Four beam-bond test specimens, two in accordance with RILEM TC-RC5 recommendation, labelled as RILEM and two based on a modified form of the ACI 208 beam-bond test method, labelled as Notched, were tested in four-point bending to investigate the bond stress distribution and values along the bar embedment length of a 15 𝑚𝑚 nominal diameter GFRP rebar. The beams experienced failure through the rupturing of the longitudinal GFRP tensile reinforcement. In addition, two Modified and ten Standard pullout specimens were tested using the same bar. The beam-bond and the Modified pullout specimens had embedment length of 600 𝑚𝑚 while the Standard pullout specimens had, in accordance with CSA S806, 60 𝑚𝑚 embedment, or four times the bar nominal diameter. The first Modified pullout specimen experienced concrete splitting failure and as a result, the second was lightly confined and failed by GFRP bar rupture. All ten Standard pullout specimens failed due to bar pullout. It was determined that the actual bond stress distribution as a function of the embedment length is practically parabolic and can be described by the derivative of a modified form of the logistic growth function used to approximate the strain distribution along the embedment length. Furthermore, the maximum bond stress location progressively moves from the loaded-end towards the unloaded-end as the bond continues to deteriorate with increasing GFRP stress levels. The development length recommendations by ACI 440.1 and to a lesser degree, CSA S806 and CSA S6 are quite conservative compared to that which is required. It is observed that pullout tests alone cannot provide sufficient knowledge regarding the bond behaviour of FRP reinforcement; consequently, the results of beam-bond testing are more appropriate. Standard pullout tests may be incorporated into quality assurance programs with the understanding that they cannot provide valuable information regarding bond stress distribution and required development length in real structural elements with large embedment lengths. In terms of the beam-bond test method, the RILEM TC-RC5 design recommendation appears to be superior since it eschews severe stress perturbation caused by incidence of flexural cracks at beam midspan. As a result, it produces stability in the terms of the data gathered from the strain gauges placed on the GFRP bar. This benefit outweighs the ease of constructability of the Notched beams as well as their resemblance to real beams. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / The force that bonds a reinforcing rod to concrete is determined using three test methods. Each method is recommended by some design standards, but it is unclear how the results of these tests compare to each other. To shed light on the issue, a 15 𝑚𝑚 fibre glass rod was tested using three well-known test methods. It was discovered that two of the methods give results that are reasonably close while the third gives variable results that generally do not agree with the results of the other two. It was also discovered that the required embedment length recommended for such a bar by design codes and standards are relatively excessive because they underestimate the actual bond strength of the rod. Since sometimes it may be difficult to provide such long length in practice, it is recommended that the code requirements be revisited.

A estabilidade primária dos implantes odontológicos é determinante para a osseointegração e depende dos fatores qualidade, quantidade óssea e tipo de implante. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do formato de implantes convencionais e modificados e do tipo de substrato na estabilidade primária por meio da correlação de ensaios de desempenho e frequência de ressonância e análise microestrutural. No estudo foram utilizados 54 implantes Neodent®: 27 cilíndricos, sendo 9 hexágono externo (Titamax Ti Cortical - 4,0 mm x 11 mm), 9 hexágono interno (Titamax II Plus - 3,75 mm x 11 mm) e 9 cone morse (Titamax CM - 4,0 mm x 11 mm); e 27 implantes cônicos de 4,3 mm x 10 mm, sendo 9 hexágono externo (Alvim Ti), 9 hexágono interno (Alvim II Plus) e 9 cone morse (Alvim CM). Os implantes foram inseridos em osso artificial da marca Nacional® nas densidades de 15, 20 e 40 PCF e osso de costela suína. Para os ensaios de desempenho foi quantificado o torque de inserção com um torquímetro digital e a força máxima de arrancamento utilizando uma Máquina Universal de Ensaios. Para avaliar a frequência de ressonância foi utilizado o aparelho Ostell® e para a análise morfológica um Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura, sob aumentos de 40 e 100 vezes. Após a realização dos ensaios com os implantes convencionais, os modelos Alvim CM e Titamax Ti Cortical (n=9) tiveram sua morfologia externa alterada com a prolongação dos