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Kartering av markföroreningar inom Skutskärs Bruk samt utvärdering av spridningsrisker enligt Naturvårdsverkets MIFO fas 2Lundell, Lisa January 2005 (has links)
<p>With the prospect of future construction on the Skutskär Pulp Mill property, Stora Enso Fine Paper has initiated an investigation of soil contaminants and a risk assessment of these contaminants. A soil and groundwater investigation has therefore been conducted on an open area of about 16 000 square meters, situated between the current wood room and digester house. To be able to integrate this study into an investigation for the whole industrial property, the study has been carried out as a phase 2 study according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s Methods of Inventories of Contaminated sites (MIFO).</p><p>The site investigation has involved soil and groundwater sampling, together with the analysis of heavy metals and organic contaminants. The degree of hazard posed by the contaminants, the level of contamination, the potential for migration of the contaminants, as well as the degree to which protection of human health and the environment is required in the area, have been weighed together for an overall risk assessment of the area with regard to human health and the environment.</p><p>The investigated area was built up by filling in the coastal waters. The fill material consists mainly of sand that becomes finer below the groundwater surface at the depth of about 2.3 m.</p><p>Above the groundwater surface pyrite cinders was encountered. Underneath the cinders, lime sludge, bark and wood fiber were found at different depths. The deepest layer encountered consists of moraine.</p><p>The results showed that most of the heavy metals in the soil originate from the pyrite cinders. The level of contamination was assessed as very high for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg. In the groundwater, the level of contamination was assessed as high for Al and moderate for Pb and Cr. The level of organic contaminants was in general low. Heavy oils were encountered in shallow soil layers. Mercury was analysed due to risk of migration from an earlier factory that produced chlorine alkali. The metal was encountered in both the shallow and the deeper layers of soil. Only three of 56 soil samples exceeded the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s guideline value for less sensitive land use of 7 mg Hg/kg dry weight.</p><p>The investigation indicates that the metals still are bound to the pyrite cinders and that most of the leachable parts were mobilized during the years when the ground was not covered with asphalt.</p><p>Most of the contaminant migration is assumed to take place through groundwater advection. The groundwater flows in the direction of the dock and was calculated to about 3 m3 per day. The gradient in the area is about 0.5 %. The average linear groundwater velocity was computed to about 5 m per year. The transport of the pollutants might be slower due to adsorption and precipitation. Groundwater sampling indicates that the transport to the dock is up to 100 g Zn, 10 g Cr, 8 g Pb and 0.02 g Hg per year.</p><p>The site was assigned to risk class 3, i.e. moderate risk regarding human health and environment and relatively low urgency concerning additional investigations.</p> / <p>Inför framtida ombyggnationer inom industrifastigheten vill Skutskärs Bruk, Stora Enso, kartlägga markföroreningar och utvärdera vilken spridningsrisk de utgör. En undersökning av mark- och grundvattenförhållanden har därför utförts på en ca 16 000 m2 stor yta, belägen mellan dagens renseri och kokeri. Undersökningen har utförts enligt Naturvårdsverkets Metodik för Inventering av Förorenade Områden (MIFO) för att i framtiden kunna integreras i en fas 2- undersökning för hela fastigheten.</p><p>Arbetet har inneburit provtagning av mark- och grundvatten som analyserats med avseende på tungmetaller och organiska föroreningar. Föroreningarnas farlighet, föroreningsnivån, spridningsförutsättningarna samt objektets känslighet och skyddsvärde har vägts samman för att bedöma områdets risk för människors hälsa och miljö.</p><p>Området utgörs av utfylld havsbotten. Massorna består främst av sand som blir siltigare under grundvattenytan på ca 2,3 m djup under markytan. Ovan grundvattenytan påträffades kisaska. Därefter hittades mesa, bark och träfiber på varierande djup. Fyllningen underlagras av morän.