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This study looks at female musicians performing in subcultural rock genres commonly considered non-gender-conforming, such as punk rock, heavy metal, noise, and experimental. Twenty-four interviews were conducted with female musicians who reflected on their experiences as musicians. Themes emerged on women’s patterns of entry into music, barriers they negotiated while playing, and forces that may push them out of the music scene. Once women gained a musician identity, their gender functioned as a master status. They negotiated sexism when people questioned their abilities, assumed men played better, expected them to fail, held them to conventional gender roles, and sexually objectified them. Normative expectations of women as primary caregivers for children, internalization of criticism, and high personal expectations are considered as factors that contribute to women’s exit from musical careers. This research closes with suggestions for how more women and girls can be socialized into rock music.

This thesis concerns the invention, improvisation, and right to ownership of the punk patent and questions the contention, put by the band’s manager, Malcolm McLaren, and other commentators, that the Sex Pistols and English punk were a Situationist prank. This challenge to what, in the majority of punk literature, has become an ‘accepted truth’ was first raised by McLaren’s nemesis, the band’s lead singer, John Lydon. McLaren and Lydon did agree that the London punk movement took its inspiration from the anarchic and chaotic energies of the eighteenth–century London mob. This common crowd could switch instantly and unpredictably from a passive state to an anarchic, violent and destructive mob, or ‘King Mob’: one that turned all authority on its head in concerted, but undirected, acts of misrule. Through his own improvisation with punk tropes, Lydon came to embody English punk and functioned, on the one hand, as a natural mob leader; and on the other, as a focus for the mob’s anger. I argue that, in following McLaren’s reduction of the Sex Pistols to a Situationistinspired prank, one of the earliest and most influential analyses of the punk phenomenon, Greil Marcus’s Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century, misunderstood how fundamental the culture and semiotics of the London mob was to McLaren, Lydon, the Sex Pistols and the performance of London punk. I take seriously, then, the idea that the cultural signifiers the Sex Pistols drew upon to make their punk performances, and which accounted in no small way for their ability to ‘outrage’, were exclusively British and unique to London’s cultural topography and the culture of the London crowd. After the implosion of the Sex Pistols on their 1978 American tour, with Lydon quitting in disgust, McLaren attempted to take ownership of the punk legacy: both actually, through attempting to assert his copyright over the Sex Pistols’ brand; and symbolically through re-writing the Sex Pistols’ story in his 1980 movie The Great Rock ‘n’ Roll Swindle. Curiously, and most notably, the mob is foregrounded in the film through its opening sequence, which draws heavily from the events of the Gordon Riots in 1780. This thesis contests the paradigm put in place by McLaren’s version of events as portrayed in The Great Rock ‘n’ Roll Swindle and reconsiders punk as a cultural object trouve. In particular, I consider literary influences on its protagonists: Graham Greene on John Lydon and Charles Dickens and J. M. Barrie on Malcolm McLaren. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Various commentators on punk (e.g. Laing 1985, Frith 1986, Goshert 2000, Reynolds 2005, Webb 2007) have remarked upon an essence or attitude which is much more central to it than any aspects of musical style. Through the analysis of specific recordings as texts, this study aims to deliver on this idea by suggesting that there is an entire generation of musicians working in the independent sphere creating music that combines resonances of folk music with demonstrable punk aesthetics. Given that the cultural formations of folk and punk share many rhetorics of authenticity – inclusivity, community, anti-establishment ideals and, to paraphrase Bannister (2006: xxvi) ‘technological dystopianism’ – it is perhaps not surprising that some successors of punk and hardcore, particularly in the U.S., would turn to folk after the commercialisation of grunge in the early 1990s. But beyond this, a historical survey of the roots of new folk leads us to the conclusion that the desire for spontaneity rather than perfection, for recorded artefacts which affirm music as a participatory process rather than a product to be consumed, is at least as old as recording technology itself. The ‘new folk’ of the last two decades often mythologises a pre-industrial past, even as it draws upon comparatively recent oppositional approaches to the recording as artefact that range from those of Bob Dylan to obscure outsider artists and lo-fi indie rockers. This study offers a survey of new folk which is overdue – to date, new folk has been virtually ignored by the academic literature. It considers the tangled lineages that inform this indie genre, in the process suggesting new aspects of the history of rock music which stretch all the way back to Depression-era recordings in the shape of Harry Smith’s Anthology of American Folk Music. At the same time, it attempts to steer a middle course between cultural studies approaches to popular music which at times fail to directly address music at all, and musicological approaches which are at times in danger of abstracting minutae until the broader frame is completely lost. By concentrating on three aspects of the recordings in question - vocal approach, a broad consideration of sound (inclusive of production values and timbre), and structure as it pertains to both individual pieces and albums – this work hopes to offer a fresh way of reading popular music texts which deals specifically with the music without losing sight of its broader function and context.

