Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Boschiero, Alex Rafacho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Purificacao_ThaisAlmeida_M.pdf: 1255549 bytes, checksum: 5142cacf6ca932aa0dd1a86b9eef5074 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Administração de glicocorticóides em roedores e humanos aumenta a resistência à insulina (RI). A RI, provocada por dexametasona, leva a hiperinsulinemia por aumento da secreção do hormônio pelas ilhotas pancreáticas. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que a AS160, uma GAP (proteína ativadora de GTPase), participa no tráfego de vesículas em diferentes tipos celulares que, por sua vez, pode ser alterado por dexametasona. Neste trabalho, avaliamos possível participação da AS160 na secreção de insulina em ilhotas de ratos RI por dexametasona, para isto foram avaliadas proteínas envolvidas no processo de secreção; pAS160, Akt e AMPK. Ratos Wistar adultos foram tratados com o glicocorticóide (DEX) com 1mg/kg (ip) de peso corporal, ou salina (CTL), durante 5 dias. Ao final do período de tratamento, os ratos foram submetidos a um Teste de Tolerância à Glicose intraperitoneal (ipGTT) e, após sacrifício, amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosagem de insulina. As ilhotas pancreáticas foram isoladas por digestão do pâncreas com colagenase. As proteínas insulares foram avaliadas por Western Blot e os genes por RCP-TR. A insulina, contida nas amostras de sangue e nas incubações de ilhotas, foi medida por radioimunoensaio (RIA). A razão pAS160/AS160 foi aumentada nas ilhotas DEX (P<0,05). Nestas ilhotas, resultados semelhantes foram observados para a razão pAkt/Akt (P<0,05). O tratamento com DEX também aumentou a expressão gênica e protéica da Rab27A (P<0,05), contudo, reduziu significativamente sua associação com a AS160 (P<0,05). A associação entre essas duas proteínas foi observada pela primeira vez nas ilhotas neste trabalho. O tratamento com DEX também reduziu as expressões gênica e protéica bem como a fosforilação da AMPK. A secreção de insulina foi maior nas ilhotas DEX comparado à CTL e, em ambas, a secreção foi diminuída pela wortmanina (inibidor da PI3K). Ilhotas de ratos CTL e DEX, tratados com anti-sense anti-AS160, tiveram o conteúdo protéico da AS160 reduzido em ± 80%, comparado ao CTL (P<0,05). Nas ilhotas de ratos CTL knockdown, a secreção de insulina foi maior que nos CTL e, nas ilhotas dos DEX knockdown a secreção foi semelhante às DEX. Concluindo, o aumento da secreção de insulina em ilhotas de ratos RI por dexametasona envolve a participação da AS160 e, essa potencialização parece ser mediada pela via PI3K/Akt. Esse aumento de secreção parece também ser diretamente proporcional ao aumento da dissociação entre a Rab27A e a AS160 / Abstract: It is well known that glucocorticoids induce insulin resistance (IR). It is also known that dexamethasone-induced IR is linked to increased levels of plasma insulin due to higher insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Recent findings show that the Rab-GTPase AS160 plays a role in the traffic of vesicles in different cells type that, in turn, may be affected by dexamethasone. Here, we evaluated the participation of AS160 in the insulin secretion in islets from dexamethasone treated rats. Adult rats were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) with 1.0 mg/kg, body weight (ip) or saline (CTL) for 5 consecutive days. Insulin resistance was evaluated by intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (ipGTT). After, the rats were sacrificed and the islets isolated by the digestion of their pancreases with collagenase. Protein was measured by Western- Blot, and insulin by RIA. AS160 expression, phosphorylation, and the pAS160/AS160 ratio were increased in DEX islets (P<0.05). Similar results were observed for Akt (P<0.05). Dexamethasone also increased Rab27a protein and gene expression but significantly reduced its association with AS160. The association between these two proteins was observed in pancreatic islets for the first time in this work. AMPK gene and protein expression as well as phosphorylation were reduced by Dexamethasone (P<0.05). The insulin secretion was higher in DEX compared with CTL islets (P<0.05). Both secretions were reduced by wortmanin. Islets from CTL and DEX rats, treated with anti-sense anti-AS160, showed ± 80% reduction on its expression. The CTL knockdown islets secreted more insulin than CTL and the DEX knockdown secreted similar amount of insulin than DEX islets. In conclusion, these results indicated that AS160 participates in the increased insulin secretion in islets from DEX rats, and this effect seems to be dependent on the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. The increase in insulin secretion also depends on the dissociation between Rab27a and AS160 / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Les exosomes sont des vésicules membranaires de 30 à 100 nm de diamètre, formées dans les endosomes multivésiculaires et sécrétées par la plupart des cellules. Les propriétés biophysiques et biochimiques des exosomes ainsi que les mécanismes permettant leur biogénèse et sécrétion ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études. Cependant, ces derniers sont encore méconnus, limitant l'analyse des fonctions des exosomes in vivo. Au moins deux mécanismes ont été proposés pour la biogénèse des exosomes : un mécanisme nécessiterait l’action de protéines impliquées dans le tri endosomal, les ESCRT (« endosomalsorting complex required for transport »). Un autre mécanisme serait indépendant de leur fonction. La sécrétion des exosomes, une fois générés dans les endosomes, requiert la petite GTPase, Rab27a, comme montré dans un modèle cellulaire humain. Mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur l’étude des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la biogénèse et la sécrétion des exosomes. Une première étude visant à analyser la fonction de Rab27a dans des cellules murines, m’a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de différentes populations d’exosomes, dont la sécrétion dépend ou non de Rab27a. Une deuxième étude a eu pour objectif d’analyser l’implication des ESCRT dans la biogénèse des exosomes dans des cellules HeLa CIITA. Le criblage d’une librairie d’ARN d’interférence dirigés contre les différentes protéines ESCRT, a permis l’identification de 7 molécules potentiellement impliquées dans cette voie : HRS, STAM1, TSG101, leur inactivation induisant la diminution