A construção de edifícios em alvenaria estrutural tem evoluído de maneira significativa no Brasil. Os edifícios têm se tornado cada vez mais altos, atingindo a marca de 20 pavimentos. Quanto mais altos os edifícios, maiores se tornam os níveis de compressão provenientes dos carregamentos verticais e a sua composição com as ações devidas ao vento e ao desaprumo, obrigando a um maior emprego da alvenaria estrutural armada. A aderência bloco/graute como fator limitante à capacidade do conjunto armadura/graute/bloco na absorção da compressão e tração simples ou da tração oriunda da flexão não é especificada nas normas tanto nacionais como internacionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar o comportamento da interface bloco/graute, tanto para blocos de concreto como cerâmicos e com a presença ou não de armadura, submetidos a solicitações que provocam tração e compressão. Recursos experimentais e numéricos foram realizados para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa. Foram feitos ensaios de caracterização dos materiais, dos componentes e da alvenaria, além de ensaios de \"push-out\" (empurramento) para determinar a resistência de aderência na interface graute/bloco e ensaios de \"pull-out\" (arrancamento) considerando-se a presença de barras de armadura para o estudo do comportamento do conjunto graute/bloco/armadura utilizados. Posteriormente foram realizadas modelagens computacionais no programa DIANA, que é baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para prever o comportamento estrutural dos modelos. A partir dos resultados experimentais e numéricos pôde-se concluir que existe uma boa aderência entre as paredes dos blocos de concreto e o graute, suficiente para evitar o escorregamento, sendo possível mobilizar toda a resistência de tração das barras de armadura de diâmetros usuais, desde que devidamente ancoradas. Já com os blocos cerâmicos observa-se uma menor aderência entre as paredes dos blocos e o graute, podendo ocorrer o escorregamento do material de enchimento, antes que a armadura alcance sua tensão de escoamento. O graute de maior resistência à compressão e menor fator água cimento (graute G30) apresentou maior resistência de aderência em relação ao graute mais fraco (graute G14) e de maior fator água/cimento. Quanto aos limites estabelecidos para a tensão de escoamento das armaduras, observa-se que, no caso de blocos de concreto, não deve haver restrição. Em contraposição, quanto aos blocos cerâmicos, o problema é mais complexo, cabendo a realização de mais ensaios para a confirmação de limites, com a variação de blocos e grautes. Os resultados do estudo paramétrico apontam limites que devem ser adotados no caso de diâmetro superior a 10 mm. De maneira simplificada, como ponto para futuras verificações pode-se propor: 75% para Ø 12,5 mm, 50% para Ø 16 mm e 25% para Ø 20 mm. As análises numéricas realizadas nos modelos ensaiados a push-out e pull-out representaram adequadamente o comportamentos observado em laboratório, permitindo a realização da análise paramétrica. / The construction of structural masonry buildings has evolved significantly in Brazil. The buildings have become ever higher, reaching the level of 20 floors. Higher buildings lead to lager compression levels, coming from the vertical loads combined to the horizontal actions due to wind and lack of verticality, obliging a greater use of reinforced structural masonry. The block/grout adherence is not specified in both national and international standards. This work aims to study the behavior of the block/grout interface, for both concrete and clay blocks, with and without reinforcement, submitted to tensile and compressive forces. Experimental and numerical resources were used to development of this study. The experimental program studied the masonry behavior using push-out specimens to determine the bond strength between the grout and the concrete unit, and pull-out specimens to study the behavior of the interface of the grout/block/reinforcement. Computational modelling was carried out using the FEM software Diana, which has a library with constitutive models suitable for civil engineering application, to complete the study and understand the structural behavior of the block/grout interface. The experimental results showed that there is a good bond between the concrete blocks internal faces and the grout, enough to prevent infill-slippage, and that the whole tensile strength of the usual reinforcement rebars is achieved provided they are properly anchored. Nevertheless, for clay blocks there is a low bond between the clay blocks internal faces and the grout, allowing the infill-slippage before the reinforcement bars reach their yield stress. The higher strength grout with lower water/cement ratio (grout G30) presented higher bond strength compared to the lower strength grout and higher water/cement ratio (grout G14). In the case of concrete blocks there should be no restriction limits on the yield stress of reinforcement, in a practical sense and considering other prescribed limits. In contradiction, in the case of clay blocks, additional tests should be carried out for establishing limits, with varying blocks and grouts. The parametric analysis indicates limits that should be adopted for a diameter larger than 10 mm. The authors of this research suggest 75% for Ø 12.5 mm, 50% for Ø 16 mm and 25% for Ø 20 mm as a reference point for future investigations. The numerical analysis showed that the computer models of the push-out and pull-out specimens represented adequately the behavior of the physical models, and thus can be used in parametric analysis.