</p><p>Resultatet visade att huvuddelen av tungmetallerna i marken härstammade från kisaskan. Föroreningsnivån bedömdes som mycket stor för Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd och Hg. I grundvattnet bedömdes föroreningsnivån som stor för Al och måttlig för Pb och Cr. Halten organiska föroreningar var generellt sett låg. Tyngre oljor påträffades i ytliga marklager.</p><p>Kvicksilver har analyserats eftersom risk för spridning från en före detta kloralkalifabrik uppströms området förelåg. Ämnet påträffades både i ytnära marklager och på större djup. Endast tre av 56 markprover översteg Naturvårdsverkets gränsvärde för mindre känslig markanvändning på 7 mg/kg TS.</p><p>Undersökningen tyder på att metallerna fortfarande är bundna till kisaskan och att stora delar av den lakbara delen transporterades bort under de år som ytan var oasfalterad.</p><p>Huvuddelen av föroreningstransporten antas ske genom advektion. Grundvattnet flödar i riktning mot hamnbassängen och beräknas uppgå till ca 3 m3/dygn. Områdets gradient är ca 0,5 %. Vattenpartiklarnas hastighet beräknades till ca 5 m/år. Föroreningstransporten kan vara lägre på grund av adsorption och utfällning. Grundvattenprovtagningen tyder på att den årliga transporten till hamnbassängen skulle kunna uppgå till 100 g Zn, 10 g Cr, 8 g Pb och 0,02 g Hg.</p><p>Objektet bedömdes tillhöra riskklass 3, det vill säga måttlig risk för människa och miljö samt relativt låg angelägenhet för vidare undersökningar.</p>
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Kartering av markföroreningar inom Skutskärs Bruk samt utvärdering av spridningsrisker enligt Naturvårdsverkets MIFO fas 2Lundell, Lisa January 2005 (has links)
With the prospect of future construction on the Skutskär Pulp Mill property, Stora Enso Fine Paper has initiated an investigation of soil contaminants and a risk assessment of these contaminants. A soil and groundwater investigation has therefore been conducted on an open area of about 16 000 square meters, situated between the current wood room and digester house. To be able to integrate this study into an investigation for the whole industrial property, the study has been carried out as a phase 2 study according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s Methods of Inventories of Contaminated sites (MIFO). The site investigation has involved soil and groundwater sampling, together with the analysis of heavy metals and organic contaminants. The degree of hazard posed by the contaminants, the level of contamination, the potential for migration of the contaminants, as well as the degree to which protection of human health and the environment is required in the area, have been weighed together for an overall risk assessment of the area with regard to human health and the environment. The investigated area was built up by filling in the coastal waters. The fill material consists mainly of sand that becomes finer below the groundwater surface at the depth of about 2.3 m. Above the groundwater surface pyrite cinders was encountered. Underneath the cinders, lime sludge, bark and wood fiber were found at different depths. The deepest layer encountered consists of moraine. The results showed that most of the heavy metals in the soil originate from the pyrite cinders. The level of contamination was assessed as very high for Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg. In the groundwater, the level of contamination was assessed as high for Al and moderate for Pb and Cr. The level of organic contaminants was in general low. Heavy oils were encountered in shallow soil layers. Mercury was analysed due to risk of migration from an earlier factory that produced chlorine alkali. The metal was encountered in both the shallow and the deeper layers of soil. Only three of 56 soil samples exceeded the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s guideline value for less sensitive land use of 7 mg Hg/kg dry weight. The investigation indicates that the metals still are bound to the pyrite cinders and that most of the leachable parts were mobilized during the years when the ground was not covered with asphalt. Most of the contaminant migration is assumed to take place through groundwater advection. The groundwater flows in the direction of the dock and was calculated to about 3 m3 per day. The gradient in the area is about 0.5 %. The average linear groundwater velocity was computed to about 5 m per year. The