chanfros desde o terço apical até o nível da plataforma protética e foram submetidos aos mesmos testes propostos para os parafusos originais. Verificada a normalidade dos dados utilizou-se o teste de análise de variância ANOVA, comparação de médias Tukey (α=5%) e correlação de Pearson. Para os implantes convencionais, o Alvim CM apresentou maior média em todos os ensaios realizados, sendo estatisticamente diferente dos implantes cilíndricos quando analisado o torque de inserção no osso (73,33 N.cm) e força de arrancamento na poliuretana de 40 PCF (910,36 N) e osso (553,79 N). Os implantes Titamax II Plus tiveram as menores médias, diferente estatisticamente dos cônicos quando analisado o torque de inserção (22,22 N.cm) e frequência de ressonância no osso (72,83 ISQ) e força de arrancamento na poliuretana de 40 PCF (61,97 N) e osso (86,40 N). A análise dos ensaios de desempenho e frequência de ressonância apresentou correlação moderada de acordo com o p de Pearson (0,30 a 0,70) e a comparação entre as fotomicrografias não mostrou alteração morfológica dos implantes. A modificação realizada no parafuso Alvim CM proporcionou um aumento significativo no torque de inserção (p=0,000), diminuição das médias de arrancamento (p=0,000) e manteve semelhança com as médias de frequência de ressonância (p=0,169) quando comparado ao implante convencional. O Titamax Ti modificado aumentou significativamente o torque de inserção (p=0,043) e provocou diminuição significativa para a frequência de ressonância (p=0,002) e ensaio de arrancamento (p=0,000). Conclui-se que o formato dos implantes interfere na estabilidade primária, sendo os implantes cônicos indutores de maior estabilidade. A análise de correlação das metodologias empregadas demonstrou a associação positiva das mesmas para complementação da análise da estabilidade primária / The primary stability of dental implants is critical for osseointegration and depends on factors quality, bone quantity and type of implant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of conventional and modified implants and the type of substrate shape on primary stability through the correlation of performance tests and frequency of resonance and microstructural analysis. In the study 54 Neodent® implants were used: 27 cylindrical, 9 hexagonal (Titamax Ti Cortical - 4.0 mm x 11 mm), 9 internal hexagon (Titamax II Plus - 3.75 mm x 11 mm) and 9 morse taper (Titamax CM - 4.0 mm x 11 mm); and 27 tapered implants of 4.3 mm x 10 mm and 9 external hexagon (Alvim Ti), 9 internal hexagon (Alvim II Plus) and 9 morse taper (Alvim CM). The implants were inserted into artificial bone of National ® brand at densities of 15, 20 and 40 PCF and pork rib bone. For testing the performance was quantified insertion torque with a digital torque meter and the maximum pullout strength using a universal testing machine. To evaluate the resonance frequency was used Ostell ® device and the morphological parsing an Scanning Electron Microscope under increases of 40 and 100 times. After the tests with conventional implants, models CM Alvim and Titamax Cortical Ti (n=9) had their external morphology changed with the prolongation of the bevels from the apical to the level of prosthetic platform and underwent the same tests proposed for the original screws. Checked for normality of the data used in the test of ANOVA, Tukey comparison (α=5%) and Pearson correlation. For conventional implants, the CM Alvim showed higher average in all tests, with statistically different when analyzed cylindrical implant insertion torque on bone (73.33 N.cm) and pullout strength in polyurethane 40 PCF (910.36 N) and bone (553.79 N). Implants Titamax II Plus had the lowest average, statistically different when analyzed the tapered insertion torque (22.22 N.cm) and resonance frequency in bone (72.83 ISQ) and pullout strength in 40 PCF polyurethane (61.97 N) and bone (86.40 N). The analysis of the performance tests and had moderate resonance frequency correlation according op Pearson (0.30 to 0.70) and comparing the photomicrographs showed no morphological alteration of the implants. The modification made to the screw Alvim CM provided a significant increase in insertion torque (p=0.000), decrease of average pullout (p=0.000) and remained similar to the average resonance frequency (p=0.169) when compared to the implant conventional. The Titamax Ti modified significantly increased insertion torque (p=0.043) and caused a significant decrease in the resonance frequency (p=0.002) and pullout test (p=0.000). It is concluded that the shape of the implants interfere with the primary stability, with the inductors tapered implants stability. Correlation analysis of the methodologies used showed a possible association of these for further analysis of primary stability

