The accumulation of persistent contaminants is a significant issue for the health of aquatic environments. This study aims to determine the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on the stress response of fish by monitoring plasma cortisol levels and the expression of key hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) stress axis regulators. Injection of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous PAH, induced a differential dose- and time-dependentcortisol response in rainbow trout and brown bullhead. BaP exposure also elicited a species-specific transcriptional response at all levelsof the HPI axis.Similarly, the HPI axis response to a standardized emersionstressor revealed species-specific differences. In the field, exposure of different brown bullhead populations to sediment with complex PAH mixtures did not consistently affect cortisol levels and providedno evidence of genetic adaptation of the stress response. Thus, future studies are needed to bridge the gap in our understanding between the laboratory and field effects of PAHs on the stress response of fish.

A series of pyrene end-labeled monodisperse poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEO(X)-Py2 where X represents the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the PEOs and equals 2, 5, 10 and 16.5 K) and one pyrene mono-labeled PEO (PEO(2K)-Py1) were synthesized and characterized in solution using fluorescence. First, the end-to-end cyclization (EEC) of PEO(X)-Py2 was investigated in seven organic solvents with viscosities (η) ranging from 0.32 to 1.92 mPa•s. The classical Birks scheme was used to globally fit the pyrene monomer and excimer fluorescence decays. The fraction of pyrenes that did not form excimer (ffree) was found to increase with increasing η and Mn. This result was contrary to the assumptions made by Birks’ scheme. To account for this, ffree was assumed to represent the fraction of PEO chains other than the monolabeled polymer impurities that cannot accomplish EEC. A fluorescence blob model (FBM) was applied to handle this assumption in the process of excimer formation for the PEO(X)-Py2 samples in solution. The radius of a blob, Rblob, in organic solvents was determined according to the results retrieved from the FBM. To quantitatively account for the existence of pyrene impurity in pyrene-labeled macromolecules, known amounts of PEO(2K)-Py1 were added into a PEO(2K)-Py2 solution and the fluorescence decays were fitted globally according to the Birks scheme and “model free” (MF) analysis to verify the validation of the MF analysis. The MF analysis was then applied to determine the amounts of 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PyBA) that had been added to a solution of pyrene end-labeled fourth generation dendritic hybrid (Py16-G4-PS). The results demonstrated that the contribution from unwanted fluorescent species could be isolated and quantitatively accounted for by fitting the fluorescence decays of the pyrene monomer and excimer globally with the MF analysis. Since the PEO(X)-Py2 samples form hydrophobic pyrene aggregates in aqueous solution, a sequential model (SM) was proposed to characterize the pyrene excimer formation of PEO(X)-Py2 in water at different polymer concentration (CP). The capture distance over which the pyrenyl end-groups experience hydrophobic forces in water was determined by assuming that the end-to-end distances of the PEO(X)-Py2 samples adopt a Gaussian distribution and that the fraction of pyrenes that are aggregated (fE0) determined by the sequential model corresponds to the fraction of PEO(X)-Py2 chains whose end-to-end distance is smaller than the hydrophobic capture distance. Since a surfactant can interact with a hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymer in aqueous solution, the interactions taking place between PEO(X)-Py2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were investigated at a low PEO(X)-Py2 concentration. The pyrene monomer and excimer fluorescence decays of the PEO(X)-Py2 and SDS solutions were acquired at various SDS concentrations and globally fitted according to the MF analysis to retrieve the parameters that described the kinetics of pyrene excimer formation. At high SDS concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the pyrene end-groups of the short-chain samples (PEO(2K)-Py2 and PEO(5K)-Py2) were incorporated inside the same micelle and excimer was formed intramolecularly, while most pyrene groups of the long-chain samples (PEO(10K)-Py2 and PEO(16.5K)-Py2) were isolated into different micelles. Lastly, both the rheological properties and fluorescence behavior of a pyrene-labeled hydrophobically-modified alkali-swellable emulsion (Py-HASE) polymer in basic aqueous solution with SDS were studied. Furthermore, a joint experimental setup that combined a rheometer and a steady-state fluorometer was applied to investigate at the molecular level the effect that a shearing force had on the polymeric network. However, despite the dramatic decrease in solution viscosity with increasing shear rate, no change in the fluorescence spectra was detected, suggesting that changes in the polymeric network that affected the balance of intra- versus intermolecular pyrene associations did not impact the process of excimer formation. Together the experiments described in this thesis represent the broadest set of examples found in the scientific literature where information on the dynamics and level of association of pyrene-labeled polymers has been retrieved through the quantitative analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with pyrene-labeled polymers in solution.