Esta pesquisa propõe-se estudar a viabilidade de um ensaio de aderência aço-concreto apropriado (Appropriate Bond Test - ABT) para estimativa da resistência à compressão axial do concreto, objetivando empregá-lo como complemento ao controle de qualidade do concreto armado em campo. Originalmente os autores Lorrain e Barbosa (2008) apresentaram a utilização de um ensaio de aderência apropriado, denominado APULOT, para estimar a resistência à compressão do concreto, aumentando as possibilidades de controle tecnológico do concreto armado em canteiros de obras. Os mesmos propõem uma adaptação do método pull-out test (POT) tradicional, normalizado pela RILEM CEB/FIP RC6:1983, por ser este um ensaio de baixa complexidade e de custo reduzido. Para viabilizar o uso de um ensaio de aderência apropriado como ensaio de controle tecnológico do concreto em canteiro de obras é necessário definir um padrão para o mesmo e adaptá-lo da prática experimental do laboratório para o campo. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os seguintes parâmetros: (1) Tipo de carregamento do ensaio (pull-out e push-in); (2) Influência do tipo de configuração geométrica das barras de aço; (3) Análises da preparação, moldagem, cura e estocagem dos corpos de prova do ABT; (4) Análises quanto à execução do ABT referentes à idade de ruptura, taxa de carregamento e tipo de ruptura; (5) Implementação do ABT em canteiro de obras, avaliando a sua potencialidade de efetuar estimativas da resistência à compressão a partir dos dados da tensão de aderência. Para tanto, foram ensaiadas 26 composições de concreto de classes distintas, com idades entre 3 e 28 dias. Foram, ainda, testadas 8 configurações distintas de barras de aço com diâmetros nominais de 8 e 12,5 mm. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, sob condições padronizadas de ensaio e adotando os coeficientes adequados, a correlação entre a tensão máxima de aderência e a resistência à compressão do concreto é satisfatória, fortalecendo o propósito de consolidar este ensaio como uma alternativa complementar para controle de qualidade do concreto armado. / This research proposes a study on the feasibility of bond test steel-concrete appropriate (Appropriate Bond Test - ABT) to estimate the compressive strength of concrete, aiming to use them as a supplement in the quality control of concrete in situ. Originally the authors Lorrain and Barbosa (2008) proposed the use of a modified bond test, called APULOT to estimate the compressive strength of the concrete, increasing the possibilities for technological control of reinforced concrete on construction sites. They propose an adaptation of the traditional method pull-out test (POT), normalized by the CEB / FIP RC6: 1983, because it is a test of low complexity and low cost. To enable the use of the test as a test technological control of concrete in construction site is necessary to define a standard for yourself and adapt it practice experimental laboratory to the field. This study evaluated the following parameters: (1) Type of load test (pull-out and push-in); (2) Influence of the type of geometric configuration of steel bar; (3) Analyses of preparation, molding, curing and storage of specimens of ABT; (4) Review of the implementation of ABT on age rupture, loading rate and type of fracture; (5) Implementation of ABT in construction site, evaluating its potential to make estimates of compressive strength from the data of bond stress. Therefore, 26 different compositions of concrete classes, aged between 3 and 28 days, were tested. Were also tested 8 different configurations of steel bars with nominal diameters of 8 and 12.5 mm. The results indicate that, under standard testing and adopting the appropriate coefficients conditions, the correlation between the maximum bond stress and the compressive strength of concrete is satisfactory, strengthening the purpose of consolidating this test as a complementary alternative to quality control reinforced concrete.

