Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1970. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 21-22)

Ingeniero Civil / La implementación de tecnologías de almacenamiento de energía en sistemas eléctricos es uno de los temas más relevantes actualmente en países donde se busca mejorar aumentar la diversificación de fuentes de energía y la seguridad del sistema eléctrico. Dentro de las alternativas de almacenamiento de energía eléctrica de la red, las centrales hidroeléctricas de acumulación por bombeo (CHAB) (pumped-storage hydropower plants) son las más utilizadas actualmente alrededor del mundo. Hasta la fecha, en Chile no se han implementado tecnologías de este tipo que permitan almacenar los excedentes de energía de la red. Además, en el país no existe el conocimiento suficiente sobre las características y los beneficios de las CHAB en los sistemas eléctricos. El presente trabajo de título tiene como objetivo principal, identificar y analizar los factores técnicos y económicos más relevantes que podrían condicionar la implementación de un proyecto de CHAB. Adicionalmente, tomando en cuenta las características del sector eléctrico chileno, se realiza una evaluación, cualitativa y no exhaustiva, de estos factores en el país. Se encontró que los factores más relevantes que condicionan en una primera instancia la implementación de un proyecto de CHAB tienen relación con las características del sistema eléctrico dónde se pretende implementar el proyecto, la disponibilidad de lugares de emplazamiento apropiados para la instalación de este tipo de centrales y las características del mercado eléctrico que harían rentable un proyecto de este tipo. Dentro de los factores que inciden en la determinación del lugar de emplazamiento de una CHAB se tienen: la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico, la existencia de un gran desnivel y una corta distancia entre ambos reservorios, la existencia de reservorios artificiales o naturales aptos para ser utilizados como reservorio inferior de la central, condiciones geológicas y geográficas adecuadas y una ubicación cercana a los centros de consumo y líneas de transmisión. En cuanto a los factores relacionados con las características del sistema eléctrico, están: la presencia de excedentes de energía en la red y características apropiadas de la curva de carga diaria y semanal. Finalmente, respecto a los factores económicos asociados al sistema eléctrico se desea que: existan grandes diferencias de precios entre horas valle y horas punta, y se realicen pagos por capacidad y por servicios complementarios. En cuánto a la evaluación, preliminar y no exhaustiva, de estos factores en el caso chileno, se encontró que el SIC presentaría, a priori, mejores características para considerar la implementación de un proyecto de CHAB, debido principalmente a la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico, a que existen lugares con potencial para implementar esta tecnología, a las características de la curva de carga en este sistema y a la matriz de generación que lo compone. Sin embargo, y a pesar de que el sector eléctrico chileno considera pagos por potencia firme y servicios complementarios, las limitaciones de la implementación de esta tecnología irían por el lado de los ingresos que recibirían los proyectos por concepto de venta de energía, debido a las diferencias de precios entre horas valle y horas punta observadas, ya que se tienen precios de energía en horas valle que son sólo un 15 25% más bajos que los precios de energía en horas punta, siendo que se recomienda que esta diferencia sea de un 25 30% (Deane et al, 2009). Otra limitación podría ir, también, por el lado de los altos valores de ciclo de eficiencia requeridos para estas centrales en el país (entre un 80 90%), siendo que actualmente en el mundo se logran ciclos de eficiencia para CHAB entre un 70 80% (Wilde, 2011).

Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Eléctrica / Las energías renovables penetran cada vez más en los sistemas de redes eléctricas interconectados, por lo que surgen nuevos retos para los operadores con el fin de mantener su fiabilidad en circunstancias inciertas. La natural intermitencia de las ENRC juega un papel importante ya que produce un incremento en los requerimientos de rampa del sistema y de reserva operativa, además de un mayor ciclaje de las unidades térmicas. En consecuencia, para integrar altos niveles de generación renovable de manera eficiente es necesario incluir tecnologías de almacenamiento que aumenten la flexibilidad del sistema. El objetivo de la presente tesis es evaluar el impacto en los costos globales de operación del Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande y los ingresos percibidos por una central PHSS bajo un modelo de operación de arbitraje con diferentes tasas de penetración de ENRC. Se propuso una metodología para estudiar la sensibilidad del sistema ante diferentes tasas de penetración de ENRC-Capacidades de PHSS, entre las cuales se evaluaron 50MW, 100MW y 200MW, todas con una capacidad de almacenamiento de 8 horas. También se desarrolló un programa linear entero mixto que incorpora la operación de las centrales PHSS en un sistema tipo pool obligatorio. Además se introdujeron los modelos de las tecnologías existentes, haciendo énfasis en sus principales restricciones de operación, como máximos y mínimos técnicos; tiempos mínimos de operación y de apagado entre operación, costo de encendido y apagado, aportes máximos de reserva para el control primario y reserva en giro. Los resultados indican que el factor de penetración de ENRC es determinante para analizar los beneficios que prestan las PHSS. Se calcularon las curvas de ahorro de costos del sistema e ingresos percibidos, destacando que al superar una penetración del 20% de ENRC se hacen atractiva su implementación. Los ahorros en la operación alcanzan el 1.6%, 3.2% y 6.3% para las PHSS de 50 MW, 100MW y 200MW, respectivamente, al llegar a una penetración mayor del 30%. Adicionalmente se demuestra que las centrales PHSS pueden llegar a tener pérdidas en el momento que se aplana la curva de costos marginales debido a la eficiencia de esta tecnología. En el ámbito de la investigación futura se sugiere realizar un modelo que permita evaluar la operación de las PHSS bajo un despacho autónomo que maximice sus utilidades, dentro de un mercado tipo pool obligatorio.

This thesis applies a stochastic programming approach to the techno-economic analysis of a wind farm coupled with a pumped storage facility. The production of an optimal day-ahead generating schedule is considered. Wind forecasts contain an element of random error, and several methods of addressing this uncertainty in the optimization process are compared. The methods include robust and reliability-based design optimization in addition to a combination of both approaches, and results indicate that reliability-based design optimization is best-suited to this particular problem. Based on a set of wind forecast error scenarios and historical data, a probability-weighted forecast wind generation scenario set is developed. Reliability constraints are imposed to meet a minimum of 80% of the generating schedule time intervals. This methodology is applied to a case study on Vancouver Island. Preliminary results show that when compared to the base case of a standalone wind farm on Vancouver Island, a wind farm coupled with pumped storage can prove to be economically competitive with pumped storage capital costs below $1.53 million/MW installed pumped storage capacity and a firm energy price of $130/MWh. / Graduate