The biological function of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence, structure, and internal dynamics. In turn the prediction of a protein structure from its folding pathway involves the characterization of the dynamics of the polypeptide backbone. This study addresses how the internal dynamics of arborescent polypeptides are affected by increased crowding of the interior of these branched polymer molecules. Linear, comb-branched, and arborescent poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) samples were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine their chain conformation. The PGA chains of these constructs were shown to adopt α-helical and random coil conformations in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), respectively. The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the arborescent PGAs, determined using dynamic light scattering measurements, increased with increasing generation number and when the side-chains adopted random coil instead of α-helical conformations. The PGA samples were labelled with 1-pyrenemethylamine to determine how their structure affected the internal dynamics of the arborescent polymers in solution, from the analysis of their fluorescence spectra and decays. For each pyrene-labelled polymeric construct excimer formation increased with increasing pyrene content, and the efficiency of excimer formation increased with the generation number due to the increased density of the macromolecules. Comparison of the time-resolved fluorescence results acquired in DMF and in DMSO demonstrated that the helical conformation led to slower chain dynamics in DMF and that despite the higher viscosity of DMSO, the polypeptide side-chains were more mobile as a consequence of the random coil conformation of the linear PGA segments. These results suggest that the formation of structural motives inside a polypeptide slows down its internal dynamics.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Zoology, 2004. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-127).

[pt] A maioria dos estudos envolvendo adsorção de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) é realizada em solos de regiões de clima frio. Como em países tropicais as características dos processos pedológicos e os solos resultantes são diferentes há necessidade desses estudos em solos brasileiros. Com esse objetivo, este trabalho estudou a adsorção de pireno em sete categorias representativas de solos brasileiros: Argissolo, Latossolo Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico, Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico, Neossolo Quartzarênico, Organossolo e Vertissolo. Foram realizados ensaios de adsorção usando massa de amostra dos solos de 2,5 g e 5,0 g. Para todas as categorias de solos estudados observou-se diferentes tempos de equilíbrio tanto nos estudos feitos com 2,5 g de solo quanto naqueles com 5,0 g. Nos experimentos realizados com a menor massa (2,5 g), observou-se que os perfis das curvas de adsorção para o Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico e para o Vertissolo apresentaram diferenças significativas sugerindo maiores competições pelos sítios de sorção. Para as demais categorias não foi observada diferença significativa no perfil das curvas de adsorção. Verificou-se ainda que não foi somente o teor de matéria orgânica responsável pelo equilíbrio do processo de adsorção como esperado. A presença de argilas expansivas pode ter contribuição para o aumento da quantidade de pireno adsorvida no solo (Q), como foi verificado para o Vertissolo. Foi observado que as categorias de solos estudadas apresentam características físico-químicas e Koc muito diferentes indicando que o processo de adsorção de pireno nestes solos não pode ser considerado como um modelo único. Neste trabalho o processo de adsorção de pireno foi descrito pelas isotermas de Langmuir (Argissolo e Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico), de Langmuir com linearização (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico), de BET (Neossolo Quartzarênico) e isoterma linear (Vertissolo). Os resultados obtidos para o Latossolo Amarelo não se ajustam aos modelos de isotermas testados. / [en] Since most of the studies that involve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) adsorption in soils are make in regions of temperate or cold climate. In tropical countries, the