Skador och slitage på brokonstruktioner av betong beror på tösalter, armeringskorrosion och frostcykler i kombination med ökande trafiklaster. Den i särklass vanligaste reparationsåtgärden för dessa typer av skador är att göra en pågjutning. Metoden går ut på att först avlägsna det skadade eller dåliga betongskiktet innan en ny betong pågjuts. För att bedöma hur bra ett pågjutningsarbete är behöver vidhäftningen mellan den nya pågjutningen och gamla betongen fastställas. Den mest använda metoden för detta syfte är s.k. dragprovning som bestämmer draghållfastheten i vidhäftningen. I praktiken är dock vidhäftningens skjuvhållfasthet av större intresse och approximeras därför utifrån draghållfastheten, men med en vridprovning kan fogens skjuvhållfasthet direkt bestämmas. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka vridprovningens reliabilitet för att i framtiden eventuellt kunna bestämma skjuvhållfastheten på ett mer direkt och korrekt sätt. I examensarbetet undersöks vridprovningens reliabilitet för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten i fogen mellan pågjutning och gammal betong med dragprovningen som referens. Studien omfattar åtta parallellprovningar av drag- och vridprovningar där den lägst uppmätta skjuvhållfastheten jämförs med fogens dimensioneringsvärde enligt EK2. Examensarbetet görs i samband med Spårväg city-projektet vid Sergels torg, Stockholm, i uppdrag från Trafikkontoret i Stockholm och CBI Betonginstitutet. Resultaten från provningarna visade att fogbrott, som är av intresse, var vanligare för dragprovning än vridprovning. Den stora spridningen av mätvärdena var en konsekvens av det låga antalet fogbrott för vridprovningen. Medelvärdet för fogens draghållfasthet på 1,43 MPa tyder på god vidhäftning, men fogens skjuvhållfasthet bestämd med vridprovning visar ett medelvärde på endast 1,61 MPa och understiger det förväntade värdet på ca dubbla draghållfastheten d.v.s. 2,9 MPa. Intressant är att det lägst uppmätta värdet på skjuvhållfastheten på 0,83 MPa var ovanligt lågt, men fortfarande större än dimensioneringsvärdet enligt EK2 på 0,59 MPa. Studien har visat att vridprovningen är en svårtydlig metod för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten i fogen mellan pågjutning och gammal betong. Anledningen till detta beror främst av tre faktorer, för få antal provningar, den stora spridningen av mätvärden samt de svårtolkade brottmoderna från vridprovningen. Trots detta tros vridprovningen vara en framtida metod för konstruktörer och beställare eftersom metoden är ett bra mätverktyg för att bestämma skjuvhållfastheten för pågjutna betongkonstruktioner som helhet och inte bara i fogen mellan pågjutning och befintlig betong. / Damages and wear on concrete bridges are due to de-icing salt or salt water, reinforcement corrosion and repeated freeze-thaw cycles in combination with increasing traffic loads. The most common repair operation for these types of damages is to remove the deteriorated concrete and replace it with a new concrete overlay. To evaluate how well a bonded concrete overlay is, the bond strength between the new and old concrete has to be determined. The most widely used method for this purpose is the so-called pull off test to determine the tensile bond strength. In practice however the shear bond strength is of greater interest and is therefore approximated on the basis of tensile bond strength, but with a torsion test the shear bond strength can be directly determined. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reliability of the torsion test to determine the shear bond strength in a more direct and accurate manner. The thesis examines the reliability of the torsion test to determine the shear bond strength with the pull off test as a reference. The study includes eight parallel tests of pull off and torsion tests where the lowest measured shear bond strength is compared with the calculated design value of shear bond strength according to EC2. The work is done in connection with the Spårväg city project at Sergels torg, Stockholm, in collaboration with the Traffic Administration Office in Stockholm and CBI, the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. The results of the tests showed that the failures in the interface between new and old concrete, which are of interest, were more common for pull off tests than torsion tests where only two of the eight test samples showed failure in the interface. The wide scatter of the measured values is a consequence of the low number of failures in the interface. The mean value of the tensile bond strength was 1,43 MPa, which indicates good bond strength. The shear bond strength however made with torsion tests show a mean value of only 1,61 MPa. Lower than the expected value of about twice the tensile bond strength of 2,86 MPa. Interestingly, the lowest measured value of the shear bond strength of 0,83 MPa was unusually low, but still higher than the calculated design value of shear bond strength of 0.59 MPa according to EC2. The study has shown that torsion test is a difficult method for determining the shear strength of the bond between the new and old concrete. The reason for this is mainly due to three factors, the low number of tests, the large scatter of values, and the difficulty to interpret failures of the test samples. Despite this the torsion test seems to be a future method for structural engineers and contractors as a tool to determine shear strength for repaired concrete structures in general and not only the shear bond strength.