A estabilidade primária dos implantes odontológicos é determinante para a osseointegração e depende dos fatores qualidade, quantidade óssea e tipo de implante. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do formato de implantes convencionais e modificados e do tipo de substrato na estabilidade primária por meio da correlação de ensaios de desempenho e frequência de ressonância e análise microestrutural. No estudo foram utilizados 54 implantes Neodent®: 27 cilíndricos, sendo 9 hexágono externo (Titamax Ti Cortical - 4,0 mm x 11 mm), 9 hexágono interno (Titamax II Plus - 3,75 mm x 11 mm) e 9 cone morse (Titamax CM - 4,0 mm x 11 mm); e 27 implantes cônicos de 4,3 mm x 10 mm, sendo 9 hexágono externo (Alvim Ti), 9 hexágono interno (Alvim II Plus) e 9 cone morse (Alvim CM). Os implantes foram inseridos em osso artificial da marca Nacional® nas densidades de 15, 20 e 40 PCF e osso de costela suína. Para os ensaios de desempenho foi quantificado o torque de inserção com um torquímetro digital e a força máxima de arrancamento utilizando uma Máquina Universal de Ensaios. Para avaliar a frequência de ressonância foi utilizado o aparelho Ostell® e para a análise morfológica um Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura, sob aumentos de 40 e 100 vezes. Após a realização dos ensaios com os implantes convencionais, os modelos Alvim CM e Titamax Ti Cortical (n=9) tiveram sua morfologia externa alterada com a prolongação dos chanfros desde o terço apical até o nível da plataforma protética e foram submetidos aos mesmos testes propostos para os parafusos originais. Verificada a normalidade dos dados utilizou-se o teste de análise de variância ANOVA, comparação de médias Tukey (α=5%) e correlação de Pearson. Para os implantes convencionais, o Alvim CM apresentou maior média em todos os ensaios realizados, sendo estatisticamente diferente dos implantes cilíndricos quando analisado o torque de inserção no osso (73,33 N.cm) e força de arrancamento na poliuretana de 40 PCF (910,36 N) e osso (553,79 N). Os implantes Titamax II Plus tiveram as menores médias, diferente estatisticamente dos cônicos quando analisado o torque de inserção (22,22 N.cm) e frequência de ressonância no osso (72,83 ISQ) e força de arrancamento na poliuretana de 40 PCF (61,97 N) e osso (86,40 N). A análise dos ensaios de desempenho e frequência de ressonância apresentou correlação moderada de acordo com o p de Pearson (0,30 a 0,70) e a comparação entre as fotomicrografias não mostrou alteração morfológica dos implantes. A modificação realizada no parafuso Alvim CM proporcionou um aumento significativo no torque de inserção (p=0,000), diminuição das médias de arrancamento (p=0,000) e manteve semelhança com as médias de frequência de ressonância (p=0,169) quando comparado ao implante convencional. O Titamax Ti modificado aumentou significativamente o torque de inserção (p=0,043) e provocou diminuição significativa para a frequência de ressonância (p=0,002) e ensaio de arrancamento (p=0,000). Conclui-se que o formato dos implantes interfere na estabilidade primária, sendo os implantes cônicos indutores de maior estabilidade. A análise de correlação das metodologias empregadas demonstrou a associação positiva das mesmas para complementação da análise da estabilidade primária / The primary stability of dental implants is critical for osseointegration and depends on factors quality, bone quantity and type of implant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of conventional and modified implants and the type of substrate shape on primary stability through the correlation of performance tests and frequency of resonance and microstructural analysis. In the study 54 Neodent® implants were used: 27 cylindrical, 9 hexagonal (Titamax Ti Cortical - 4.0 mm x 11 mm), 9 internal hexagon (Titamax II Plus - 3.75 mm x 11 mm) and 9 morse taper (Titamax CM - 4.0 mm x 11 mm); and 27 tapered implants of 4.3 mm x 10 mm and 9 external hexagon (Alvim Ti), 9 internal hexagon (Alvim II Plus) and 9 morse taper (Alvim CM). The implants were inserted into artificial bone of National ® brand at densities of 15, 20 and 40 PCF and pork rib bone. For testing the performance was quantified insertion torque with a digital torque meter and the maximum pullout strength using a universal testing machine. To evaluate the resonance frequency was used Ostell ® device and the morphological parsing an Scanning Electron Microscope under increases of 40 and 100 times. After the tests with conventional implants, models CM Alvim and Titamax Cortical Ti (n=9) had their external morphology changed with the prolongation of the bevels from the apical to the level of prosthetic platform and underwent the same tests proposed for the original screws. Checked for normality of the data used in the test of ANOVA, Tukey comparison (α=5%) and Pearson correlation. For