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Métodos de análise da rosiglitazona e pioglitazona e de seus principais metabólitos: aplicações em estudos de metabolismo in vitro / Methods for the analysis of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone and their metabolites: application to in vitro metabolism studiesCalixto, Leandro Augusto 02 April 2012 (has links)
Estudos de metabolismo in vitro possuem o intuito de caracterizar e quantificar possíveis metabólitos, elucidar as vias metabólicas e sugerir modelos a serem seguidos para a realização de estudos in vivo. Com o intuito de estudar o metabolismo in vitro não estereosseletivo da rosiglitazona (RSG) empregando fração microssomal de fígado de ratos,foi desenvolvida uma metodologia por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção UV em 245 nm, para analisar a RSG e seus principais metabólitos, p-hidroxi rosiglitazona (?-OH-R) e N-desmetil rosiglitazona (N-Dm-R). Os analitos foram separados em fase reversa, utilizando uma coluna X-Terra MS C-18 (partículas de 3,5 ?m) e fase móvel composta por água:acetonitrila:ácido acético (85:15:0,5, v/v/v), na vazão de 1 mL min-1. Matrizes biológicas contém um grande excesso de proteínas, lipídeos e outros materiais endógenos que interferem na análise de fármacos e metabólitos, tornando necessário um procedimento adequado de preparação das amostras antes da análise cromatográfica. A microextração em fase líquida com membrana cilíndrica oca (HF-LPME) é uma técnica promissora para a preparação de amostras em estudos de metabolismo in vitro, pois, além de promover o clean-up, promove também o enriquecimento dos analitos na amostra. A HF-LPME foi aplicada pela primeira vez para a extração simultânea desse fármaco e seus metabólitos. O sistema de três fases foi escolhido como o mais apropriado, empregando uma solução de ácido clorídrico como fase aceptora e 1-octanol como solvente orgânico. A otimização dos demais parâmetros foi realizada através de planejamento fatorial fracionário. O método foi validado e foi linear no intervalo de 50-6000 ng mL-1, apresentando limites de quantificação de 50 ng mL-1 e recuperações acima de 47 % para a RSG e seus metabólitos (?-OH-R e N-Dm-R). O método validado foi empregado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro com fração microssomal de fígado de ratos. Nesse estudo, foi possível estimar as constantes de Michaelis-Menten (Km) e a velocidade inicial máxima (Vmax). N-Dm-R e ?-OH-R apresentaram valores de Vmax de 87,30 ± 8,04 e 51,64 ± 12,25 ?mol min-1 mg proteína-1, respectivamente, enquanto que os valores de Km foram de 58,14 ± 11,85 e 77,84 ± 36,77 mmol L-1, respectivamente. Outros metabólitos foram observados nos cromatogramas e a identificação foi feita por espectrometria de massas: ?rto-hidroxi-rosiglitazona e N-desmetil-hidroxi-rosiglitazona. A RSG é comercializada como uma mistura racêmica, apesar de possuir sua atividade antidiabética relacionada essencialmente com o enantiômero (S). O centro quiral desse fármaco possui um grupo carbonila, por isso, o enantiômero (R) pode se converter no enantiômero (S) ou vice-versa, via tautomerismo cetoenólico. Dados da literatura indicavam que essa racemização poderia ser lenta o suficiente para possibilitar o estudo dos enantiômeros isoladamente. Entretanto, até o momento não há dados sobre a disposição cinética ii e metabolismo enantiosseletivos desse fármaco. Sendo assim, propôs-se o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para estudar a racemização da RSG e seus metabólitos e avaliar a possibilidade de estudar seu metabolismo in vitro de forma estereosseletiva. O método foi desenvolvido empregando HPLC com detecção em 245 nm. A separação dos enantiômeros do fármaco e metabólitos, também quirais, foi obtida empregando uma coluna Chiralcel OJ-H e fase móvel constituída por metanol:etanol (90:10; v/v), na vazão de 0,3 mL min-1. O estudo de racemização mostrou que o fármaco e seus metabólitos são racemizados nas condições em que o estudo de metabolismo é conduzido. Finalmente, para estudar o metabolismo in vitro da pioglitazona (PGZ), foi desenvolvido um método para análise desse fármaco e de seus principais metabólitos, a hidroxi-pioglitazona (M-IV) e a ceto-pioglitazona (M-III) empregando a eletroforese capilar (CE). As análises foram realizadas em capilar de sílica de 50 ?m de diâmetro interno e com comprimento efetivo de 40 cm, utilizando tampão fosfato de sódio 50 mmol L-1, pH 2,5, detecção em 190 nm, tensão de 30 kV e temperatura do capilar de 35 °C. A HF-LPME também foi empregada para a preparação das amostras. O sistema de três fases foi escolhido, empregando solução de ácido clorídrico como fase aceptora e o 1-octanol como solvente orgânico. A otimização dos demais parâmetros foi realizada através de planejamento fatorial fracionário. O método validado foi linear no intervalo de 200 - 25000 ng mL-1 para PGZ e 200 - 2000 ng mL-1 para os