Various commentators on punk (e.g. Laing 1985, Frith 1986, Goshert 2000, Reynolds 2005, Webb 2007) have remarked upon an essence or attitude which is much more central to it than any aspects of musical style. Through the analysis of specific recordings as texts, this study aims to deliver on this idea by suggesting that there is an entire generation of musicians working in the independent sphere creating music that combines resonances of folk music with demonstrable punk aesthetics. Given that the cultural formations of folk and punk share many rhetorics of authenticity – inclusivity, community, anti-establishment ideals and, to paraphrase Bannister (2006: xxvi) ‘technological dystopianism’ – it is perhaps not surprising that some successors of punk and hardcore, particularly in the U.S., would turn to folk after the commercialisation of grunge in the early 1990s. But beyond this, a historical survey of the roots of new folk leads us to the conclusion that the desire for spontaneity rather than perfection, for recorded artefacts which affirm music as a participatory process rather than a product to be consumed, is at least as old as recording technology itself. The ‘new folk’ of the last two decades often mythologises a pre-industrial past, even as it draws upon comparatively recent oppositional approaches to the recording as artefact that range from those of Bob Dylan to obscure outsider artists and lo-fi indie rockers. This study offers a survey of new folk which is overdue – to date, new folk has been virtually ignored by the academic literature. It considers the tangled lineages that inform this indie genre, in the process suggesting new aspects of the history of rock music which stretch all the way back to Depression-era recordings in the shape of Harry Smith’s Anthology of American Folk Music. At the same time, it attempts to steer a middle course between cultural studies approaches to popular music which at times fail to directly address music at all, and musicological approaches which are at times in danger of abstracting minutae until the broader frame is completely lost. By concentrating on three aspects of the recordings in question - vocal approach, a broad consideration of sound (inclusive of production values and timbre), and structure as it pertains to both individual pieces and albums – this work hopes to offer a fresh way of reading popular music texts which deals specifically with the music without losing sight of its broader function and context.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in Education. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-132). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR45946

Indiepop was, and is, a musical genre that coalesced around UK punk and post-punk in the early 1980s. From punk, indiepop borrowed certain ideas about the politics of cultural production. What differentiated it from punk was its sound: a decidedly pop emphasis on short, melodic song structures and seemingly simple instrumentation. In embracing independent production, indiepop staked a claim for subculture authenticity over the inauthentic mass products of the mainstream music industry. Yet the defining musical elements were characteristic of the historically feminine pop idiom. The result was indiepop, where masculine authenticity and feminine pop forms melded together and created a music scene that fit uneasily within traditional definitions of subculture. This thesis explores the means by which participants in indiepop, through a concerted project to write their version of musical history, made sense of their particular scene and its place within the larger sphere of (masculine) rock culture.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-265).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2008. / A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Communication Arts, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Sociologia, 2011. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2011-12-02T14:40:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_ViniciusDelangeloMartinsGatto.pdf: 955361 bytes, checksum: 3e818e023422e2024266b298e6801683 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Leila Fernandes (leilabiblio@yahoo.com.br) on 2011-12-13T14:03:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_ViniciusDelangeloMartinsGatto.pdf: 955361 bytes, checksum: 3e818e023422e2024266b298e6801683 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-13T14:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_ViniciusDelangeloMartinsGatto.pdf: 955361 bytes, checksum: 3e818e023422e2024266b298e6801683 (MD5) / Esta dissertação possui como objetivo explicar sociologicamente a transição na vanguarda estética do campo do Rock. Entre 1967 e 1977, o campo do Rock conheceu os períodos de maior sucesso comercial e de prestígio primeiramente do Rock Progressivo e em um segundo momento do Punk Rock. Que motivos sociológicos explicam esta transição? Considera-se aqui que a arte não é uma esferada ilhada e separada do restante da sociedade. Por outro lado, a arte pode possuir, sim, um aspecto mais autonônomo entretanto os desenvolvimentos nos campos artísticos são mediados pelos desenvolvimentos sociais mais gerais. É fundamental para este trabalho a noção de campo de Bourdieu. Se as transições nos campos artísticos são perpassados pelos desenvolvimentos sociais mais gerais isto quer dizer que cada movimento ou vanguarda artística tem de lidar necessariamente com o seu período histórico e com as condições materias objetivas de produção e do capital. Esta preocupação com a estrutura econômica é tratada com base no trabalho do téorico Fredric Jameson. Há uma preocupação em demonstrar desenvolvimentos micro sociais, entretanto estes desenvolvimentos são reconectados aos desenvolvimentos sociais mais gerais. Portanto as sociaibilidades, valores e sentimentos que se desenvolvem entre os atores do campo do Rock e que são analisados neste trabalho são limitados por uma situação objetiva comum de cada tempo histórico. Como conclusão procura-se demonstrar que cada tempo histórico, Modernidade e Pós-Modernidade e cada lógica cultural correspondente modernismo e pós-modernismo mediaram os desenvolvimentos no campo do Rock. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This work has as main objective to explain in sociological terms the transition in the aesthetics vanguard of the Rock field. The Rock field experienced between 1967 and 1977, first the apogee of Progressive Rock and then the apogee of Punk Rock. Which sociological concepts do explain this transiton? It´s considered in this work that art is not a separated island from the rest of society. The fields of art may be autonomous in a certain way but, this autonomy is not self complet, this means that the developments in the artistic fields are mediated by the social developments in general. It is fundamental for this work the notion of field as conceived by Bourdieu. If the developments in the artistic field are transpassed by the more general social developments, this means that every artistic vanguard has to deal, necessarily, with his historic time and with the material condition of a certain given time. This concern about the economic structure is analysed according the work of the theorist Fredric Jameson. There is a concern about micro social developments, but these developments are reconected to the social developments in capital and society. So, the sociabilitys, values and feelings among the actors of the Rock field are limitades by a given situation of each historic time. As conclusion, I intend to demonstrate that each historic time, Modernity and Post Modernity and each corresponding cultural logic, modernism and post modernism have mediated the developments in the Rock field.