conventional implants, the CM Alvim showed higher average in all tests, with statistically different when analyzed cylindrical implant insertion torque on bone (73.33 N.cm) and pullout strength in polyurethane 40 PCF (910.36 N) and bone (553.79 N). Implants Titamax II Plus had the lowest average, statistically different when analyzed the tapered insertion torque (22.22 N.cm) and resonance frequency in bone (72.83 ISQ) and pullout strength in 40 PCF polyurethane (61.97 N) and bone (86.40 N). The analysis of the performance tests and had moderate resonance frequency correlation according op Pearson (0.30 to 0.70) and comparing the photomicrographs showed no morphological alteration of the implants. The modification made to the screw Alvim CM provided a significant increase in insertion torque (p=0.000), decrease of average pullout (p=0.000) and remained similar to the average resonance frequency (p=0.169) when compared to the implant conventional. The Titamax Ti modified significantly increased insertion torque (p=0.043) and caused a significant decrease in the resonance frequency (p=0.002) and pullout test (p=0.000). It is concluded that the shape of the implants interfere with the primary stability, with the inductors tapered implants stability. Correlation analysis of the methodologies used showed a possible association of these for further analysis of primary stability

Zur Untersuchung der Schädigungs- und Versagensmechanismen eines in Beton eingebetteten Multifilamentgarns im Auszugversuch wurde die Schallemissionsanalyse zur Identifizierung und Lokalisierung von Filamentbrüchen eingesetzt. Im ersten Schritt wurden dazu die Schall emittierenden Ursachen (Filamentriss, Filamentablösung und Mikroriss im Beton) für eine Differenzierung charakterisiert. Es wurden Versuche zur Erzeugung von isolierten Signalen durchgeführt, welche mit Hilfe der Signal- und Frequenzanalyse untersucht wurden. Bei dem durchgeführten Garnauszugversuch konnte eine hohe Lokalisierungsgenauigkeit der Filamentbrüche erzielt werden. Der Schädigungsverlauf des Garns während des Auszugversuchs konnte detailliert untersucht werden.

Ces dernières années, les matériaux composites à matrices minérales ont suscité un grand intérêt dans le domaine du génie civil, en raison de leurs multiples avantages tels que la grande résistance en traction, le comportement pseudo-ductile, la facilité de mise en oeuvre, la nontoxicité et la compatibilité aux substrats. Toutefois, l’efficacité de ces composites est souvent limitée du fait de la faible adhérence du renfort avec la matrice. Cela est du à la faible pénétration des particules de la matrice entre les filaments internes du fil, ce qui entraine une rupture prématurée du matériau. Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer l’adhérence fil-matrice par pré-imprégnation du renfort, afin d’optimiser le comportement mécanique des composites. Deux méthodes de pré-imprégnation ont été utilisées : pré-imprégnation classique par voie humide et pré-imprégnation par voie sèche. Cette dernière se base sur l’application d’un champ électrostatique alternatif permettant la pénétration de la poudre au sein du renfort. La première méthode a déjà été utilisée dans la littérature et a permis d’améliorer les propriétés mécaniques du composite. Cependant, son utilisation reste limitée aux éléments préfabriqués simples contrairement à la deuxième méthode qui peut être appliquée pour réaliser des éléments de construction de grande taille, ou bien pour le renforcement et la réparation des structures in situ. La présente étude s’appuie sur une analyse multi-échelles permettant d’aborder le problème d’adhérence à l’échelle d’interface (fil-matrice) et à l’échelle du composite (fil-matrice et textile-matrice). Tout d’abord, des essais d’arrachement ont été conduits sur des fils de verre enrobés dans une matrice ettringitique. Huit configurations ont été étudiées afin d’évaluer l’effet du processus de pré-imprégnation et le type des matériaux de pré-imprégnation à sec. Il en sort que le comportement d’arrachement est amélioré par pré-imprégnation du fil par voie humide et sèche mais, précisons que par voie sèche, l’amélioration est significative seulement dans le cas d’utilisation de poudre de particules très fines. Une modélisation numérique de l’essai d’arrachement a été également réalisée afin d’identifier les propriétés d’interface fil-matrice. En se basant sur ces résultats, une étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement en traction des composites fil-matrice a été ensuite réalisée. Cinq configurations ont été retenues, après avoir écarté les prétraitements de fil ayant eu un effet néfaste sur l’adhérence fil-matrice. Il s’est avéré que les deux procédés contribuent à une augmentation significative des propriétés mécaniques du