characteristics of the pedological processes and the resultant soils are quite different there is the necessity of working on new studies in the Brazilian soils. In this dissertation, the pyrene adsorption in seven differents Brazilian soils was studied: Clays soils, Yellow Latosoil, Red Anionic Latosoil, Red Yellow Latosoil, Neosoil Quartzarenic, Organic soil and Vertisoil. Two groups of adsorption tests were carried out, in the first one we used samples of 2.5g of soil and in the second one the soil mass was increased to 5.0g. To all soils, it was possible to observe that, when the initial mass of soil was changed, different times of reaction were needed so that the sorption process could reach the thermodynamic equilibrium. And yet because of this bigger competition, the profile of the Red Anionic Latosoil and Vertisoil curves, obtained by the usage of different pyrene/soil relations, presented meaningful differences when compared. The presence of the swelling clays may contribute to the increase of the quantity of pyrene adsorpted in the soil (Q), such as happened in the Vertisoil. In this work, was found the Langmuir`s isotherms to Clays soils and Red Yellow Latosoil, BET to Neosoil Quartzarenic and linear isotherm to Vertisoil.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil da molécula relacionada à inflamação (ICAM-1), citocinas e da atividade das NTPDases como potencial influência sobre a genotoxicicdade em trabalhadores expostos ocupacionalmente a HPA. Este estudo incluiu 45 taxistas e 40 indivíduos com atividades administrativas (não-expostos ocupacionalmente), ambos nãi fumantes. O monitoramento biológico foi realizado pela quantificação do 1-hidroxipireno (1-pireno OH) urinário. A expressão de ICAM-1 (CD54) em neutrófilos foi realizada por citometria de fluxo. O perfil de hidrólise das NTPDases em plaquetas foi determinada pelo método colorimétrico. Além disso, os níveis de malondialdeído no plasma (MDA), citoquinas inflamatórias (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α e IFN-γ) e o dano ao DNA (ensaio cometa e do micronúcleo) foram também avaliados. Os resultados demonstraram que os níveis de 1-OH pireno foram significativamente aumentados nos motoristas de táxi em comparação com o grupo não exposto ocupacionamente (p <0.0001); também foi positivamente correlacionada com neutrófilos ICAM-1, níveis de MDA e biomarcadores de danos no DNA. A expressão de ICAM-1 em neutrófilos foi significativamente elevado em motoristas de táxi (p <0.05), bem como os níveis de MDA (p <0.01), sendo a última positivamente correlacionada com a % de DNA na Cauda e frequência de MN. Aumento da hidrólise de ATP e ADP forma encontrados nos taxistas. Concentrações dos marcadores pró-inflamatórios foram aumentadas e anti-inflamatórias (IL-10) diminuída no grupo exposto. Para o teste de ensaio de micronúcleos e cometa, houve aumento significativo em motoristas de táxi, inclusive depois da adição de enzimas de reparo. Correlações positivas foram encontradas entre IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ e preditores de danos no DNA (% de DNA na cauda e frequência de MN), enquanto que a IL-10 está negativamente correlacionada com os biomarcadores de lesão ao DNA. Em resumo, a exposição ocupacional à poluição do ar pode levar a anormalidade homeostática como potencial contribuição para o processo aterosclerótico. Este estudo mostrou também que a exposição crônica à poluição do ar pode causar danos no DNA relacionado com a peroxidação lipídica e processo inflamatório. / The present study aimed to evaluate the profile of inflammatory molecule (ICAM-1), cytokines and the NTPDases activity as potential influence on genotoxicity process in workers exposed occupationally to PAH. This study included 45 taxi drivers and 40 non-occupationally exposed subjects, both non smorkers. Biological monitoring was performed by quantification of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH pyrene). The expression of ICAM-1 (CD54) in neutrophil was performed and the hydrolysis profile of the NTPDases in platelets was determined. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, inflammatory cytokines and DNA damage (comet and micronucleus assays) were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the 1-OH pyrene levels were significantly increased in taxi drivers (p<0.0001); were also positively correlated to neutrophil ICAM-1 expression, MDA levels and biomarkers of DNA damage. ICAM-1 expression in neutrophil was significantly elevated in taxi drivers (p<0.05), as well as MDA levels (p<0.01), being the last positively correlated with % Tail DNA and MN frequency. ATP and ADP hydrolysis was increased in taxi drivers. Pro-inflammatory markers concentrations were increased and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) was decreased in exposed group. For the comet assay and micronucleus test, increase was significant in taxi drivers, inclusive after repair enzymes. Positively correlations were found between IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and predictors of DNA damage (%Tail DNA and MN frequency), while IL-10 is negatively correlated with the biomarkers of DNA lesion. In summary, occupational exposure to air pollution, especially to PAHs, may be related with homeostatic abnormality as potential contribute to atherosclerosis process. This study showed also that the chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution may cause DNA damage related with lipid peroxidation and inflammatory process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) constituem um grupo de poluentes ambientais persistentes são moléculas com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, pouco solúveis em água e estão presentes no ambiente como resultante de processos naturais e também de atividades antrópicas; desta forma, os HPA podem ser encontrados em diversas matrizes ambientais. No presente trabalho foram utilizados mexilhões da região de Búzios, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Esse organismo foi selecionado devido à facilidade de acumulação de HPA nos tecidos, decorrente das propriedades hidrofóbicas dos HPA. O presente projeto teve como objetivo estudar um novo material de limpeza capaz de minimizar os compostos interferentes da matriz. Os cartuchos de SPE Florisil 5 g, são convencionalmente usados na limpeza de amostras de organismos, porém para diminuir os custos foram testados outros materiais adsorventes que pudessem ser eficientes na remoção dos interferentes presentes nos tecidos de mexilhão. Sendo assim, na etapa de limpeza conhecida como clean-up, foi estudada a recuperação do pireno após a extração por micro-ondas através de duas abordagens diferentes; a) utilização de cartuchos de SPE comerciais de 5 g de Florisil; b) cartuchos preenchidos com argila comercial K-10 bentonite, simulando os cartuchos comerciais. A recuperação e eficiência dos procedimentos de limpeza foram testadas e comparadas. A clean-up com argila K-10 apresentou uma recuperação de até 77% de pireno, sendo eficiente na remoção de compostos de colesteróis; confirmando a eficiência do material escolhido para a limpeza da amostra. A técnica de Cromatografia Gasosa e detecção por Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS) foi aplicada para identificação e quantificação do contaminante pireno no extrato finaa / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a group of persistent environmental pollutants are molecules containing two or more condensed aromatic rings, little soluble in water and are present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities; in this way, the HPA can be found in various environmental matrices. In this work we used mussels in Búzios, Rio de Janeiro State. That body was selected due to the ease of accumulation of HPA in the tissues, due to the hydrophobic properties of HPA. This project aimed to study a new cleaning material able to minimize interfering compounds of the array. The 5 g Florisil SPE cartridges, are conventionally used in the cleaning of samples of organisms, however for lower costs have been tested other adsorbent materials which could be effective in the removal of the present in the tissues of mussels interfering. Therefore, in step of cleaning known as clean-up, recovery of pyrene was studied after extraction by microwave through two different approaches; a) use of commercial SPE cartridges 5 g of Florisil; b) cartridges filled with K-10 clay bentonite commercial, simulating the commercial cartridges. Recovery and efficiency of cleaning procedures were tested and compared. The clean-up with K-10 clay presented a recovery of up to 77% of pyrene, being effective in removing compounds of cholesterols; confirming the efficiency of the chosen material for cleaning of the sample. The technique of gas chromatography and detection by mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for identification and quantification of contaminant pyrene in the final extract