metabólitos, apresentando limites de quantificação de 200 ng mL-1 e recuperações acima de 19 % para a RSG e seus metabólitos M-IV e M-III. O método validado foi empregado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro contendo fração microssomal de fígado de ratos, mas nesse estudo, não foi possível observar a formação dos metabólitos. Entretanto, esse método pode ser usado em outros modelos de metabolismo in vitro (microssomas humanos), nos quais se observa a formação desses metabólitos em concentrações maiores. / In vitro metabolism studies have been used to characterize and to quantify possible metabolites, to elucidate metabolic pathways and to suggest models to perform in vivo studies. So the purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro rosiglitazone (RSG) metabolism employing microsomal fraction obtained from rat livers. A high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection at 245 nm was developed to analyze RSG and the main metabolites, p-hydroxy rosiglitazone (?-OH-R) e N-desmethyl rosiglitazone (N-Dm-R). The analytes were separated under reversed phase conditions, using a X-Terra MS C-18 column (3.5 ?m particle size) and a mobile phase consisting of water:acetonitrile:acetic acid (85:15:0.5, v/v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. Biological matrices contain a large excess of proteins, lipids and other endogenous compounds that interfere in the analysis of drugs and metabolites. So, a suitable sample preparation technique is required. Hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) is a promising technique for the preparation of biological samples. Besides the clean-up, analytes enrichment is also achieved. HF-LPME for the simultaneous analysis of RSG and its main metabolites is described for the first time. The three-phase extraction was performed using hydrochloride acid solution as acceptor phase and 1-octanol as organic solvent. The other parameters were optimized by fractional factorial design. The method was validated and it was linear over the concentration range of 50-6000 ng mL-1, with quantification limits of 50 ng mL-1 and recoveries above 47 %. The validated method was used to estimate Michaelis-Menten (Km) constant and maximum initial velocity (Vmax). N-Dm-R e ?-OH-R showed Vmax values of 87.30 ± 8.04 and 51.64 ± 12.25 ?mol min-1 mg protein-1, respectively, while the Kmvalues were 58.14 ± 11.85 e 77.84 ± 36.77 mmol L-1, respectively. Other possible metabolites were observed in the chromatograms and they were identified by mass spectrometry: ?rtho-hydroxy-rosiglitazone e N-desmethyl-hydroxy-rosiglitazone. RSG is marketed as a racemic mixture although the antidiabetic activity is related essentially to the (S)-enantiomer. The chiral center has a carbonyl group, therefore the (R)-enantiomer could be transformed to the (S)-enantiomer or vice-versa by keto-enolic tautomerism. The literature indicates that this racemization is slow enough to allow the evaluation of the properties of the isolated enantiomers. However, there is no information in the literature about enantioselective RSG kinetic disposition and metabolism. Considering this facts, an analytical procedure was developed to study the racemization of RSG and its metabolites under different conditions and to determine if the enantioselective metabolism would be performed. The method was developed by HPLC with detection at 245 nm. The chiral separation of RSG and metabolites was achieved on a Chiralcel OJ-H column, with the mobile phase consisting of methanol:ethanol (90:10,v/v). The results obtained showed that the racemization occurs under the conditions used in in vitro iv metabolism studies. Finally, to study the in vitro metabolism of pioglitazone (PGZ), another method was developed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine this drug and its main metabolites, hydroxy-pioglitazone (M-IV) and keto-pioglitazone (M-III). The analyses were conducted using a fused silica capillary (50 ?m inner diameter and 40 cm effective length), sodium phosphate buffer 50 mmol L-1, pH 2.5, detection at 190 nm, voltage of 30 kV and capillary temperature of 35°C. HF-LPME was also used for sample preparation with hydrochloride acid solution as acceptor phase and 1-octanol as organic solvent. The other parameters were optimized by fractional factorial design. The method was validated showing to be linear in the concentration range of 200 - 25000 ng mL-1 for PGZ and 200 - 2000 ng mL-1 for the metabolites. Quantification limits were 200 ng mL-1 for all analytes and the recoveries were higher than 19%. The validated method was used to study the in vitro metabolism of PGZ by rat liver microsomal fraction, but it was not possible to observe the formation of the metabolites in this study. However this method could be used in other in vitro metabolism models (human microssomes), in which higher concentrations of these metabolites are observed. Keywords:
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Mechanistic Studies on Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer ReactionsÅberg, Jenny B. January 2009 (has links)
Mechanistic studies on three different ruthenium-based catalysts have been performed. The catalysts have in common that they have been employed in hydrogen transfer reactions involving alcohols and ketones, amines and imines or both. Bäckvall’s catalyst, η5-(Ph5C5)Ru(CO)2Cl, finds its application as racemization catalyst in dynamic kinetic resolution, where racemic alcohols are converted to enantiopure acetates in high yields. The mechanism of the racemization has been investigated and both alkoxide and alkoxyacyl intermediates have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and in situ FT-IR measurements. The presence of acyl intermediates supports a mechanism via CO assistance. Substantial support for coordination of the substrate during the racemization cycle is provided, including exchange studies with both external and internal potential ketone traps. We also detected an unexpected alkoxycarbonyl complex from 5-hydroxy-1-hexene, which has the double bond coordinated to ruthenium. Shvo’s catalyst, [Ru2(CO)4(μ-H)(C4Ph4COHOCC4Ph4)] is a powerful catalyst for transfer hydrogenation as well as for dynamic kinetic resolution. The mechanism of this catalyst is still under debate, even though a great number of studies have been published during the past decade. In the present work, the mechanism of the reaction with imines has been investigated. Exchange studies with both an external and an internal amine as potential traps have been performed and the results can be explained by a stepwise inner-sphere mechanism. However, if there is e.g. a solvent cage effect, the results can also be explained by an outer-sphere mechanism. We have found that there is no cage effect in the reduction of a ketone containing a potential internal amine trap. If the mechanism is outer-sphere, an explanation as to why the solvent cage effect is much stronger in the case of imines than ketones is needed. Noyori’s catalyst, [p-(Me2CH)C6H4Me]RuH(NH2CHPhCHPhNSO2C6H4-p-CH3), has successfully been used to produce chiral alcohols and amines via transfer hydrogenation. The present study shows that the mechanism for the reduction of imines is different from that of ketones and aldehydes. Acidic activation of the imine was found necessary and an ionic mechanism was proposed.
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Dynamic Systems : Enzymatic Synthesis, Exchange Reactions and Applications in Materials ScienceZhang, Yang January 2015 (has links)
This thesis is divided into three parts, revolving around the developments of dynamic systems utilized in dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) and constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC). The first section gives an introduction to constitutional dynamics, the core concept of this thesis. Constitutional dynamics can be tuned through reversible interactions. Then, the basic principles of constitutional dynamics in DKR and CDC are discussed, along with their applications. The second section explores the asymmetric synthesis of oxazolidinone derivatives using lipase catalysis through kinetic resolution (KR) and dynamic kinetic resolution. In the first example, synthetic protocol to enantioenriched 5-phenyloxazolidin-2-ones is described, where a kinetically controlled carbamation is followed by lipase-catalyzed cyclization. In contrast to the 5-substituted species, the synthesis of 3-phenyloxazolidin-2-one derivatives could be achieved through lipase-catalyzed cascade O- and N- alkoxycarbonylations in one pot. Furthermore, this KR system could be coupled to a ruthenium-catalyzed racemization process of 1,2-aminoalcohols, thus providing an efficient DKR methodology for asymmetric transformations. The third section focuses on dynamic systems built through reversible covalent reactions. In the first example, a selective gelation process is described, and employed to resolve dynamic imine systems consisting of gelator candidates. In the second example, reversible reactions with aldehyde enamines are presented, including enamine formation and exchange reactions. In particular, Bi(III) and Sc(III) were discovered to accelerate the enamine exchange reactions by 50-400 times, in which the equilibria could be reached within hours. The last example describes reversible nitroaldol reactions in aqueous media, where rapid and efficient equilibration was identified for selected structures in neutral phosphate buffer. / <p>QC 20150911</p>
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Métodos de análise da rosiglitazona e pioglitazona e de seus principais metabólitos: aplicações em estudos de metabolismo in vitro / Methods for the analysis of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone and their metabolites: application to in vitro metabolism studiesLeandro Augusto Calixto 02 April 2012 (has links)