composite. De plus, un modèle numérique 3D a été développé pour simuler l’essai de traction d’un composite sec et pré-imprégné. Il a permis d’une part de prédire le comportement global du matériau et d’autre part d’apporter une meilleure compréhension de ce comportement grâce à l’analyse des états de déformation et de contrainte au niveau du fil, de la matrice et de l’interface. Enfin, une comparaison de l’effet des deux procédés de pré-imprégnation a été établie à l’échelle du composite textile-matrice au moyen d’essais de traction et d’analyse de corrélation d’image. Cinq différents types de tissu de verre unidirectionnel ont été utilisés. La pré-imprégnation par voie sèche a démontré la plus forte amélioration des performances du composite quel que soit le grammage du tissu, contrairement à la pré-imprégnation par voie humide qui trouve sa limite quand le textile devient dense / In recent years, mineral matrix composites have gained great interest in the field of civil engineering, thanks to their multiple advantages such as high tensile strength, pseudo-ductile behavior, ease of implementation, non-toxicity and substrate compatibility. However, the efficiency of these composites is often limited because of the low adhesion of the reinforcement to the matrix. This is due to the low penetrability of matrix particles into the space between the inner filaments of the yarn, which leads to premature failure of the material. The purpose of this work is to improve the yarn-matrix adhesion by pre-impregnating the reinforcement in order to optimize the mechanical behavior of composites. Two pre-impregnation methods were used : conventional pre-impregnation in a wet manner and pre-impregnation in a dry manner. This last is based on an alternating electrostatic field used to impregnate yarns with powder. The first method has already been used in the literature and has improved the mechanical properties of the composite. However, it is suited only for the manufacturing of simple prefabricated elements, unlike the second method, which can be applied for the construction of large elements, or for strengthening or repairing structures in site. This study is based on a multi-scale analysis to investigate the bond problem at the interface scale (yarn-matrix) and at the composite scale (yarn-matrix and textile-matrix). First, pull-out tests were conducted on glass yarns embedded in an ettringitic matrix. Eight configurations were studied to evaluate the effect of the pre-impregnation process and the type of dry pre-impregnation powders. It results that the pull-out behavior is improved by pre-impregnating the yarn in wet and dry manner but, it should be noted that in dry process, the improvement is significant only when using very fine particle powders. A numerical modeling of the pull-out test was also carried out in order to identify the yarn-matrix interface properties. Based on these results, an experimental and numerical study of the tensile behavior of yarn-matrix composites was then carried out. Five configurations were selected, after excluding the yarn pre-treatments that had a negative effect on the yarn-matrix bond. It was found that both processes contribute to a significant increase in the mechanical properties of the composite. In addition, a 3D numerical model has been developed to simulate the tensile test of a dry and pre-impregnated composite. It allowed on the one hand to predict the global behavior of the material and on the other hand to provide a better understanding of this behavior by analyzing the deformation and stress states at the level of the yarn, the matrix and the interface. Finally, a comparison of the effect of the two pre-impregnation processes was established at the textile-matrix composite scale by means of tensile tests and image correlation analysis. Five different types of unidirectional glass fabric were used. The dry pre-impregnation has shown the best improvement in composite performance regardless of fabric density, unlike the wet pre-impregnation, which has its limits when the textile becomes dense

Zur Untersuchung der Schädigungs- und Versagensmechanismen eines in Beton eingebetteten Multifilamentgarns im Auszugversuch wurde die Schallemissionsanalyse zur Identifizierung und Lokalisierung von Filamentbrüchen eingesetzt. Im ersten Schritt wurden dazu die Schall emittierenden Ursachen (Filamentriss, Filamentablösung und Mikroriss im Beton) für eine Differenzierung charakterisiert. Es wurden Versuche zur Erzeugung von isolierten Signalen durchgeführt, welche mit Hilfe der Signal- und Frequenzanalyse untersucht wurden. Bei dem durchgeführten Garnauszugversuch konnte eine hohe Lokalisierungsgenauigkeit der Filamentbrüche erzielt werden. Der Schädigungsverlauf des Garns während des Auszugversuchs konnte detailliert untersucht werden.