Este trabalho propõe a análise de curtos-circuitos trifásicos em geradores de indução duplamente alimentados (DFIG Doubly Fed Induction Generator). Os DFIGs voltam à pauta de hidrogeração devido aos recentes investimentos em usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis com velocidade variáveis empregando DFIGs. Esta configuração de geração, que permite velocidade do eixo diferente da frequência da rede, também é uma opção para usinas hidrelétricas convencionais, trazendo benefícios em termos de eficiência energética, estabilidade e otimização do sistema de potência. As pesquisas envolvendo este tipo de gerador tem se concentrado em aplicações para energia eólica. Os estudos são focados em aspectos de controle e otimização da geração não havendo muitos trabalhos voltados ao estudo de curto-circuito do ponto de vista da máquina principalmente relativos à solução analítica. Os trabalhos voltados a transitórios tratam em geral de afundamentos de tensão na linha de transmissão e metodologias para manter o gerador conectado ao sistema durante estes transitórios. Na área de hidrogeração, na maioria dos casos, os estudos tratam de aspectos de controle, de otimização da operação e de ganhos para o sistema de potência quando do uso do DFIG. Assim, faz-se necessário aumentar a gama de estudos do comportamento desses geradores frente a transientes elétricos, mais especificamente a curtos-circuitos. Para o estudo de transientes do curto-circuito trifásico foi desenvolvida a solução analítica e um modelo baseado no proposto por Krause (KRAUSE, 2002) para simulação em Simulink do Matlab para comparação de resultados. / This work proposes the analysis of three-phase short circuit on doubly fed induction generator, DFIG. This generator is again a subject of study for hydrogeneration as per recent investments on variable-speed Pumped Storage Power Plants. This configuration, which allows asynchronous shaft speed, is also an alternative for conventional hydro power plants, providing improvements on energy efficiency and stability and optimization of power system. Current studies on this subject are focused on wind power applications, covering mostly control and generation optimization aspects while there aren\'t so many studies on short-circuit especially with analytical solution. Electrical transient studies are usually covering voltage dips or sags on transmission line and associated methods to maintain power unit connected to power system during such. The researches on hydro power are also about control, operational optimization and power system improvements when DFIGs are installed. Thus, it is necessary to contribute to research regarding behavior of such generators under electrical transient conditions, more specifically under short circuits. The analytical equation for three-phase short circuit was developed as well the electric model based on the one proposed by Krause (KRAUSE, 2002) for simulations on Simulink of Matlab.

Este trabalho propõe a análise de curtos-circuitos trifásicos em geradores de indução duplamente alimentados (DFIG Doubly Fed Induction Generator). Os DFIGs voltam à pauta de hidrogeração devido aos recentes investimentos em usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis com velocidade variáveis empregando DFIGs. Esta configuração de geração, que permite velocidade do eixo diferente da frequência da rede, também é uma opção para usinas hidrelétricas convencionais, trazendo benefícios em termos de eficiência energética, estabilidade e otimização do sistema de potência. As pesquisas envolvendo este tipo de gerador tem se concentrado em aplicações para energia eólica. Os estudos são focados em aspectos de controle e otimização da geração não havendo muitos trabalhos voltados ao estudo de curto-circuito do ponto de vista da máquina principalmente relativos à solução analítica. Os trabalhos voltados a transitórios tratam em geral de afundamentos de tensão na linha de transmissão e metodologias para manter o gerador conectado ao sistema durante estes transitórios. Na área de hidrogeração, na maioria dos casos, os estudos tratam de aspectos de controle, de otimização da operação e de ganhos para o sistema de potência quando do uso do DFIG. Assim, faz-se necessário aumentar a gama de estudos do comportamento desses geradores frente a transientes elétricos, mais especificamente a curtos-circuitos. Para o estudo de transientes do curto-circuito trifásico foi desenvolvida a solução analítica e um modelo baseado no proposto por Krause (KRAUSE, 2002) para simulação em Simulink do Matlab para comparação de resultados. / This work proposes the analysis of three-phase short circuit on doubly fed induction generator, DFIG. This generator is again a subject of study for hydrogeneration as per recent investments on variable-speed Pumped Storage Power Plants. This configuration, which allows asynchronous shaft speed, is also an alternative for conventional hydro power plants, providing improvements on energy efficiency and stability and optimization of power system. Current studies on this subject are focused on wind power applications, covering mostly control and generation optimization aspects while there aren\'t so many studies on short-circuit especially with analytical solution. Electrical transient studies are usually covering voltage dips or sags on transmission line and associated methods to maintain power unit connected to power system during such. The researches on hydro power are also about control, operational optimization and power system improvements when DFIGs are installed. Thus, it is necessary to contribute to research regarding behavior of such generators under electrical transient conditions, more specifically under short circuits. The analytical equation for three-phase short circuit was developed as well the electric model based on the one proposed by Krause (KRAUSE, 2002) for simulations on Simulink of Matlab.

