multiple regression so that each series' current annual crop yield could be predicted using one or more of 25 separate dendrochronological predictors. The regression equation deemed most suitable for predicting each of the four crop series was utilized to reconstruct annual crop yield estimates for the A.D. 652-1968 period. Normal verification was impossible since additional independent crop data were lacking. The reconstructed crop yield series were evaluated statistically. Portions of them were compared against historically recorded events. These two types of testing suggested that the retrodictions were probably valid. The crop yield reconstructions provided the basic data for four sets of storage simulations that attempted to determine corn and dry bean availability for each year from A.D. 652 to 1968, given certain assumptions about the levels of storage technology available to the Anasazi of southwestern Colorado. A. E. Douglass' A.D. 1276-1299 "Great Drought" appears to be confirmed. A number of additional famines or food crises have also been recognized. In addition, periods when food was super abundant have been identified. It now appears that much of the Four Corners large public construction projects were undertaken during and perhaps because of these periods of excess surplus.

The human skeletal remains from Grasshopper Ruin, Arizona, constitute an excellent series for the study of growth and development. A total of 390 subadults, fetal through 18 years of age, have been recovered, in a mortality distribution comparable to that observed in most anthropological populations. Children are extremely sensitive to metabolic upsets during the growth process, and an individual's history of illness is often recorded in his bones and teeth. This research is concerned with reading this record and developing a picture of the biological quality of life during pueblo occupation. On the whole, incidence of skeletal stress markers is low. Just 145 children have one or more markers, indicating a low disease load for the subadult community. Based on ethnographic and clinical records of disease among Southwestern Indians, it is believed that most children without visible stress markers were victims of common and virulent gastrointestinal and upper respiratory infections. Those children with stress markers appear to have been subject to underlying morbid conditions (parasitism, dietary deficiencies) which would have intensified the effects of infectious diseases. In order to determine whether a particular sector of the community was at greater risk, the skeletal sample is partitioned into temporal and spatial groups. The impetus for this analysis derives from a long-standing archaeological research focus: the factors precipitating abandonment. Most evidence points to an environmental change and subsequent shortfall in the normal food supply. Behavioral responses to this stress have been documented, but until this research, no direct measure of the effect on pueblo inhabitants had been devised. Differences in stress marker frequency among temporal groups reveal no clear pattern. When spatial groups are analyzed, children from outliers are found to have significantly greater prevalence of Harris lines, implying a pervasive, recurring stress. These findings are interpreted in light of the unique temporal and spatial placement of outliers, and are believed to be due to a combination of factors including depletion of resources, differential access to resources, and increasing contamination of site environs.

No description available.

No description available.

The Petroglyph National Monument Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Project had two primary goals. One was the identification of those American Indian Tribes, Pueblos, and Spanish heritage groups who wanted to participate in a long -term consultation process with the National Park Service about the management of the new Petroglyph National Monument located outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The second goal was to document the cultural resource concerns of the Native Americans and the Spanish heritage people, so that protection of these cultural resources could be incorporated into the General Management Plan that the National Park Service is developing for the Petroglyph National Monument.

Esta investigación, desarrollada en 35 comunidades del distrito urbano-marginal de Pueblo Nuevo (Provincia de Chincha, Región Ica, Perú) aborda fundamentalmente tres temas: organización, participación y desarrollo. Se presenta como un diagnóstico social que corrobora tres hipótesis concatenadas acerca de las comunidades en estudio: 1) la organización no responde a una necesidad de participación; 2) la participación no es percibida como una forma de formar parte de la vida política de la comunidad; y 3) la visión de desarrollo relega a la participación dejando el papel principal (gestor del desarrollo) en manos de las autoridades.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evidenciar a relación entre el pie plano y la alteración pélvica; así como el tipo de alteración pélvica más frecuente (anterioridad o posterioridad iliaca), en escolares entre 6 y 10 años de edad pertenecientes al Instituto Educativo N° 1074 República de Irlanda del distrito de Pueblo Libre. Se tomó la población escolar de los grados 1ro, 2do y 3ro, siendo grupos mixtos entre varones y mujeres seleccionados mediante una encuesta incluida en el consentimiento informado, que excluiría a aquellos con afecciones neurológicas y/o congénitas, así como aquellos con antecedentes de cirugías ortopédicas o que lleven tratamiento fisioterapéutico. Este estudio fue según el campo de investigación de tipo no experimental, analítico observacional, sin grupo control, correlacional y transversal. Se recolectaron datos de una población total de 90 escolares entre 6 y 10 años, siendo el 33% (30) niñas y 67% (60) niños. Para la evaluación reunimos solo a los escolares sin antecedentes de afecciones neurologías, sin operaciones ortopédicas, de acuerdo a las referencias de los padres en el consentimiento informado. Ningún escolar presento displasia de cadera unilateral o bilateral en las pruebas de signos clínicos. Las pruebas aplicadas constaron en dos partes: primero la toma de huellas plantares que nos permitió identificar quienes tenían pie plano, cuyo grupo conformó la muestra; y segundo la evaluación ectoscópica postural para identificar la presencia de posterioridad/anterioridad. Los resultados obtenidos fueron: Con una muestra conformada por 51 casos de pie plano, el 55% presentó algún tipo de alteración pélvica postural representado por 28 casos. Se decidió analizar el tipo de alteración pélvica postural (entre anterioridad y posterioridad) más frecuente en casos de pie plano, para lo cual se procesaron los datos de la siguiente manera: se realizó un conteo de todas las huellas plantares positivas a pie plano y el tipo de alteración pélvica homo-lateralmente, teniéndose un total de 49 huellas podales positivas a pie plano de los cuales 23 presentaron posterioridad iliaca y 26 con anterioridad iliaca respectivamente. Concluyéndose tres cosas resaltantes de la investigación: primero que es doblemente más probable presentar una alteración pélvica postural si se presenta pie plano, segundo que es 3 veces más probable presentar una alteración pélvica si se tiene pie plano bilateral en comparación al tipo unilateral y tercero que es ligeramente más probable presentar anterioridad iliaca que posterioridad como tipo de alteración postural pélvica. Palabras claves: anterioridad iliaca, posterioridad iliaca, pie plano, postura pélvica.

Poster / Soc 397a / 2017 Poverty in Tucson Field Workshop

This analysis of faunal remains from eleven archaeological sites in the northern San Juan region, extensively occupied by the Ancestral Pueblo people until they leave the region by AD 1300, explores the effects of resource intensification of small wild and domestic resources leading up to this regional depopulation. By examining multiple lines of evidence, in addition to faunal abundance, causal factors are identified to address changes in abundances through time. In particular, age- and sex-based mortality are examined for lagomorphs (jackrabbits and cottontails) and domesticated turkey, respectively, to test hypotheses generated using the prey and patch choice models. Analyses of these resources follow a systematic paleontology which provides explicit identifications made of five sites from a large study area, Goodman Point Pueblo Unit. These data are integrated with those from large village sites from the encompassing central Mesa Verde region. The results of both analyses help clarify why the Ancestral Pueblo people left southwestern Colorado. During the final twenty-year occupation period, the results of this study support a shift from reliance on turkey husbandry to intense exploitation of locally available garden resources (i.e. cottontails).