The current research project mainly aims to investigate the corrosion resistance and bond performance of steel reinforced recycled aggregate concrete incorporating nano-silica under both normal and corrosive environmental conditions. The experimental part includes testing of 180 pull-out specimens prepared from 12 different mixtures. The main parameters studied were the amount of recycled aggregate (RCA) (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%), nano silica (1.5% and 3%), steel embedment length as well as steel bar diameter (12 and 20mm). Different levels of corrosion were electrochemically induced by applying impressed voltage technique for 2, 5, 10 and 15 days. The experimental observations mainly focused on the corrosion level in addition to the ultimate bond, failure modes and slips occurred. Experimental results showed that the bond performance between un-corroded steel and recycled aggregate concrete slightly reduced, while a significant degradation was observed after being exposed to corrosive conditions, in comparison to normal concrete. On the other hand, the use of nano silica (NS) showed a reasonable bond enhancement with both normal and RCA concretes under normal conditions. However, much better influence in terms of bond and corrosion resistance was observed under advancing levels of corrosion exposure, reflecting the improvement in corrosion resistance. Therefore, NS was superbly effective in recovering the poor performance in bond for RCA concretes. More efficiency was reported with RCA concretes compared to the conventional concrete. The bond resistance slightly with a small amount of corrosion (almost 2% weight loss), then a significant bond degradation occurs with further corrosion. The influence of specific surface area and amount of nano silica on the performance of concrete with different water/binder (w/b) ratios has been also studied, using 63 different mixtures produced with three different types of colloidal NS having various surface areas and particle sizes. The results showed that the performance of concrete is heavily influenced by changing the surface area of nano silica. Amongst the three used types of nano silica, NS with SSA of 250 m2 /g achieved the highest enhancement rate in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and microstructure analysis, followed by NS with SSA of 500 m2/g, whilst NS with SSA of 51.4 m2 /g was less advantageous for all mixtures. The optimum nano silica ratio in concrete is affected by its particle size as well as water to binder ratio. The feasibility of the impact-echo method for identifying the corrosion was evaluated and compared to the corrosion obtained by mass loss method. The results showed that the impact echo testing can be effectively used to qualitatively detect the damage caused by corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. A significant difference in the dominant frequencies response was observed after exposure to the high and moderate levels of corrosion, whilst no clear trend was observed at the initial stage of corrosion. Artificial neural network models were also developed to predict bond strength for corroded/uncorroded steel bars in concrete using the main influencing parameters (i.e., concrete strength, concrete cover, bar diameter, embedment length and corrosion rate). The developed models were able to predict the bond strength with a high level of accuracy, which was confirmed by conducting a parametric study. / Higher Education Institute of the Libyan Government

The current research project mainly aims to investigate the corrosion resistance and bond performance of steel reinforced recycled aggregate concrete incorporating nano-silica under both normal and corrosive environmental conditions. The experimental part includes testing of 180 pull-out specimens prepared from 12 different mixtures. The main parameters studied were the amount of recycled aggregate (RCA) (i.e. 