de la sécrétion des exosomes. L’inactivation de CHMP4C, VPS4B,VTA1 et ALIX, au contraire, l’augmente. L’inhibition de l’expression de ces candidats suivie de l’analyse des exosomes sécrétés a démontré l’hétérogénéité des vésicules sécrétées, et une modification de leur taille et de leur composition protéique par rapport aux cellules contrôle. Plus particulièrement, l’inactivation d’ALIX induit une augmentation de lasécrétion d‘exosomes de plus grande taille, et l’enrichissement sélectif en molécules de CMH de classe II. En accord, j’ai montré que les cellules inactivées pour ALIX, aussi bien des cellules HeLa que des cellules dendritiques humaines ont une plus forte expression de CMH de classe II à la surface et dans des compartiments intracellulaires. Ces résultats suggèrent l’implication de certains membres de la famille ESCRT dans la voie de biogenèse et sécrétion des exosomes, ainsi qu’un rôle potentiel d’Alix dans le trafic des molécules CMH de classe II, et dans la modulation de la composition protéique des exosomes. / Exosomes are small membrane vesicles with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, which are formed in multivesicular endosomes and secreted by most cell types. Numerous studies have focused on the biophysical and biochemical properties of exosomes, as well as the mechanisms of biogenesis and secretion of these vesicles. However, these aspects are not fully understood, which limits the analysis of the functions of exosomes in vivo. At least two mechanisms have been proposed for the biogenesis of exosomes : one would rely on the function of proteins involved in endosomal sorting, the ESCRT family (for “endosomal sorting complex required for transport”). Another mechanism would be independent of their activity. Once exosomes are formed in endosomes, their secretion requires the small GTPase RAB27A, as shown in a human cell line. The objective of my PhD project was to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive exosome biogenesis and secretion. A first study performed to analyze the function of Rab27a in murine cells allowed me to show the existence of different populations of exosomes, dependent or not on Rab27a for their secretion. A second study was aimed at analyzing the involvement of ESCRT proteins in exosome biogenesis in HeLa-CIITA cells. Seven molecules potentially involved in this process were identified on the basis of the screening of an RNA interference library directed against the different ESCRT proteins: the inactivation of HRS, STAM1 and TSG101 induced a decrease in exosome secretion, whereas the down regulation of CHMP4C, VPS4B, VTA1 and ALIX increased it. Gene expression of the different candidate proteins was inhibited and exosomes secreted by these cells were analyzed: we showed the heterogeneity of the secreted vesicles, as well as an alteration of their size and protein composition, as compared to control cells. In particular, the inactivation of ALIX induced an increase in the secretion of larger vesicles, and the selective enrichment of these vesicles in MHC class II molecules. Accordingly, I showed that both HeLa-CIITA and human primary dendritic cells inactivated for ALIX possess a higher expression of MHC class II molecules at the cell surface and in intracellular compartments. These results suggest that some members of the ESCRT family are involved in the exosome biogenesis and secretion pathway, and propose a potential role of ALIX in the trafficking of MHC class II molecules and in the modulation of the protein composition of exosomes.

Exosomes are small secreted vesicles of endocytic origin with a size range of 50-150 nm. They are secreted by many cell types and display multiple biological functions including immune-activation, immune-suppression, antigen presentation, and the shuttling of mRNA and miRNA, as well as other cargo. We have characterised the exosomes secreted from two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7. Exosomes secreted from both cell lines display typical markers including ALIX, Tsg101, CD9 and CD63, and were capable of inducing apoptosis of the Jurkat T cell line, indicating the potential immune-suppressive function of such tumour-derived exosomes. To further investigate the biological potential of exosomes, we loaded purified exosomes with gene specific siRNAs using electroporation, and observed the targeted inhibition of both a known component of the exosome pathway, Rab27a, and also the arthritis associated gene ERAP1, demonstrating the potential novel use of exosomes as therapeutic gene delivery vectors. We have also shown that exosomes derived from MDA-MB-231 cells and the parental cells have different lipid composition, as analysed by lipidomics study. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), which allows the rapid detection of size and concentration of nanoparticles within the size range 10 nm-1000 nm was tested for its ability to accurately measure size and concentration of exosomes and microvesicles under different conditions. NTA was capable of detecting apoptotic vesicles induced by Taxol and Curcumin treatment. Immunodepletion was used to determine the percentage of CD9 and CD63 positive vesicles. Our data suggest that NTA is a useful technique for measuring size and concentration of exosomes and microvesicles. We hypothesized that NTA could assist in the screening of agents that interfere or promote exosome release. NTA was therefore used to detect increases in exosomes secretion induced by Tamoxifen and Thimerosal treatment, and to monitor the inhibition of exosome secretion from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing inhibitory RNA targeted for Rab27a, a component of the exosome pathway. Increases in exosome release induced by Tamoxifen and Thimerosal was detected by NTA and a significant reduction in the release of exosomes by inhibition of Rab27a expression was also observed. Treatment with the known exosomal pathway inhibitor DMA also reduced exosome release, establishing the principle of NTA as a screening technique. We further compared the siRNA targeted cells for their ability to migrate, invade and form anchorage-independent colonies, which were all significantly reduced. Supplementation with MDA-MB-231 derived exosomes restored the ability to form colonies, suggesting exosomes may contribute to metastatic lesion formation. These data suggest that the exosomal pathway is a valid target to disrupt the behaviour of tumour cells and NTA can be used to monitor its activity.