Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important social problem, but historically the scientific research has focused mostly on the female victims. Several reviews exist on female victims, but no on male victims. The prevalence rates presented in the literature are very heterogeneous, which has been explained by variations in methodology, a lack of a clear recognized definition and a missing golden standard. This thesis reviews prevalence rates in studies on IPV with a male victim, and answers the following questions; (1) What are the total prevalence rates in relation to the different study characteristics and do we see any significant differences within these characteristics? (2) How does the definition of intimate partner violence and study characteristics affect the prevalence rate? (3) What type of relationship do we see between the quality of studies and prevalence rate?A systematic review has been carried out resulting in 49 relevant studies on male victims of IPV. The data from these 49 studies have been extracted based on the operationalization of “definition” in categories of type of violence, type of instrument and number of survey questions and in the operationalization of study quality based on a quality index by Looney et al. (2000). A students t-test and linear regression models was conducted to answer the research questions. This study finds that men are more often victims of psychological violence than physical violence, which is in contrast to female victims. The study also finds that the introduction of each of the definition-variables results in higher prevalence rates. This indicates, that factors related to the definition are important elements in the study of IPV prevalence in male victims.

Este trabalho buscou avaliar a qualidade da água subterrânea de poços ponteira, que captam água do Sistema Aquífero Quaternário Costeiro (SAQC) na região de Osório (RS), através da aplicação de diferentes métodos. Para a realização do estudo foi feito um inventário e cadastramento de poços, o levantamento e interpretação de dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos, além da coleta e análise de amostras de água. Para este trabalho foram utilizados dados físico-químicos e bacteriológicos, obtidos através das análises de água (campo e laboratório), que foram coletadas em 26 poços. A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada através dos diagramas de Piper e Stiff, da comparação com os Valores Máximos Permitidos (VMP) em portarias de potabilidade e da aplicação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da água e risco a saúde. Os resultados obtidos permitiram evidenciar que no município, a principal forma de captação da água subterrânea, ocorre por meio de poços ponteira que possuem profundidades na sua maioria, inferiores a 20 metros e que captam água de aquíferos granulares livres associados a camadas de sedimentos arenosos. Além disso, a maior parte das águas subterrâneas apresentaram valores de pH entre 5,6 e 6,5 e valores de condutividade elétrica (CE) entre 0 a 200 uS/cm. As concentrações de nitrato variaram entre 0 e 2 mg/L N-NO3, de cloretos e sódio não ultrapassam 30 mg/L, os sólidos totais dissolvidos entre 0 e 200 mg/L, indicando a ocorrência de águas doces com baixa mineralização. Os resultados das análises bacteriológicas indicaram a presença de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais. A comparação dos resultados das análises com os VMP da portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914/11 (Brasil, 2011), indicaram a ocorrência de poços que apresentam alterações nos parâmetros pH, amônia, ferro, cor, manganês, turbidez, bem como presença de Coliformes Totais e E.coli. Com o uso do Índice de Qualidade da Água Subterrânea (IQUAS), foram classificadas amostras de água como ótimas, boas e péssimas. Já o cálculo do Índice Relativo de Risco (IRR) evidenciou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram valores altos, a Avaliação de Risco à Saúde, indicou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram Risco não Carcinogênico. Por fim a partir deste estudo pode-se verificar que o uso de diferentes métodos para avaliação da qualidade da água, tem grande importância, pois torna mais consistente essa avaliação, já que cada método envolve a análise de diferentes parâmetros. / The aim objective of this work was to evaluate the groundwater quality of wells, which capture water from the Coastal Quaternary Aquifer System (SAQC) in the region of Osorio (RS), by applying different methods. In order to carry out the study, an inventory and registration of wells, the survey and interpretation of geological and hydrogeological data, as well as the collection and analysis of water samples. For this work, physicochemical and bacteriological data were obtained through water analysis (field and laboratory), which were collected in 26 wells. The evaluation of the results was carried out through the Piper and Stiff diagrams, the comparison with the Maximum Permitted Values (VMP) in potable water consumption and the application of water quality and health risk assessment methods. The results obtained showed that in the municipality, the main way of captation of groundwater occurs through pointer wells that have a depth of less than 20 meters and capture water from unconfined granular aquifers associated with layers of sandy sediments. In addition, most groundwater had pH values between 5.6 and 6.5 and values of electrical conductivity (EC) between 0 and 200 uS/cm. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 2 mg / L NNO3, with sodium chloride not exceeding 30 mg/L, total solids dissolved between 0 and 200 mg/L, indicating the occurrence of fresh water with low mineralization. The results of the bacteriological analyzes indicated the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in 4 wells. The comparison of the results of the analyzes with the MPV of Ministry of Health No. 2914/11 (Brazil, 2011) indicated the occurrence of wells that present alterations in pH, ammonia, iron, color, manganese, turbidity and presence of Total Coliforms and E. coli. With the use of the Underwater Water Quality Index (IQUAS), 9 water samples were classified as optimal, 2 as good and 4 bad. The calculation of the Risk Index (IRR) evidenced the occurrence of 7 samples that presented high values, the Health Risk Assessment, indicating the occurrence of 2 samples that presented non-Carcinogenic Risk. Finally, from this study we can verify that the use of different methods to evaluate water quality, is of great importance, since it makes this evaluation more consistent, since each method involves the analysis of different parameters.