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%), nano silica (1.5% and 3%), steel embedment length as well as steel bar diameter (12 and 20mm). Different levels of corrosion were electrochemically induced by applying impressed voltage technique for 2, 5, 10 and 15 days. The experimental observations mainly focused on the corrosion level in addition to the ultimate bond, failure modes and slips occurred. Experimental results showed that the bond performance between un-corroded steel and recycled aggregate concrete slightly reduced, while a significant degradation was observed after being exposed to corrosive conditions, in comparison to normal concrete. On the other hand, the use of nano silica (NS) showed a reasonable bond enhancement with both normal and RCA concretes under normal conditions. However, much better influence in terms of bond and corrosion resistance was observed under advancing levels of corrosion exposure, reflecting the improvement in corrosion resistance. Therefore, NS was superbly effective in recovering the poor performance in bond for RCA concretes. More efficiency was reported with RCA concretes compared to the conventional concrete. The bond resistance slightly with a small amount of corrosion (almost 2% weight loss), then a significant bond degradation occurs with further corrosion. The influence of specific surface area and amount of nano silica on the performance of concrete with different water/binder (w/b) ratios has been also studied, using 63 different mixtures produced with three different types of colloidal NS having various surface areas and particle sizes. The results showed that the performance of concrete is heavily influenced by changing the surface area of nano silica. Amongst the three used types of nano silica, NS with SSA of 250 m2 /g achieved the highest enhancement rate in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and microstructure analysis, followed by NS with SSA of 500 m2/g, whilst NS with SSA of 51.4 m2 /g was less advantageous for all mixtures. The optimum nano silica ratio in concrete is affected by its particle size as well as water to binder ratio. The feasibility of the impact-echo method for identifying the corrosion was evaluated and compared to the corrosion obtained by mass loss method. The results showed that the impact-echo testing can be effectively used to qualitatively detect the damage caused by corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. A significant difference in the dominant frequencies response was observed after exposure to the high and moderate levels of corrosion, whilst no clear trend was observed at the initial stage of corrosion. Artificial neural network models were also developed to predict bond strength for corroded/uncorroded steel bars in concrete using the main influencing parameters (i.e., concrete strength, concrete cover, bar diameter, embedment length and corrosion rate). The developed models were able to predict the bond strength with a high level of accuracy, which was confirmed by conducting a parametric study. / Higher Education Institute in the Libyan Government MONE BROS Company in Leeds (UK) for providing recycled aggregates BASF and Akzonobel Companies for providing nano silica NS, Hanson Ltd, UK, for suppling cement

[pt] A técnica de reforço de solo por inclusão de materiais geossintéticos vem se consolidando de forma acelerada em todo o mundo, com aplicações diretas em estabilização de encostas e de aterros sobre solos moles. A utilização de geogrelhas como elemento de reforço apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora, embora ainda pouco difundida no Brasil. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos avaliar a resistência ao arrancamento de diferentes tipos de geogrelhas e analisar os mecanismos de interação entre solo e geogrelha. Para tal, foi realizado um extenso programa de ensaios de arrancamento no laboratório e no campo. Os equipamentos utilizados, a preparação das amostras e as metodologias dos ensaios estão apresentados em detalhe. Os ensaios de arrancamento no campo utilizaram uma estrutura de reação fixa, específica para ensaios de arrancamento de grandes dimensões, e foram realizados no campo experimental da PUC-Rio, em Jacarepaguá. Nestes ensaios, três tipos de geogrelhas foram utilizadas para o arrancamento em aterros de solo arenoso e solo residual. Os ensaios de arrancamento no laboratório foram executados em uma caixa de arrancamento cúbica de grandes dimensões (1m de aresta), no Laboratório de Geotecnia do CEDEX, na Espanha. No programa experimental no laboratório, foram utilizados os mesmos tipos de geogrelhas e de solos, de modo a facilitar as comparações e análises dos resultados. As influências do tipo de geogrelha, do tipo de solo, da tensão confinante e dos procedimentos de ensaioforam analisadas em detalhe no que se refere à rigidez e à resistência ao arrancamento das geogrelhas. / [en] The technique of soil reinforcement by inclusion of geosynthetics has been subject to significant development worldwide, with direct