In assuring the energy supply of Turkey, hydroelectric energy plays one of the most important roles in plans formulated to realize equilibrium between energy production and consumption. Hydroelectric power plants on Murat River, a tributary of Euphrates, is a part of the development plan for energy production. Operation of four dams in cascade on Murat River are simulated by using program package HECResSim. For this purpose, ten scenarios are formulated to utilize the hydraulic potential of Murat River between the elevations of 870 m 1225 m. This study provides detailed financial analyses of scenarios and shows how HEC-ResSim program can be used in formulation of alternative scenarios. Electric energy storage requirement due to the rising demand for peaking power is creating a completely new market value, which is also increasing the attractiveness of pumped storage power plants. The results of the simulation performed in Scenario 10 in which two pumped storage power plants are considered have 15% higher internal rate of return value than the other scenarios with conventional turbines. Results demonstrate the increasing attractiveness of the cascade system with reversible pump turbines.

D. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Discusses the objective of this study is to develop an embedded generator-pump set topology using a wound rotor induction machine using the doubly fed induction generator concept, and a synchronous machine electrically and mechanically coupled to it, powering its magnetisation circuit. An adjustable pitch pump is also coupled to the generating set on the same shaft to provide an embedded generating-pumping solution that can provide co-incident generating ans pumping functions. The research objectives are as follows: to develop an overall plant topology, to identify plant attributes necessary for proper functionality of the proposed plant, to identify a pumping/generation topology that meets the required electro-mechanical and overall topological layout attribute requirements, to develop a primitive mathematical model of the plant that provides insight into fundamental physical behaviour of the plant, to investigate the stability issues arising from the electromechanical coupling of the two machines used, to establish controllability of the proposed configuration, to identify influencing factors on the stable operation of the proposed plant, to develop an overall system model for simulation. This also entails developing a suitable mathematical model for the variable pitch pump and to simulate the system steady state and dynamic behaviour.

The objective of this thesis is creation of technical and economic assessment of the suitability of pumped storage hydroelectric power plant Smědavský vrch. Thesis contain's technological design, power output and whole economic solution of the project with regard to construction and business.

The energy market is evolving, with a prediction of heavily increased consumption and, consequently, increased production. In parallel, EU directives with targets prioritising fossil-free electricity production, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and becoming climate neutral by 2050, poses a challenge for the current state of electricity production in the Nordics. In managing these predictions, the electricity production from renewable energy sources is required to be increased threefold by 2045. Consequently, the share of intermittent energy sources is deemed to heavily increase, resulting in need of more capacity of energy storage, ancillary services and balancing of the grid. Energy storage systems, such as pumped storage hydropower, can play a crucial role in this energy market transition. However, pumped storage hydropower has yet to be fully explored or proven viable for large-scale investments in the Nordics. In this thesis, the viability and profitability of pumped storage hydropower plants in the Nordics are investigated. The viability assessment was conducted through a SWOT analysis based on a summary of literature and interviews within a PESTLE framework. The interviewees consisted of experts active in different fields of work at Fortum, with knowledge relevant for the purpose of this thesis. To assess the profitability, an investment analysis tool for pumped storage hydropower plants was created in MathWork’s MATLAB, focusing on one of Fortum’s already existing pumped storage hydropower plants. The investment analysis tool was built for several cases with fixed operating schedules using a weekly timeframe.  Through the SWOT analysis, potential challenges for pumped storage hydropower were found in investment costs, topology dependence, development of nuclear power production and increased difficulty in obtaining greenfield permits. Regarding opportunities, Fortum’s pumped storage hydropower plants were found to be favourably and strategically located in SE3, beneficial in generating income from different revenue streams as well as highly beneficial in assisting the development of Sweden’s future energy market. The results obtained from the investment analysis tool indicated that market volatility plays a crucial role in determining the profitability of pumped storage hydropower projects. In a highly volatile market, there is a great possibility to yield large amounts of profit. However, to fully maximise profit, especially in a low volatility market, constant optimisation of pumped storage hydropower operations through advanced forecasting and modelling is crucial.