Este trabalho buscou avaliar a qualidade da água subterrânea de poços ponteira, que captam água do Sistema Aquífero Quaternário Costeiro (SAQC) na região de Osório (RS), através da aplicação de diferentes métodos. Para a realização do estudo foi feito um inventário e cadastramento de poços, o levantamento e interpretação de dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos, além da coleta e análise de amostras de água. Para este trabalho foram utilizados dados físico-químicos e bacteriológicos, obtidos através das análises de água (campo e laboratório), que foram coletadas em 26 poços. A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada através dos diagramas de Piper e Stiff, da comparação com os Valores Máximos Permitidos (VMP) em portarias de potabilidade e da aplicação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da água e risco a saúde. Os resultados obtidos permitiram evidenciar que no município, a principal forma de captação da água subterrânea, ocorre por meio de poços ponteira que possuem profundidades na sua maioria, inferiores a 20 metros e que captam água de aquíferos granulares livres associados a camadas de sedimentos arenosos. Além disso, a maior parte das águas subterrâneas apresentaram valores de pH entre 5,6 e 6,5 e valores de condutividade elétrica (CE) entre 0 a 200 uS/cm. As concentrações de nitrato variaram entre 0 e 2 mg/L N-NO3, de cloretos e sódio não ultrapassam 30 mg/L, os sólidos totais dissolvidos entre 0 e 200 mg/L, indicando a ocorrência de águas doces com baixa mineralização. Os resultados das análises bacteriológicas indicaram a presença de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais. A comparação dos resultados das análises com os VMP da portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914/11 (Brasil, 2011), indicaram a ocorrência de poços que apresentam alterações nos parâmetros pH, amônia, ferro, cor, manganês, turbidez, bem como presença de Coliformes Totais e E.coli. Com o uso do Índice de Qualidade da Água Subterrânea (IQUAS), foram classificadas amostras de água como ótimas, boas e péssimas. Já o cálculo do Índice Relativo de Risco (IRR) evidenciou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram valores altos, a Avaliação de Risco à Saúde, indicou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram Risco não Carcinogênico. Por fim a partir deste estudo pode-se verificar que o uso de diferentes métodos para avaliação da qualidade da água, tem grande importância, pois torna mais consistente essa avaliação, já que cada método envolve a análise de diferentes parâmetros. / The aim objective of this work was to evaluate the groundwater quality of wells, which capture water from the Coastal Quaternary Aquifer System (SAQC) in the region of Osorio (RS), by applying different methods. In order to carry out the study, an inventory and registration of wells, the survey and interpretation of geological and hydrogeological data, as well as the collection and analysis of water samples. For this work, physicochemical and bacteriological data were obtained through water analysis (field and laboratory), which were collected in 26 wells. The evaluation of the results was carried out through the Piper and Stiff diagrams, the comparison with the Maximum Permitted Values (VMP) in potable water consumption and the application of water quality and health risk assessment methods. The results obtained showed that in the municipality, the main way of captation of groundwater occurs through pointer wells that have a depth of less than 20 meters and capture water from unconfined granular aquifers associated with layers of sandy sediments. In addition, most groundwater had pH values between 5.6 and 6.5 and values of electrical conductivity (EC) between 0 and 200 uS/cm. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 2 mg / L NNO3, with sodium chloride not exceeding 30 mg/L, total solids dissolved between 0 and 200 mg/L, indicating the occurrence of fresh water with low mineralization. The results of the bacteriological analyzes indicated the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in 4 wells. The comparison of the results of the analyzes with the MPV of Ministry of Health No. 2914/11 (Brazil, 2011) indicated the occurrence of wells that present alterations in pH, ammonia, iron, color, manganese, turbidity and presence of Total Coliforms and E. coli. With the use of the Underwater Water Quality Index (IQUAS), 9 water samples were classified as optimal, 2 as good and 4 bad. The calculation of the Risk Index (IRR) evidenced the occurrence of 7 samples that presented high values, the Health Risk Assessment, indicating the occurrence of 2 samples that presented non-Carcinogenic Risk. Finally, from this study we can verify that the use of different methods to evaluate water quality, is of great importance, since it makes this evaluation more consistent, since each method involves the analysis of different parameters.