Estudos de metabolismo in vitro possuem o intuito de caracterizar e quantificar possíveis metabólitos, elucidar as vias metabólicas e sugerir modelos a serem seguidos para a realização de estudos in vivo. Com o intuito de estudar o metabolismo in vitro não estereosseletivo da rosiglitazona (RSG) empregando fração microssomal de fígado de ratos,foi desenvolvida uma metodologia por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção UV em 245 nm, para analisar a RSG e seus principais metabólitos, p-hidroxi rosiglitazona (?-OH-R) e N-desmetil rosiglitazona (N-Dm-R). Os analitos foram separados em fase reversa, utilizando uma coluna X-Terra MS C-18 (partículas de 3,5 ?m) e fase móvel composta por água:acetonitrila:ácido acético (85:15:0,5, v/v/v), na vazão de 1 mL min-1. Matrizes biológicas contém um grande excesso de proteínas, lipídeos e outros materiais endógenos que interferem na análise de fármacos e metabólitos, tornando necessário um procedimento adequado de preparação das amostras antes da análise cromatográfica. A microextração em fase líquida com membrana cilíndrica oca (HF-LPME) é uma técnica promissora para a preparação de amostras em estudos de metabolismo in vitro, pois, além de promover o clean-up, promove também o enriquecimento dos analitos na amostra. A HF-LPME foi aplicada pela primeira vez para a extração simultânea desse fármaco e seus metabólitos. O sistema de três fases foi escolhido como o mais apropriado, empregando uma solução de ácido clorídrico como fase aceptora e 1-octanol como solvente orgânico. A otimização dos demais parâmetros foi realizada através de planejamento fatorial fracionário. O método foi validado e foi linear no intervalo de 50-6000 ng mL-1, apresentando limites de quantificação de 50 ng mL-1 e recuperações acima de 47 % para a RSG e seus metabólitos (?-OH-R e N-Dm-R). O método validado foi empregado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro com fração microssomal de fígado de ratos. Nesse estudo, foi possível estimar as constantes de Michaelis-Menten (Km) e a velocidade inicial máxima (Vmax). N-Dm-R e ?-OH-R apresentaram valores de Vmax de 87,30 ± 8,04 e 51,64 ± 12,25 ?mol min-1 mg proteína-1, respectivamente, enquanto que os valores de Km foram de 58,14 ± 11,85 e 77,84 ± 36,77 mmol L-1, respectivamente. Outros metabólitos foram observados nos cromatogramas e a identificação foi feita por espectrometria de massas: ?rto-hidroxi-rosiglitazona e N-desmetil-hidroxi-rosiglitazona. A RSG é comercializada como uma mistura racêmica, apesar de possuir sua atividade antidiabética relacionada essencialmente com o enantiômero (S). O centro quiral desse fármaco possui um grupo carbonila, por isso, o enantiômero (R) pode se converter no enantiômero (S) ou vice-versa, via tautomerismo cetoenólico. Dados da literatura indicavam que essa racemização poderia ser lenta o suficiente para possibilitar o estudo dos enantiômeros isoladamente. Entretanto, até o momento não há dados sobre a disposição cinética ii e metabolismo enantiosseletivos desse fármaco. Sendo assim, propôs-se o desenvolvimento de metodologias analíticas para estudar a racemização da RSG e seus metabólitos e avaliar a possibilidade de estudar seu metabolismo in vitro de forma estereosseletiva. O método foi desenvolvido empregando HPLC com detecção em 245 nm. A separação dos enantiômeros do fármaco e metabólitos, também quirais, foi obtida empregando uma coluna Chiralcel OJ-H e fase móvel constituída por metanol:etanol (90:10; v/v), na vazão de 0,3 mL min-1. O estudo de racemização mostrou que o fármaco e seus metabólitos são racemizados nas condições em que o estudo de metabolismo é conduzido. Finalmente, para estudar o metabolismo in vitro da pioglitazona (PGZ), foi desenvolvido um método para análise desse fármaco e de seus principais metabólitos, a hidroxi-pioglitazona (M-IV) e a ceto-pioglitazona (M-III) empregando a eletroforese capilar (CE). As análises foram realizadas em capilar de sílica de 50 ?m de diâmetro interno e com comprimento efetivo de 40 cm, utilizando tampão fosfato de sódio 50 mmol L-1, pH 2,5, detecção em 190 nm, tensão de 30 kV e temperatura do capilar de 35 °C. A HF-LPME também foi empregada para a preparação das amostras. O sistema de três fases foi escolhido, empregando solução de ácido clorídrico como fase aceptora e o 1-octanol como solvente orgânico. A otimização dos demais parâmetros foi realizada através de planejamento fatorial fracionário. O método validado foi linear no intervalo de 200 - 25000 ng mL-1 para PGZ e 200 - 2000 ng mL-1 para os metabólitos, apresentando limites de quantificação de 200 ng mL-1 e recuperações acima de 19 % para a RSG e seus metabólitos M-IV e M-III. O método validado foi empregado em um estudo de metabolismo in vitro contendo fração microssomal de fígado de ratos, mas nesse estudo, não foi possível observar a formação dos metabólitos. Entretanto, esse método pode ser usado em outros modelos de metabolismo in vitro (microssomas humanos), nos quais se observa a formação desses metabólitos em concentrações maiores. / In vitro metabolism studies have been used to characterize and to quantify possible metabolites, to elucidate metabolic pathways and to suggest models to perform in vivo studies. So the purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro rosiglitazone (RSG) metabolism employing microsomal fraction obtained from rat livers. A high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection at 245 nm was developed to analyze RSG and the main metabolites, p-hydroxy rosiglitazone (?