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil da molécula relacionada à inflamação (ICAM-1), citocinas e da atividade das NTPDases como potencial influência sobre a genotoxicicdade em trabalhadores expostos ocupacionalmente a HPA. Este estudo incluiu 45 taxistas e 40 indivíduos com atividades administrativas (não-expostos ocupacionalmente), ambos nãi fumantes. O monitoramento biológico foi realizado pela quantificação do 1-hidroxipireno (1-pireno OH) urinário. A expressão de ICAM-1 (CD54) em neutrófilos foi realizada por citometria de fluxo. O perfil de hidrólise das NTPDases em plaquetas foi determinada pelo método colorimétrico. Além disso, os níveis de malondialdeído no plasma (MDA), citoquinas inflamatórias (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α e IFN-γ) e o dano ao DNA (ensaio cometa e do micronúcleo) foram também avaliados. Os resultados demonstraram que os níveis de 1-OH pireno foram significativamente aumentados nos motoristas de táxi em comparação com o grupo não exposto ocupacionamente (p <0.0001); também foi positivamente correlacionada com neutrófilos ICAM-1, níveis de MDA e biomarcadores de danos no DNA. A expressão de ICAM-1 em neutrófilos foi significativamente elevado em motoristas de táxi (p <0.05), bem como os níveis de MDA (p <0.01), sendo a última positivamente correlacionada com a % de DNA na Cauda e frequência de MN. Aumento da hidrólise de ATP e ADP forma encontrados nos taxistas. Concentrações dos marcadores pró-inflamatórios foram aumentadas e anti-inflamatórias (IL-10) diminuída no grupo exposto. Para o teste de ensaio de micronúcleos e cometa, houve aumento significativo em motoristas de táxi, inclusive depois da adição de enzimas de reparo. Correlações positivas foram encontradas entre IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ e preditores de danos no DNA (% de DNA na cauda e frequência de MN), enquanto que a IL-10 está negativamente correlacionada com os biomarcadores de lesão ao DNA. Em resumo, a exposição ocupacional à poluição do ar pode levar a anormalidade homeostática como potencial contribuição para o processo aterosclerótico. Este estudo mostrou também que a exposição crônica à poluição do ar pode causar danos no DNA relacionado com a peroxidação lipídica e processo inflamatório. / The present study aimed to evaluate the profile of inflammatory molecule (ICAM-1), cytokines and the NTPDases activity as potential influence on genotoxicity process in workers exposed occupationally to PAH. This study included 45 taxi drivers and 40 non-occupationally exposed subjects, both non smorkers. Biological monitoring was performed by quantification of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH pyrene). The expression of ICAM-1 (CD54) in neutrophil was performed and the hydrolysis profile of the NTPDases in platelets was determined. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, inflammatory cytokines and DNA damage (comet and micronucleus assays) were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the 1-OH pyrene levels were significantly increased in taxi drivers (p<0.0001); were also positively correlated to neutrophil ICAM-1 expression, MDA levels and biomarkers of DNA damage. ICAM-1 expression in neutrophil was significantly elevated in taxi drivers (p<0.05), as well as MDA levels (p<0.01), being the last positively correlated with % Tail DNA and MN frequency. ATP and ADP hydrolysis was increased in taxi drivers. Pro-inflammatory markers concentrations were increased and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) was decreased in exposed group. For the comet assay and micronucleus test, increase was significant in taxi drivers, inclusive after repair enzymes. Positively correlations were found between IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and predictors of DNA damage (%Tail DNA and MN frequency), while IL-10 is negatively correlated with the biomarkers of DNA lesion. In summary, occupational exposure to air pollution, especially to PAHs, may be related with homeostatic abnormality as potential contribute to atherosclerosis process. This study showed also that the chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution may cause DNA damage related with lipid peroxidation and inflammatory process.