transport of the pollutants might be slower due to adsorption and precipitation. Groundwater sampling indicates that the transport to the dock is up to 100 g Zn, 10 g Cr, 8 g Pb and 0.02 g Hg per year. The site was assigned to risk class 3, i.e. moderate risk regarding human health and environment and relatively low urgency concerning additional investigations. / Inför framtida ombyggnationer inom industrifastigheten vill Skutskärs Bruk, Stora Enso, kartlägga markföroreningar och utvärdera vilken spridningsrisk de utgör. En undersökning av mark- och grundvattenförhållanden har därför utförts på en ca 16 000 m2 stor yta, belägen mellan dagens renseri och kokeri. Undersökningen har utförts enligt Naturvårdsverkets Metodik för Inventering av Förorenade Områden (MIFO) för att i framtiden kunna integreras i en fas 2- undersökning för hela fastigheten. Arbetet har inneburit provtagning av mark- och grundvatten som analyserats med avseende på tungmetaller och organiska föroreningar. Föroreningarnas farlighet, föroreningsnivån, spridningsförutsättningarna samt objektets känslighet och skyddsvärde har vägts samman för att bedöma områdets risk för människors hälsa och miljö. Området utgörs av utfylld havsbotten. Massorna består främst av sand som blir siltigare under grundvattenytan på ca 2,3 m djup under markytan. Ovan grundvattenytan påträffades kisaska. Därefter hittades mesa, bark och träfiber på varierande djup. Fyllningen underlagras av morän. Resultatet visade att huvuddelen av tungmetallerna i marken härstammade från kisaskan. Föroreningsnivån bedömdes som mycket stor för Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd och Hg. I grundvattnet bedömdes föroreningsnivån som stor för Al och måttlig för Pb och Cr. Halten organiska föroreningar var generellt sett låg. Tyngre oljor påträffades i ytliga marklager. Kvicksilver har analyserats eftersom risk för spridning från en före detta kloralkalifabrik uppströms området förelåg. Ämnet påträffades både i ytnära marklager och på större djup. Endast tre av 56 markprover översteg Naturvårdsverkets gränsvärde för mindre känslig markanvändning på 7 mg/kg TS. Undersökningen tyder på att metallerna fortfarande är bundna till kisaskan och att stora delar av den lakbara delen transporterades bort under de år som ytan var oasfalterad. Huvuddelen av föroreningstransporten antas ske genom advektion. Grundvattnet flödar i riktning mot hamnbassängen och beräknas uppgå till ca 3 m3/dygn. Områdets gradient är ca 0,5 %. Vattenpartiklarnas hastighet beräknades till ca 5 m/år. Föroreningstransporten kan vara lägre på grund av adsorption och utfällning. Grundvattenprovtagningen tyder på att den årliga transporten till hamnbassängen skulle kunna uppgå till 100 g Zn, 10 g Cr, 8 g Pb och 0,02 g Hg. Objektet bedömdes tillhöra riskklass 3, det vill säga måttlig risk för människa och miljö samt relativt låg angelägenhet för vidare undersökningar.
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Potencijal upotrebe piritne izgoretine u tretmanu otpadnih voda i mogućnost njene dalje sanacije primenom imobilizacionih agenasa / Potential use of pyrite cinders in wastewater treatment and the possibility of its further disposal by using imobilizacionih agentsKerkez Djurdja 17 October 2014 (has links)
<p>Predmet izučavanja ove disertacije bio je ispitivanje mogućnosti korišćenja piritne izgoretine u tretmanu otpadnih voda tekstilne industrije kao i dalji tretman mulja nastalog nakon ovog procesa. Naime, nakon iskorišćenja ovog otpada u Fenton procesima, iskorišćena piritna izgoretina u najvećem procentu čini mulj koji zaostaje nakon tretmana. Kako se piritna ruda još u procesu proizvodnje sumporne kiseline koristi neprečišćena, zaostali mulj koji je potencijalno toksičan i ne može se direktno odlagati bez prethodnog tretmana. Stoga, primenjena je tehnika stabilizacija i solidifikacija (S/S) uz korišćenje portland cementa, kalcijum-oksida, prirodnog zeolita, letećeg pepela, kaolinita, bentonita i autohtone gline za imobilizaciju metala. Istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji vršena su u dve faze. Prva faza imala je za cilj optimizaciju operativnih uslova Fenton tretmana pri kojima se postiže najviši stepen obezbojavanja i mineralizacije ispitivanih efluenata. Takođe ispitivanje je uključilo i karakterizaciju nastalih efluenata kako bi se procenila efikasnost primenjenog, i mogućnost daljeg tretmana. Druga faza uključivala je karakterizaciju nastalog mulja nakon tretmana