applications in slope stabilization and earthfills over soft deposits. The use of geogrids as a soil reinforcement element is an attractive alternative, although still with very little application in Brazil. This work presents the results of an investigation into soil- geogrid interaction by means of pull-out tests. Both field and laboratory pull-out tests were carried out in order not only to make clear the pull-out mechanism but also to determine the parameters for design and analysis of reinforced soil structures. The testing equipments, specimen preparation and testing procedures are described in detail. The field pull-out tests were performed with three different types of geogrids in a research area in Jacarepagua, Rio de Janeiro. Sandy and residual soil surcharge fills of 0,5 to 2m in height were used. Details of the anchored reaction structure are also presented. The laboratory pull-out tests were performed in the geotechnical laboratory at CEDEX, in Spain, with the same types of geogrids and soils. Details of the cubical pull-out box (1m in dimensions) are presented. The influence of the type of geogrid, type of soil, confining pressure and tests procedures on the pull-out stiffness and resistance of the geogrids are discussed by analysing the results of the experimental program. / [es] La técnica de refuerzo del suelo por inclusión de materiales geosintéticos se ha consolidado de forma acelerada en todo el mundo. La utilización de geochapas como elemento de refuerzo se presenta como una alternativa promisora, aunque poco difundida en Brasil. Este trabajo tiene por objetivos evaluar la resistencia al arrancamento de diferentes tipos de geogrelhas y analizar los mecanismos de interacción entre suelo y geochapa. Para tal, se realizó un extenso programa de ensayos de arrancamento en el laboratorio y en el campo. Los equipos utilizados, la preparación de las muestras y las metodologías de los ensayos están descritos detalladamente. Los ensayos de arrancamento en el campo utilizaron una extructura de reacción fija, específica para ensayos de arrancamento de grandes dimensiones, y fueron realizados en el campo experimental de la PUC-Rio, en Jacarepaguá. En estos ensayos, se utilizaron tres tipos de geogrelhas para el arrancamento en aterros de suelo arenoso y suelo residual. Los ensayos de arrancamento en el laboratorio fueron ejecutados en una caja de arrancamento cúbica de grandes dimensiones (1m de arista), en el Laboratorio de Geotecnia del CEDEX, España. En el programa experimental en laboratorio, se utilizaron los mismos tipos de geogrelhas y de suelos, de modo que facilitara las comparaciones y análisis de los resultados. Las influencias del tipo de geochapa, del tipo de suelo, de la tensión confinante y de los procedimentos de ensayo se analizaron detalladamente.

The paper presents a meso-scopic modeling framework for the simulation of three-phase composite consisting of a brittle cementitious matrix and reinforcing AR-glass yarns impregnated with epoxy resin. The construction of the model is closely related to the experimental program covering both the meso-scale test (yarn tensile test and double sided pull-out test) and the macro-scale test in the form of tensile test on the textile reinforced concrete specimen. The predictions obtained using the model are validated using a-posteriori performed experiments.

The paper presents a meso-scopic modeling framework for the simulation of three-phase composite consisting of a brittle cementitious matrix and reinforcing AR-glass yarns impregnated with epoxy resin. The construction of the model is closely related to the experimental program covering both the meso-scale test (yarn tensile test and double sided pull-out test) and the macro-scale test in the form of tensile test on the textile reinforced concrete specimen. The predictions obtained using the model are validated using a-posteriori performed experiments.