O benzo[a]pireno é um contaminante da classe dos HPAs (Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos) oriundo do processo pirolítico a partir da combustão incompleta da matéria orgânica. Possui potencial carcinogênico, mutagênico e baixa degradação no meio ambiente, gerando preocupações ambientais. O presente estudo visa desenvolver uma metodologia de biorremediação eficiente para o contaminante benzo[a]pireno em solo inerte, previamente contaminado com uma concentração conhecida. Para a biorremediação foi avaliado o potencial da utilização de um consórcio microbiano com a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e os fungos Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus e Fusarium sp. Para comprovação da redução do contaminante foi realizada uma quantificação inicial e final das amostras via cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). As análises foram realizadas a partir da correlação das áreas dos picos de padrões com as áreas obtidas das amostras extraídas. O tempo de incubação dos microrganismos foi de cinquenta dias, com monitoramento do crescimento microbiano a cada sete dias. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos, caracterizando a triplicata de todas as análises. Para cada grupo foi monitorado o crescimento dos microrganismos na presença e na ausência do contaminante. Para cada via foi pesado 55 g de solo, adicionado a solução contendo 6,2 mg L-1 do contaminante benzo[a]pireno (menos a via do branco) e adicionado 800μL do consórcio microbiano. As amostras ficaram em estufa na temperatura de 35°C durante o período de incubação. A quantificação inicial anterior ao processo de incubação dos microrganismos, foi obtida uma média de 3,74 mg kg-1, representando a adsorção do contaminante no solo. Para o monitoramento microbiano, foram observadas pelas curvas do crescimento dos microrganismos representativas diferenças, nas amostras do branco, que não continham B[a]P obtiveram um leve crescimento, tempo de vida curto, em torno de sete a quatorze dias, e um decrescimento brusco e repentino, enquanto as amostras com o contaminante B[a]P mostraram um número maior de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC) por grama de amostra, tempo de vida maior e um decrescimento normal. Esta diferença no comportamento dos microrganismos indicou a utilização o carbono orgânico do contaminante como fonte de energia, demonstrando a possibilidade da efetivação do processo de biorremediação. Após esta etapa, realizou-se a quantificação final do solo, foi obtida uma média de 1,29 mg kg-1. Avaliando ambas concentrações, antes e após o processo, constatou-se uma degradação do contaminante em 65,51%±0,95. Com estes resultados, comprovou-se a eficiência da metodologia proposta neste trabalho para a biorremediação do benzo[a]pireno. / Benzo[a]pyrene is a contaminant class of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) arising from the pyrolytic process of incomplete combustion of organic matter. Are carcinogenic potential , mutagenic and low degradation in the environment, causing environmental concerns. This study aims to develop a methodology for efficient bioremediation of contaminant benzo[a]pyrene in soil inert previously contaminated with a known concentration. For bioremediation potential was evaluated using a microbial consortium with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and Candida albicans , Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium sp fungi. To prove the reduction of contaminant was performed to quantify the initial and final samples via gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC - MS). The analyzes were performed from the correlation of peak areas of standards with the areas obtained from extracted samples. The incubation of microorganisms was fifty days with monitoring of microbial growth every seven days. The samples were divided into three groups, featuring all of triplicate analyzes. For each group was monitored growth of micro-organisms in the presence and absence of the contaminant. For each route was weighed 55 g of soil added to a solution containing 6,2 mg L-1 of the contaminant benzo[a] pyrene ( the path of least white) and added to 800μL of a microbial consortium, which consists of a mixture of each species. The samples were left in an oven at 35°C. The quantification process prior to initial incubation of microorganisms was obtained an average of 3,74 mg kg-1, representing the adsorption of contaminants in the soil. For monitoring microbial curve was observed for the growth of microorganisms that the samples of the blank, containing no B[a]P had a slight growth short lifetime , about seven to fourteen days and decrease rate, while samples with contaminant B[a]P showed greater formation of Colony Forming Units (CFU) per gram of sample, lifetime , and a greater decrease normally. This difference in behavior indicated microorganisms using organic carbon as a dopant source of power, demonstrating the possibility of the realization of the bioremediation process . After this step, the measurement was carried out final soil was obtained an average of 1.29 mg kg-1. Evaluating concentrations both before and after the process , it was found a degradation of contaminant in 65.51 ± 0.95 % . With these results proved the efficiency of the methodology proposed in this work for the bioremediation of benzo[a]pyrene.