In the present work, the load-bearing behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), which is a composite of a fine-grained concrete matrix and a reinforcement of high-performance fibres processed to textiles, exposed to uniaxial tensile loading was investigated based on numerical simulations. The investigations are focussed on reinforcement of multi-filament yarns of alkali-resistant glass. When embedded in concrete, these yarns are not entirely penetrated with cementitious matrix, which leads associated with the heterogeneity of the concrete and the yarns to a complex load-bearing and failure behaviour of the composite. The main objective of the work was the theoretical investigation of effects in the load-bearing behaviour of TRC, which cannot be explained solely by available experimental results. Therefore, a model was developed, which can describe the tensile behaviour of TRC in different experimental test setups with a unified approach. Neglecting effects resulting from Poisson’s effect, a one-dimensional model implemented within the framework of the Finite Element Method was established. Nevertheless, the model takes also transverse effects into account by a subdivision of the reinforcement yarns into so-called segments. The model incorporates two types of finite elements: bar and bond elements. In longitudinal direction, the bar elements are arranged in series to represent the load-bearing behaviour of matrix or reinforcement. In transverse direction these bar element chains are connected with bond elements. The model gains most of its complexity from non-linearities arising from the constitutive relations, e. g., limited tensile strength of concrete and reinforcement, tension softening of the concrete, waviness of the reinforcement and non-linear bond laws. Besides a deterministic description of the material behaviour, also a stochastic formulation based on a random field approach was introduced in the model. The model has a number of advantageous features, which are provided in this combination only in a few of the existing models concerning TRC. It provides stress distributions in the reinforcement and the concrete as well as properties of concrete crack development like crack spacing and crack widths, which are in some of the existing models input parameters and not a result of the simulations. Moreover, the successive failure of the reinforcement can be studied with the model. The model was applied to three types of tests, the filament pull-out test, the yarn pull-out test and tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking. The results of the simulations regarding the filament pull-out tests showed good correspondence with experimental data. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the influence of geometrical properties in these tests like embedding and free lengths of the filament as well as bond properties between filament and matrix. The presented results of simulations of yarn pull-out tests demonstrated the applicability of the model to this type of test. It has been shown that a relatively fine subdivision of the reinforcement is necessary to represent the successive failure of the reinforcement yarns appropriately. The presented results showed that the model can provide the distribution of failure positions in the reinforcement and the degradation development of yarns during loading. One of the main objectives of the work was to investigate effects concerning the tensile material behaviour of TRC, which could not be explained, hitherto, based solely on experimental results. Hence, a large number of parametric studies was performed concerning tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking, which reflect the tensile behaviour of TRC as occurring in practice. The results of the simulations showed that the model is able to reproduce the typical tripartite stress-strain response of TRC consisting of the uncracked state, the state of multiple matrix cracking and the post-cracking state as known from experimental investigations. The best agreement between simulated and experimental results was achieved considering scatter in the material properties of concrete as well as concrete tension softening and reinforcement waviness. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen zum einaxialen Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton. Textilbeton ist ein Verbundwerkstoff bestehend aus einer Matrix aus Feinbeton und einer Bewehrung aus Multifilamentgarnen aus Hochleistungsfasern, welche zu textilen Strukturen verarbeitet sind. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf Bewehrungen aus alkali-resistentem Glas. Das Tragverhalten des Verbundwerkstoffs ist komplex, was aus der Heterogenität der Matrix und der Garne sowie der unvollständigen Durchdringung der Garne mit Matrix resultiert. Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist die theoretische Untersuchung von Effekten und Mechanismen innerhalb des Lastabtragverhaltens von Textilbeton, welche nicht vollständig anhand verfügbarer experimenteller Ergebnisse erklärt werden können. Das entsprechende Modell zur Beschreibung des Zugtragverhaltens von Textilbeton soll verschiedene experimentelle Versuchstypen mit einem einheitlichen Modell abbilden können. Unter Vernachlässigung von Querdehneffekten wurde ein eindimensionales Modell entwickelt und im Rahmen der Finite-Elemente-Methode numerisch implementiert. Es werden jedoch auch Lastabtragmechanismen in Querrichtung durch eine Unterteilung der Bewehrungsgarne in sogenannte Segmente berücksichtigt. Das Modell enthält zwei Typen von finiten Elementen: Stabelemente und Verbundelemente. In Längsrichtung werden Stabelemente kettenförmig angeordnet, um das Tragverhalten von Matrix und Bewehrung abzubilden. In Querrichtung sind die Stabelementketten mit Verbundelementen gekoppelt. Das