obojenih efluenata i njegov tretman solidifikacijom i stabilizacijom. Vršeno je određivanje efikasnosti primenjenih imobilizacionih agenasa u S/S tretmanu i dominantnog mehanizma <br />izluživanja metala koji opisuju njihov transport iz dobijenih solidifikata. Primenjeni su i modifikovani testovi izluživanja sa ciljem što bolje simulacije realnih uslova. Rezultati dobijeni simulacijom uslova će dalje omogućiti modelovanje ponašanja metala u smislu dugoročnog "izluživanja" iz tretiranog otpada kao i procenu najefikasnijih agenasa za imobilizaciju različitih metala u ovom tipu otpada. TakoĎe primenjeni su testovi izluživanja sa jednom ekstrakcijom kako bi se osiguralo slaganje rezultata sa maksimalno dozvoljenim koncentracijama aktuelnih pravilnika. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da se piritna izgoretina može uspešno koristiti kao izvor katalitičkog gvožđa u Fenton tretmanima obojenih efluenata i može se smatrati efektivnom metodom predtretmana za nebiodegradabilne otpadne vode, čineći ih pogodnijim za konvencionalni biološki tretman. Takođe u drugoj fazi istraživanja, na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, zaključeno je da je mulj tertian sa navedenim imobilizacionim agensima uspešno solidifikovan i stabilizovan materijal. Optimalane su smeše koje kao jedan od imobilizacionih agenasa sadrže leteći <br />pepeo, prevashodno u kombinaciji sa cementom i krečom. Dobijeni podaci su neprocenjivi sa aspekta ekonomski i ekološki prihvatljivog upravljanja opasnim industrijskim otpadom. </p> / <p>This work is concerned with exploring the possibility of using pyrite cinders in the treatment of textile industry effluents and further treatment of sludge generated after this process. Namely, after the utilization of this waste in Fenton processes slag that remains after treatment is mostly composed of used pyrite cinder. As the pyrite ore, in the production of sulfuric acid, is used untreated, sludge that remains is potentially toxic and cannot be disposed directly without treatment. Therefore, the stabilization and solidification (S/S) technique with the usage of portland cement, calcium oxide, zeolite, fly ash, kaolinite, bentonite and native clay was used for metal immobilization. The research in this dissertation was carried out in two phases. The first phase aimed to optimize the operational conditions of Fenton treatment in which the highest degree of decolourization and mineralization was achieved in tested effluents. Also the research has included the characterization of generated effluents in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment applied, and the possibility of further treatment. The second phase involved the characterization of the generated sludge after the treatment of effluents that contained dyes and its treatment with solidification and stabilization technique. The determination of used immobilization agents effectiveness was Conducted to determine the efficacy of immobilization agents in S / S treatment and the dominant mechanism of leaching of metals that describe their transport from the received solidificate . Were applied and modified leaching tests with the aim of better simulation of real conditions. The results obtained by condition simulation will enable the modeling of behavior of metals in terms of long-term leaching period from the treated sludge and assess the most effective agents for the immobilization of various metals in this type of waste. Also, single-extraction leaching tests were applied to ensure the accordance of obtained results with the maximum permissible concentrations of current regulations. Based on these results, it was concluded that the pyrite cinders can be successfully used as a source of catalytic iron in Fenton treatment of effluents containing dyes, and can be considered an effective pretreatment method for non-biodegradable waste waters, making them amenable to conventional biological treatment. Also in the second phase, based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the sludge treated with aforementioned immobilization agents represents a successfully solidified and stabilized material. The optimal mixtures are those that contain fly ash as one of the used immobilization agents, primarily in combination with cement and lime. The obtained data are invaluable in terms of economic and environmentally sound management of hazardous industrial waste.</p>
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