O benzo[a]pireno é um contaminante da classe dos HPAs (Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos) oriundo do processo pirolítico a partir da combustão incompleta da matéria orgânica. Possui potencial carcinogênico, mutagênico e baixa degradação no meio ambiente, gerando preocupações ambientais. O presente estudo visa desenvolver uma metodologia de biorremediação eficiente para o contaminante benzo[a]pireno em solo inerte, previamente contaminado com uma concentração conhecida. Para a biorremediação foi avaliado o potencial da utilização de um consórcio microbiano com a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e os fungos Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus e Fusarium sp. Para comprovação da redução do contaminante foi realizada uma quantificação inicial e final das amostras via cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). As análises foram realizadas a partir da correlação das áreas dos picos de padrões com as áreas obtidas das amostras extraídas. O tempo de incubação dos microrganismos foi de cinquenta dias, com monitoramento do crescimento microbiano a cada sete dias. As amostras foram divididas em três grupos, caracterizando a triplicata de todas as análises. Para cada grupo foi monitorado o crescimento dos microrganismos na presença e na ausência do contaminante. Para cada via foi pesado 55 g de solo, adicionado a solução contendo 6,2 mg L-1 do contaminante benzo[a]pireno (menos a via do branco) e adicionado 800μL do consórcio microbiano. As amostras ficaram em estufa na temperatura de 35°C durante o período de incubação. A quantificação inicial anterior ao processo de incubação dos microrganismos, foi obtida uma média de 3,74 mg kg-1, representando a adsorção do contaminante no solo. Para o monitoramento microbiano, foram observadas pelas curvas do crescimento dos microrganismos representativas diferenças, nas amostras do branco, que não continham B[a]P obtiveram um leve crescimento, tempo de vida curto, em torno de sete a quatorze dias, e um decrescimento brusco e repentino, enquanto as amostras com o contaminante B[a]P mostraram um número maior de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC) por grama de amostra, tempo de vida maior e um decrescimento normal. Esta diferença no comportamento dos microrganismos indicou a utilização o carbono orgânico do contaminante como fonte de energia, demonstrando a possibilidade da efetivação do processo de biorremediação. Após esta etapa, realizou-se a quantificação final do solo, foi obtida uma média de 1,29 mg kg-1. Avaliando ambas concentrações, antes e após o processo, constatou-se uma degradação do contaminante em 65,51%±0,95. Com estes resultados, comprovou-se a eficiência da metodologia proposta neste trabalho para a biorremediação do benzo[a]pireno. / Benzo[a]pyrene is a contaminant class of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) arising from the pyrolytic process of incomplete combustion of organic matter. Are carcinogenic potential , mutagenic and low degradation in the environment, causing environmental concerns. This study aims to develop a methodology for efficient bioremediation of contaminant benzo[a]pyrene in soil inert previously contaminated with a known concentration. For bioremediation potential was evaluated using a microbial consortium with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and Candida albicans , Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium sp fungi. To prove the reduction of contaminant was performed to quantify the initial and final samples via gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC - MS). The analyzes were performed from the correlation of peak areas of standards with the areas obtained from extracted samples. The incubation of microorganisms was fifty days with monitoring of microbial growth every seven days. The samples were divided into three groups, featuring all of triplicate analyzes. For each group was monitored growth of micro-organisms in the presence and absence of the contaminant. For each route was weighed 55 g of soil added to a solution containing 6,2 mg L-1 of the contaminant benzo[a] pyrene ( the path of least white) and added to 800μL of a microbial consortium, which consists of a mixture of each species. The samples were left in an oven at 35°C. The quantification process prior to initial incubation of microorganisms was obtained an average of 3,74 mg kg-1, representing the adsorption of contaminants in the soil. For monitoring microbial curve was observed for the growth of microorganisms that the samples of the blank, containing no B[a]P had a slight growth short lifetime , about seven to fourteen days and decrease rate, while samples with contaminant B[a]P showed greater formation of Colony Forming Units (CFU) per gram of sample, lifetime , and a greater decrease normally. This difference in behavior indicated microorganisms using organic carbon as a dopant source of power, demonstrating the possibility of the realization of the bioremediation process . After this step, the measurement was carried out final soil was obtained an average of 1.29 mg kg-1. Evaluating concentrations both before and after the process , it was found a degradation of contaminant in 65.51 ± 0.95 % . With these results proved the efficiency of the methodology proposed in this work for the bioremediation of benzo[a]pyrene.