Zur Untersuchung der Faser-Matrix-Haftung in Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden werden neben makromechanischen Methoden wie dem Querzug und der Drei-Punkt-Biegung mikromechanische Methoden an Einzelfaser-Modellverbunden eingesetzt. Zu letzteren Methoden zählen bspw. der Tropfenabscherversuch, der Einzelfaserauszugversuch (engl. single-fibre pull-out test, SFPO) und der Einzelfaserfragmentierungsversuch (engl. single fibre fragmentation test, SFFT). Bei ihrem Einsatz ist zu beachten, dass sich unterschiedliche Einflussgrößen auf ihre Ergebnisse auswirken können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine ausführliche Literaturübersicht mit einem detaillierten Überblick zu einer größeren Anzahl verschiedener Einflussgrößen durchgeführt. Daraus werden die Einflussgrößen Härtungsdauer, Feuchtigkeit, freie Faserlänge und Abzugsgeschwindigkeit als Untersuchungsgegenstände dieser Arbeit erarbeitet. Wesentliche aus dieser Arbeit resultierende Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen sind nachstehend zusammengefasst. Härtungsdauer: Bei SFFT-Untersuchungen an Keramikfaser/Epoxidharz-Prüfkörpern wird ein degressiver Anstieg der Faser-Matrix-Haftung über der Härtungsdauer beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse geben Hinweise darauf, dass sich die Härtungsdauer beim SFFT und SFPO prinzipbedingt unterschiedlich auswirkt (aufgrund destruktiver bzw. konstruktiver Überlagerungen von Eigenspannungen und Prüfkraft-induzierten Spannungen). Feuchtigkeit: SFPO-Untersuchungen an Kohlenstoffaser/Epoxidharz-Prüfkörpern nach einmonatiger Konditionierung in feuchtem (50 %rF, 23 °C) bzw. trockenem Klima (0 %rF, 23 °C) belegen eine feuchtebedingt verringerte Haftung. Daraus wird geschlussfolgert, dass eine schwankende Luftfeuchtigkeit auch in diesem eingegrenzten klimatischen Spektrum (bspw. in teilklimatisierten Laboren) als wichtiger potentieller Störfaktor zu beachten ist. Prüfparameter: Auf Basis des Hooke’schen Gesetzes kann für den SFPO gezeigt werden, dass die freie Faserlänge die Maximalkraft beeinflusst und die Einflüsse der freien Faserlänge und der Abzugsgeschwindigkeit auf die Maximalkraft in Zusammenhang stehen. Beides wird anhand von SFPO-Untersuchungen an Glasfaser/Epoxidharz-Prüfkörpern bestätigt. Ferner wird aus den Untersuchungen geschlussfolgert, dass eine Geschwindigkeitserhöhung von 0,01 µm/s auf 0,1 µm/s zur Reduzierung der Versuchsdauer – im vorliegenden Fall von 30 45 min auf 6 8 min – vertretbar ist. Darüber hinaus werden anhand von Fehlerverstärkungsfaktoren differenzierte Aussagen zum Einfluss fehlerhaft bestimmter Eingangsdaten auf die Berechnung der lokalen Grenzflächenscherfestigkeit generiert. / For investigating fibre-matrix adhesion in fibre-polymer composites, macromechanical methods such as transverse tensile and three-point bending tests can be applied as well as micromechanical methods for which single-fibre model composites are used. The latter category of methods includes microbond, single-fibre pull-out (SFPO) and single-fibre fragmentation tests (SFFT). When applying these methods, it needs to be considered that their results can be affected by different influencing factors. In the present thesis, an extensive literature survey with a detailed overview of a larger number of influencing factors is conducted. Based on this overview, the factors curing time, moisture, free fibre length and test speed are acquired as objects of investigation of this thesis. Main results and conclusions of this work are summarised below. Curing time: Results from SFFT investigations on ceramic fibre/epoxy-specimens exhibit a degressive increase of fibre-matrix adhesion with curing time. This indicates that curing time affects SFFT and SFPO results differently due to different underlying principles (based on destructive and, respectively, constructive superposition of internal stresses and load-induced stresses). Moisture: SFPO specimens (carbon fibre/epoxy) are conditioned in humid (50 %rH, 23 °C) and dry climate (0 %rH, 23 °C) for one month prior to testing. The results show lower adhesion due to moisture. It is concluded that uncontrolled humidity, even in this limited climatic spectrum, needs to be considered as an important potential factor of influence (e.g. in partially climatised laboratories). Test parameters: Based on Hooke’s law, it is demonstrated for the SFPO that a) the free fibre length affects the maximum force and b) the effects of the free fibre length and the test speed on the maximum force are interrelated. Both is confirmed with results from SFPO investigations on glass fibre/epoxy-specimens. Furthermore, it is deduced from the above investigations that an increase in test speed from 0.01 µm/s to 0.1 µm/s is legitimate for reducing test duration – in the present case from 30 45 min to 6 8 min. In addition, the effect of erroneously determined input data on the calculation of the local interfacial shear strength is studied using conditions numbers (a measure for the propagation of error). With this, differentiated statements are generated.