Modell erhält seine Komplexität hauptsächlich aus Nichtlinearitäten in der Materialbeschreibung, z.B. durch begrenzte Zugfestigkeiten von Matrix und Bewehrung, Zugentfestigung der Matrix, Welligkeit der Bewehrung und nichtlineare Verbundgesetze. Neben einer deterministischen Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens beinhaltet das Modell auch eine stochastische Beschreibung auf Grundlage eines Zufallsfeldansatzes. Mit dem Modell können Spannungsverteilungen im Verbundwerkstoff und Eigenschaften der Betonrissentwicklung, z.B. in Form von Rissbreiten und Rissabständen untersucht werden, was in dieser Kombination nur mit wenigen der existierenden Modelle für Textilbeton möglich ist. In vielen der vorhandenen Modelle sind diese Eigenschaften Eingangsgrößen für die Berechnungen und keine Ergebnisse. Darüber hinaus kann anhand des Modells auch das sukzessive Versagen der Bewehrungsgarne studiert werden. Das Modell wurde auf drei verschiedene Versuchstypen angewendet: den Filamentauszugversuch, den Garnauszugversuch und Dehnkörperversuche. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zu den Filamentauszugversuchen zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Resultaten. Zudem wurden Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um Einflüsse aus Geometrieeigenschaften wie der eingebetteten und freien Filamentlänge sowie Materialeigenschaften wie dem Verbund zwischen Matrix und Filament zu untersuchen. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zum Garnauszugversuch demonstrierten die Anwendbarkeit des Modells auf diesen Versuchstyp. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für eine realitätsnahe Abbildung des Versagensverhaltens der Bewehrungsgarne eine relativ feine Auflösung der Bewehrung notwendig ist. Die Berechnungen lieferten die Verteilung von Versagenspositionen in der Bewehrung und die Entwicklung der Degradation der Garne im Belastungsverlauf. Ein Hauptziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Effekten im Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton, die bisher nicht durch experimentelle Untersuchungen erklärt werden konnten. Daher wurde eine Vielzahl von Parameterstudien zu Dehnkörpern mit mehrfacher Matrixrissbildung, welche das Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton ähnlich praktischen Anwendungen abbilden, durchgeführt. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigten, dass der experimentell beobachtete dreigeteilte Verlauf der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung von Textilbeton bestehend aus dem ungerissenen Zustand, dem Zustand der Matrixrissbildung und dem Zustand der abgeschlossenen Rissbildung vom Modell wiedergegeben wird. Die beste Übereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnissen ergab sich unter Einbeziehung von Streuungen in den Materialeigenschaften der Matrix, der Zugentfestigung der Matrix und der Welligkeit der Bewehrung.

In the present work, the load-bearing behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), which is a composite of a fine-grained concrete matrix and a reinforcement of high-performance fibres processed to textiles, exposed to uniaxial tensile loading was investigated based on numerical simulations. The investigations are focussed on reinforcement of multi-filament yarns of alkali-resistant glass. When embedded in concrete, these yarns are not entirely penetrated with cementitious matrix, which leads associated with the heterogeneity of the concrete and the yarns to a complex load-bearing and failure behaviour of the composite. The main objective of the work was the theoretical investigation of effects in the load-bearing behaviour of TRC, which cannot be explained solely by available experimental results. Therefore, a model was developed, which can describe the tensile behaviour of TRC in different experimental test setups with a unified approach. Neglecting effects resulting from Poisson’s effect, a one-dimensional model implemented within the framework of the Finite Element Method was established. Nevertheless, the model takes also transverse effects into account by a subdivision of the reinforcement yarns into so-called segments. The model incorporates two types of finite elements: bar and bond elements. In longitudinal direction, the bar elements are arranged in series to represent the load-bearing behaviour of matrix or reinforcement. In transverse direction these bar element chains are connected with bond elements. The model gains most of its complexity from non-linearities arising from the constitutive relations, e. g., limited tensile strength of concrete and reinforcement, tension softening of the concrete, waviness of the reinforcement and non-linear bond laws. Besides a deterministic description of the material behaviour, also a stochastic formulation based on a random field approach was introduced in the model. The model has a number of advantageous features, which are provided in this combination only in a few of the existing models concerning TRC. It provides stress distributions in the reinforcement and the concrete as well as properties of concrete crack development like crack spacing and crack widths, which are in some of the existing models input parameters and not a result of the simulations. Moreover, the successive failure of the reinforcement can be studied with the model. The model was applied to three types of tests, the filament pull-out test, the yarn pull-out test and tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking. The results of the simulations regarding the filament pull-out tests showed good correspondence with experimental data. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the influence of geometrical properties in these tests like embedding and free lengths of the filament as well as bond properties between filament and matrix. The presented results of simulations of yarn pull-out tests demonstrated the applicability of the model to this type of test. It has been shown that a relatively fine subdivision of the reinforcement is necessary to represent the successive failure of the reinforcement yarns appropriately. The presented results showed that the model can provide the distribution of failure positions in the reinforcement and the degradation development of yarns during loading. One of the main objectives of the work was to investigate effects concerning the tensile material behaviour of TRC, which could not be explained, hitherto, based solely on experimental results. Hence, a large number of parametric studies was performed concerning tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking, which reflect the tensile behaviour of TRC as occurring in practice. The results of the simulations showed that the model is able to reproduce the typical tripartite stress-strain response of TRC consisting of the uncracked state, the state of multiple matrix cracking and the post-cracking state as known from experimental investigations. The best agreement between simulated and experimental results was achieved considering scatter in the material properties of concrete as well as concrete tension softening and reinforcement waviness. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen zum einaxialen Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton. Textilbeton ist ein Verbundwerkstoff bestehend aus einer Matrix aus Feinbeton und einer Bewehrung aus Multifilamentgarnen aus Hochleistungsfasern, welche zu textilen Strukturen verarbeitet sind. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf Bewehrungen aus alkali-resistentem Glas. Das Tragverhalten des Verbundwerkstoffs ist komplex, was aus der Heterogenität der Matrix und der Garne sowie der unvollständigen Durchdringung der Garne mit Matrix resultiert. Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist die theoretische Untersuchung von Effekten und Mechanismen innerhalb des Lastabtragverhaltens von Textilbeton, welche nicht vollständig anhand verfügbarer experimenteller Ergebnisse erklärt werden können. Das entsprechende Modell zur Beschreibung des Zugtragverhaltens von Textilbeton soll verschiedene experimentelle Versuchstypen mit einem einheitlichen Modell abbilden können. Unter Vernachlässigung von Querdehneffekten wurde ein eindimensionales Modell entwickelt und im Rahmen der Finite-Elemente-Methode numerisch implementiert. Es werden jedoch auch Lastabtragmechanismen in Querrichtung durch eine Unterteilung der Bewehrungsgarne in sogenannte Segmente berücksichtigt. Das Modell enthält zwei Typen von finiten Elementen: Stabelemente und Verbundelemente. In Längsrichtung werden Stabelemente kettenförmig angeordnet, um das Tragverhalten von Matrix und Bewehrung abzubilden. In Querrichtung sind die Stabelementketten mit Verbundelementen gekoppelt. Das Modell erhält seine Komplexität hauptsächlich aus Nichtlinearitäten in der Materialbeschreibung, z.B. durch begrenzte Zugfestigkeiten von Matrix und Bewehrung, Zugentfestigung der Matrix, Welligkeit der Bewehrung und nichtlineare Verbundgesetze. Neben einer deterministischen Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens beinhaltet das Modell auch eine stochastische Beschreibung auf Grundlage eines Zufallsfeldansatzes. Mit dem Modell können Spannungsverteilungen im Verbundwerkstoff und Eigenschaften der Betonrissentwicklung, z.B. in Form von Rissbreiten und Rissabständen untersucht werden, was in dieser Kombination nur mit wenigen der existierenden Modelle für Textilbeton möglich ist. In vielen der vorhandenen Modelle sind diese Eigenschaften Eingangsgrößen für die Berechnungen und keine Ergebnisse. Darüber hinaus kann anhand des Modells auch das sukzessive Versagen der Bewehrungsgarne studiert werden. Das Modell wurde auf drei verschiedene Versuchstypen angewendet: den Filamentauszugversuch, den Garnauszugversuch und Dehnkörperversuche. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zu den Filamentauszugversuchen zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Resultaten. Zudem wurden Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um Einflüsse aus Geometrieeigenschaften wie der eingebetteten und freien Filamentlänge sowie Materialeigenschaften wie dem Verbund zwischen Matrix und Filament zu untersuchen. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zum Garnauszugversuch demonstrierten die Anwendbarkeit des Modells auf diesen Versuchstyp. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für eine realitätsnahe Abbildung des Versagensverhaltens der Bewehrungsgarne eine relativ feine Auflösung der Bewehrung notwendig ist. Die Berechnungen lieferten die Verteilung von Versagenspositionen in der Bewehrung und die Entwicklung der Degradation der Garne im Belastungsverlauf. Ein Hauptziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Effekten im Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton, die bisher nicht durch experimentelle Untersuchungen erklärt werden konnten. Daher wurde eine Vielzahl von Parameterstudien zu Dehnkörpern mit mehrfacher Matrixrissbildung, welche das Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton ähnlich praktischen Anwendungen abbilden, durchgeführt. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigten, dass der experimentell beobachtete dreigeteilte Verlauf der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung von Textilbeton bestehend aus dem ungerissenen Zustand, dem Zustand der Matrixrissbildung und dem Zustand der abgeschlossenen Rissbildung vom Modell wiedergegeben wird. Die beste Übereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnissen ergab sich unter Einbeziehung von Streuungen in den Materialeigenschaften der Matrix, der Zugentfestigung der Matrix und der Welligkeit der Bewehrung.