Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-02-13T15:59:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - ANDR?A PEREIRA DA FONSECA.pdf: 2103296 bytes, checksum: dca780e8029b629fbff3f70724ad309d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T15:59:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - ANDR?A PEREIRA DA FONSECA.pdf: 2103296 bytes, checksum: dca780e8029b629fbff3f70724ad309d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-26 / CAPES / The culture of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is an agricultural activity of great socio-economic importance. In recent years, its production has increased in Brazil due to the introduction of new cultivars and use of quality plants. The vegetative propagation by stolons, usual in the species of the genus Fragaria also provide a limited number of plants and can spread viral diseases. The production of healthy plants can be obtained by meristem culture. Been strawberry cultivars in vitro responsive, with this technique it is possible to obtain a greatest number of plants. However the increase in the number of subcultures may induce somaclonal variation. In order to expand the availability of healthy plants of strawberry with genetic identity guarantee, this study aimed to analyze, with the use of morphological and molecular markers, with precision, the number of subcultures that allows large scale multiplication of strawberry, without loss of genetic identity. Explants of the cultivars Aromas, Camarosa and Camino Real, at the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, in a first step, was submitted to twelve cycles of subculture, and in the following year, explants of the same cultivars, from the same mother plants, were subcultured for three cycles. The acclimatization and evaluation of the plants in the field were conducted in a greenhouse at Horticulture Sector of the Instituto de Agronomia of UFRRJ. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 3x2, with the three genotypes being a factor and the two subculture levels other factor. In the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of the Instituto de Biologia of UFRRJ, extraction of DNA was proceeded from leaves of regenerated in vitro plantlets of the three cultivars submitted to three, five and twelve subcultures and of the mother plants that were not produced by tissue culture. During the in vitro multiplication, in two levels of subcultures, we observed a greater tendency of hyperhydricity in Camino Real cultivar and a higher frequency of callus production in ?Camarosa?. After the acclimatization, plants exposed to twelve subcultures showed a higher average height. However, the average root length was not significantly different between the two levels of subcultures. In the field evaluation, for other quantitative traits, there were no significant differences between the two levels of subcultures. Cultivars Camarosa and Camino Real showed the highest number of characteristics with a variation between the two levels of subcultures, with the greatest variations observed in plants subjected to three subcultures. Analysing the field qualitative characteristics, the variation observed between the third and 12th subcultures, was present only the frequency distribution of leaf brightness, length and width of terminal leaflet. / A cultura do morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) ? uma atividade agr?cola de grande import?ncia s?cio-econ?mica. Nos ?ltimos anos, o seu cultivo tem aumentado no Brasil devido ? introdu??o de novas cultivares, sendo a produ??o de mudas de qualidade um dos fatores que afetam a expans?o da produ??o. A propaga??o vegetativa de plantas do g?nero Fragaria al?m de fornecer um n?mero limitado de prop?gulos, pode disseminar doen?as vir?ticas e radiculares. A produ??o de mudas sadias pode ser obtida atrav?s da cultura de meristemas. Considerando que cultivares de morangueiro s?o responsivas a propaga??o in vitro, atrav?s desta t?cnica ? poss?vel obter o maior n?mero de plantas, aumentando o n?mero de subcultivos, contudo, este acr?scimo pode induzir a ocorr?ncia de varia??o somaclonal. A fim de ampliar a disponibilidade de mudas sadias de morangueiro e com garantia de identidade gen?tica, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar, a partir do uso de marcadores morfol?gicos, o n?mero de subcultivos que permita a multiplica??o do morangueiro em larga escala, sem que ocorra a perda da identidade gen?tica dos clones submetidos a este processo. No Laborat?rio de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, explantes das cultivares Aromas, Camarosa e Camino Real, foram submetidos em uma primeira etapa a doze ciclos de subcultivos e, no ano seguinte, os explantes das mesmas cultivares provenientes das mesmas plantas matrizes foram subcultivados por tr?s ciclos. A aclimatiza??o e avalia??o das plantas a campo foram realizadas em estufa no Setor de Horticultura do Instituto de Agronomia da UFRRJ. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo um fator os tr?s gen?tipos e o outro, os dois n?veis de subcultivos. Durante a fase de multiplica??o in vitro, nos dois n?veis de subcultivos, foi observado um maior n?mero de frascos com brota??es com sintoma de hiperhidricidade na cultivar Camino Real e forma??o de calos na cultivar Camarosa. Ap?s a fase de aclimatiza??o foi observado que plantas submetidas a doze subcultivos apresentaram maior altura m?dia da parte a?rea, entretanto, para o comprimento m?dio da raiz n?o foi observada diferen?a significativa entre os dois n?veis de subcultivos. Na avalia??o a campo das demais caracter?sticas quantitativas, n?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas entre os dois n?veis de subcultivos. Com doze subcultivos in vitro de plantas de morangueiro, das cultivares Aromas, Camarosa e Camino Real, ? poss?vel obter maior n?mero mudas micropropagadas sem perda da estabilidade gen?tica. A cultivar Camarosa apresentou valores m?dios superiores para altura da parte a?rea ap?s a fase de aclimatiza??o e a campo e, massas fresca e seca da parte a?rea, quando submetida a doze ciclos de subcultivos. As cultivares Camarosa e Camino Real apresentaram maior n?mero de caracter?sticas quantitativas com varia??o entre os dois n?veis de subcultivos, sendo as maiores varia??es observadas em plantas submetidas a tr?s subcultivos. A cultivar Camino Real seguida da ?Camarosa? apresentaram um maior n?mero de caracter?sticas qualitativas com varia??o na distribui??o das frequ?ncias entre os dois n?veis de subcultivos. A cultivar Aromas apresentou uma maior estabilidade gen?tica em rela??o ?s caracter?sticas quantitativas e qualitativas.