Vor dem Hintergrund zukünftiger Sensoren, basierend auf dem piezoresistiven Effekt von einwandigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (SWCNT), werden in dieser Arbeit umfangreiche Ergebnisse zum mechanischen Verhalten von Grenzflächen zwischen SWCNTs und edlen Metallen am Beispiel von Pd und Au präsentiert. Im Fokus steht dabei die Synergie von rechnerischen und experimentellen Methoden Molekulardynamik (MD), nanoskalige Tests und Analytik , um (1) mit guter Genauigkeit maximale Kräfte von gezogenen SWCNTs, welche in Metall eingebettet sind, vorauszuberechnen und (2) einen wertvollen Beitrag zum Verständnis der zu Grunde liegenden Fehlermechanismen zu liefern. Es wurde ein MDModell eines in eine einkristalline Matrix eingebetteten SWCNTs mit Randbedingen eines Auszugsversuchs entwickelt. Mit diesem Modell können Kraft-Weg-Beziehungen und Energieverläufe für einen quasistatischen verschiebungsgesteuerten Auszugsversuch errechnet werden. Das Modell liefert kritische Kräfte bei Versagen des Systems. Des Weiteren können mit diesem Modell der Einfluss des SWCNT-Typus, der Einbettungslänge, der Temperatur, von intrinsischen Defekten und Oberflächengruppen (SFGs) auf das Grenzflächenverhalten untersucht werden. Zum Vergleich wurden kritische Kräfte experimentell durch in situ Auszugsversuche in einem Rasterelektronenmikroskop bestimmt. Es wurde eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung von rechnerischen und experimentellen Daten festgestellt. Der vorherrschende Fehler im Experiment ist der SWCNT-Bruch, jedoch wurden auch einige SWCNT-Auszüge beobachtet. Mit Hilfe der MD-Simulationen wurde gefunden, dass die SFGs als kleine Anker in der umgebenden metallischen Matrix wirken und somit die maximalen Kräfte signifikant erhöhen. Diese Grenzflächenverstärkung kann Zugspannungen verursachen, die genügend hoch sind, so dass SWCNT-Bruch initiert wird. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten Simulationen von Auszugstests mit idealen SWCNTs nur kleine Auszugskräfte, welche meistens unabhängig von der Einbettungslänge des SWCNTs sind. Dieses Verhalten wird mit einer inkommensurablen Konfiguration der Kristallstrukturen an der Grenzfläche von SWCNTs und der einbettenden Edelmetalle interpretiert. Zur Qualifizierung der Existenz von carboxylatischen Oberflächengruppen auf dem genutzten SWCNT-Material wurden analytische Untersuchungen mittels Fluoreszenzmarkierung von Oberflächengruppen durchgeführt. In Übereinstimmung mit Literaturstellen zum gesicherten Nachweis von SFGs, bedingt durch technologische Behandlungen, weisen diese Experimente stark auf das Vorhandensein von carboxylatischen Oberflächengruppen auf dem genutzten SWCNT-Material hin. Demnach kann der dominante SWCNT-Bruch Fehler durch die Grenzflächenverstärkung auf Grund von SFGs erklärt werden. / In the light of future sensors, that are based upon the piezoresistive effect of singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), this work presents comprehensive results of studies on the mechanical behavior of interfaces between SWCNTs and noble metals using the examples of Pd and Au. With this contribution, the focus is on a synergy between computational and experimental approaches involving molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, nanoscale testing, and analytics (1) to predict to a good degree of accuracy maximum forces of pulled SWCNTs embedded in a noble metal matrix and (2) to provide valuable input to understand the underlying mechanisms of failure. A MD model of a SWCNT embedded in a single crystalline matrix with pull-out test boundary conditions was developed. With this model, force-displacement relations and energy evolutions for a quasi-static displacement controlled test can be computed. The model provides critical forces for failure of the system. Furthermore, the influence of SWCNT type, embedding length, temperature, intrinsic defects and surface functional groups (SFGs) on the interface behavior can be studied using this model. For comparison, critical forces were experimentally determined by conducting pull-out tests in situ, inside a scanning electron microscope. A very good agreement of computational and experimental values was discovered. The dominant failure mode in the experiment was a SWCNT rupture, although several pull-out failures were also observed. From MD simulations, it was found that SFGs act as small anchors in the metal matrix and significantly enhance the maximum forces. This interface reinforcement can lead to tensile stresses sufficiently high to initiate SWCNT rupture. In contrast, pull-out test simulations of ideal SWCNTs show only small pull-out forces, which are mostly independent on SWCNT embedding length. This behavior is interpreted with an incommensurate configuration of crystal structures at the interface between SWCNTs and embedding noble metals. To qualify the existence of carboxylic SFGs on the used SWCNT material, an analytical investigation by means of fluorescence labeling of surface species was performed. In agreement with literature reports on the secured verification of SFGs due to necessary technological treatments, these experiments strongly indicate the presence of carboxylic SFGs on the used SWCNT material. Thus, the dominant SWCNT rupture failure is explained with an interface reinforcement by SFGs.