Este trabalho buscou avaliar a qualidade da água subterrânea de poços ponteira, que captam água do Sistema Aquífero Quaternário Costeiro (SAQC) na região de Osório (RS), através da aplicação de diferentes métodos. Para a realização do estudo foi feito um inventário e cadastramento de poços, o levantamento e interpretação de dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos, além da coleta e análise de amostras de água. Para este trabalho foram utilizados dados físico-químicos e bacteriológicos, obtidos através das análises de água (campo e laboratório), que foram coletadas em 26 poços. A avaliação dos resultados foi realizada através dos diagramas de Piper e Stiff, da comparação com os Valores Máximos Permitidos (VMP) em portarias de potabilidade e da aplicação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da água e risco a saúde. Os resultados obtidos permitiram evidenciar que no município, a principal forma de captação da água subterrânea, ocorre por meio de poços ponteira que possuem profundidades na sua maioria, inferiores a 20 metros e que captam água de aquíferos granulares livres associados a camadas de sedimentos arenosos. Além disso, a maior parte das águas subterrâneas apresentaram valores de pH entre 5,6 e 6,5 e valores de condutividade elétrica (CE) entre 0 a 200 uS/cm. As concentrações de nitrato variaram entre 0 e 2 mg/L N-NO3, de cloretos e sódio não ultrapassam 30 mg/L, os sólidos totais dissolvidos entre 0 e 200 mg/L, indicando a ocorrência de águas doces com baixa mineralização. Os resultados das análises bacteriológicas indicaram a presença de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais. A comparação dos resultados das análises com os VMP da portaria do Ministério da Saúde Nº 2914/11 (Brasil, 2011), indicaram a ocorrência de poços que apresentam alterações nos parâmetros pH, amônia, ferro, cor, manganês, turbidez, bem como presença de Coliformes Totais e E.coli. Com o uso do Índice de Qualidade da Água Subterrânea (IQUAS), foram classificadas amostras de água como ótimas, boas e péssimas. Já o cálculo do Índice Relativo de Risco (IRR) evidenciou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram valores altos, a Avaliação de Risco à Saúde, indicou a ocorrência de amostras que apresentaram Risco não Carcinogênico. Por fim a partir deste estudo pode-se verificar que o uso de diferentes métodos para avaliação da qualidade da água, tem grande importância, pois torna mais consistente essa avaliação, já que cada método envolve a análise de diferentes parâmetros. / The aim objective of this work was to evaluate the groundwater quality of wells, which capture water from the Coastal Quaternary Aquifer System (SAQC) in the region of Osorio (RS), by applying different methods. In order to carry out the study, an inventory and registration of wells, the survey and interpretation of geological and hydrogeological data, as well as the collection and analysis of water samples. For this work, physicochemical and bacteriological data were obtained through water analysis (field and laboratory), which were collected in 26 wells. The evaluation of the results was carried out through the Piper and Stiff diagrams, the comparison with the Maximum Permitted Values (VMP) in potable water consumption and the application of water quality and health risk assessment methods. The results obtained showed that in the municipality, the main way of captation of groundwater occurs through pointer wells that have a depth of less than 20 meters and capture water from unconfined granular aquifers associated with layers of sandy sediments. In addition, most groundwater had pH values between 5.6 and 6.5 and values of electrical conductivity (EC) between 0 and 200 uS/cm. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 2 mg / L NNO3, with sodium chloride not exceeding 30 mg/L, total solids dissolved between 0 and 200 mg/L, indicating the occurrence of fresh water with low mineralization. The results of the bacteriological analyzes indicated the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in 4 wells. The comparison of the results of the analyzes with the MPV of Ministry of Health No. 2914/11 (Brazil, 2011) indicated the occurrence of wells that present alterations in pH, ammonia, iron, color, manganese, turbidity and presence of Total Coliforms and E. coli. With the use of the Underwater Water Quality Index (IQUAS), 9 water samples were classified as optimal, 2 as good and 4 bad. The calculation of the Risk Index (IRR) evidenced the occurrence of 7 samples that presented high values, the Health Risk Assessment, indicating the occurrence of 2 samples that presented non-Carcinogenic Risk. Finally, from this study we can verify that the use of different methods to evaluate water quality, is of great importance, since it makes this evaluation more consistent, since each method involves the analysis of different parameters.

La qualité méthodologique en recherche clinique est une exigence garantissant la fiabilité des expérimentations médicales, au bénéfice des praticiens comme à celui des patients. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mesurer la qualité des essais thérapeutiques présentés au Comité d’Ethique de la Région Sud-Est II et son évolution sur des périodes pluriannuelles. Deux études transversales exhaustives ont été réalisées. La première a pour objet de mesurer l’impact du Règlement Pédiatrique Européen de 2007 sur l’évolution qualitative et quantitative de essais pédiatriques, compte tenu du faible nombre de recherches dans cette population. La deuxième analyse le niveau de qualité des essais contrôlés randomisés en utilisant le score de Jadad et identifie les éléments qui l’influencent. L'outil de travail est constitué des protocoles détenus par le Comité d’Ethique, et non de publications de la littérature. Le concept de qualité et ses deux composantes, éthique et fiabilité scientifique, a été étudié. Les différents outils proposés par les experts pour mesurer la qualité ont été expertisés, ce qui a permis la sélection de l’échelle méthodologiquement la plus adaptée. Le niveau de qualité observé pour les essais pédiatriques est élevé, mais n’a pas été influencé par le Règlement Européen, qui a pu, cependant, entraîner une progression forte du nombre des essais pédiatriques, pouvant être l’indice d’un développement de la recherche en pédiatrie. Concernant les essais contrôlés randomisés, deux marqueurs sont associés à un haut score qualité des protocoles, identifiés après une analyse multivariée : le caractère multicentrique de la recherche et les essais portant sur les médicaments. / Methodological quality in clinical research is mandatory to ensure the reliability of medical experiments, with benefits for both practitioners and patients. This PhD thesis aims at measuring the quality of therapeutic trials submitted to the Ethics Committee of the South-East Region II, and its evolution over several years. Two comprehensive cross-sectional studies were conducted. The first explore the field of pediatric research, and aims at measuring the impact of the introduction of European Pediatric Regulation in 2007, on the evolution of the quantity and quality of trials in this field, given the low number of research in this population. The second analyzes the quality of randomized controlled trials using the JADAD score and seeks to identify the elements that influence it. These studies were conducted using the protocols submitted to the Ethics Committee, and not from a literature analysis. The concept of quality was first studied based on their ethical and scientific reliability. The various assessing tools proposed by the experts to measure the quality were appraised, which allowed the selection of the most methodologically scale adapted to this study. Conclusion: we show that the level of quality observed for pediatric trials is high, but was not influenced by the introduction of the European Regulation, which could, on the other hand, have led to an important increase in the number of pediatric trials. Regarding randomized controlled trials, a multivariate analysis allowed the identification of two statistically significant markers associated with high quality score of the protocol: the multicentric character of the research, and the drugs trials.