Chapter One: Raven's 1985 phylogenetic analysis of the Mygalomorphae placed a number of previously unrelated genera into the rastelloid family Cyrtaucheniidae. Although Goloboff's 1993 reanalysis of mygalomorph relationships retained the familial composition of the Rastelloidina it di not support cyrtaucheniid monophyly. This study resolves the issue of cyrtaucheniid monophyly within the context of the Rastelloidina. Using 71 morphological characters scored for 29 mygalomorph taxa we find that the Cyrtaucheniidae is polyphyletic and propose the following families in its place: Cyrtaucheniidae, Kiamidae (new family), Aporoptychidae (new rank), Ancylotrypidae (new family) and Euctenizidae (new rank). We also propose two new euctenizid genera, Apachella and Sinepedica, revise the taxonomy of the euctenizids of the Southwestern United States, and present a key for these six genera. In addition to the morphologically based phylogeny we test and refine the euctenizid intergeneric phylogeny using molecular data (mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes and 28S rRNA nuclear genes). The results of the combined morphological and molecular analysis are used to construct a composite rastelloid phylogeny that is used to investigate biogeographical relationships, burrow entrance evolution, and homoplasy. Chapter Two: This systematic study of the predominately Californian trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon, 1890 describes 28 species, 25 of which are newly described: A. atomus, A. improbulus, A. insulanus, A. icenoglei, A. ebriosus, A. muiri, A. cahuillus, A. luiseni, A. serranos, A. calientus, A. chemehuevi, A. shoshonei, A. pauitei, A. tipai, A. cochesensis, A. indegina, A. gertschi, A. kristenae, A. fornax, A. spinaserratus, A. brevifolius, A. brevispinus, A. agracilapandus, A. tenuis, and A. gracilapandus. Aptostichus stanfordianus Smith, 1908 is considered to be a junior synonym of A. atomarius Simon 1890. Using 72 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters we propose a preliminary phylogeny for this group. Based on the results of this phylogenetic analysis, we recognize the Atomarius, Simus, Hesperus and Pandus species groups. Additionally, our phylogenetic analysis indicates that adaptations favoring the invasion of the very arid desert habitats of southern California have evolved multiple times in the Aptostichus clade. The existence of both desert and non - desert species in three of the four species groups makes this genus an ideal candidate for the study of the evolutionary ecology of desert arthropods. Chapter Three: Aptostichus simus is a trapdoor spider that is endemic to the coastal dunes of southern California and is recognized as a single species on morphological grounds. Mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences demonstrate that populations from San Diego County, Los Angeles County, Santa Rosa Island, and Monterey County are extremely divergent (6 - 12%). These results are comparable to, or higher than recent reports of species - level differences in other invertebrate taxa. A molecular clock hypothesis shows that these four populations have been separated for 2 - 6 million years. A statistical cluster analysis of morphological features demonstrates that this genetic divergence is not reflected in anatomical features that might signify ecological differentiation among these lineages. The species status of these divergent populations of A. simus depends upon the species concept utilized. The time - limited genealogical perspective that is employed separates A. simus into two genetically distinct species. This study suggests that a species concept based on morphological distinctiveness in spider groups with limited dispersal capabilities probably underestimate taxonomic diversity. / Ph. D.