-OH-R) e N-desmethyl rosiglitazone (N-Dm-R). The analytes were separated under reversed phase conditions, using a X-Terra MS C-18 column (3.5 ?m particle size) and a mobile phase consisting of water:acetonitrile:acetic acid (85:15:0.5, v/v/v), at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. Biological matrices contain a large excess of proteins, lipids and other endogenous compounds that interfere in the analysis of drugs and metabolites. So, a suitable sample preparation technique is required. Hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) is a promising technique for the preparation of biological samples. Besides the clean-up, analytes enrichment is also achieved. HF-LPME for the simultaneous analysis of RSG and its main metabolites is described for the first time. The three-phase extraction was performed using hydrochloride acid solution as acceptor phase and 1-octanol as organic solvent. The other parameters were optimized by fractional factorial design. The method was validated and it was linear over the concentration range of 50-6000 ng mL-1, with quantification limits of 50 ng mL-1 and recoveries above 47 %. The validated method was used to estimate Michaelis-Menten (Km) constant and maximum initial velocity (Vmax). N-Dm-R e ?-OH-R showed Vmax values of 87.30 ± 8.04 and 51.64 ± 12.25 ?mol min-1 mg protein-1, respectively, while the Kmvalues were 58.14 ± 11.85 e 77.84 ± 36.77 mmol L-1, respectively. Other possible metabolites were observed in the chromatograms and they were identified by mass spectrometry: ?rtho-hydroxy-rosiglitazone e N-desmethyl-hydroxy-rosiglitazone. RSG is marketed as a racemic mixture although the antidiabetic activity is related essentially to the (S)-enantiomer. The chiral center has a carbonyl group, therefore the (R)-enantiomer could be transformed to the (S)-enantiomer or vice-versa by keto-enolic tautomerism. The literature indicates that this racemization is slow enough to allow the evaluation of the properties of the isolated enantiomers. However, there is no information in the literature about enantioselective RSG kinetic disposition and metabolism. Considering this facts, an analytical procedure was developed to study the racemization of RSG and its metabolites under different conditions and to determine if the enantioselective metabolism would be performed. The method was developed by HPLC with detection at 245 nm. The chiral separation of RSG and metabolites was achieved on a Chiralcel OJ-H column, with the mobile phase consisting of methanol:ethanol (90:10,v/v). The results obtained showed that the racemization occurs under the conditions used in in vitro iv metabolism studies. Finally, to study the in vitro metabolism of pioglitazone (PGZ), another method was developed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine this drug and its main metabolites, hydroxy-pioglitazone (M-IV) and keto-pioglitazone (M-III). The analyses were conducted using a fused silica capillary (50 ?m inner diameter and 40 cm effective length), sodium phosphate buffer 50 mmol L-1, pH 2.5, detection at 190 nm, voltage of 30 kV and capillary temperature of 35°C. HF-LPME was also used for sample preparation with hydrochloride acid solution as acceptor phase and 1-octanol as organic solvent. The other parameters were optimized by fractional factorial design. The method was validated showing to be linear in the concentration range of 200 - 25000 ng mL-1 for PGZ and 200 - 2000 ng mL-1 for the metabolites. Quantification limits were 200 ng mL-1 for all analytes and the recoveries were higher than 19%. The validated method was used to study the in vitro metabolism of PGZ by rat liver microsomal fraction, but it was not possible to observe the formation of the metabolites in this study. However this method could be used in other in vitro metabolism models (human microssomes), in which higher concentrations of these metabolites are observed. Keywords:
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Estudo das sínteses de peptídeos em fase sólida passo a passo e convergente a 60 °C usando aquecimento convencional e micro-ondas / Study of stepwise and convergent solid-phase peptide syntheses at 60ºC using conventional and microwave heatingsLoffredo, Carina 21 December 2009 (has links)
É sabido que: (i) as sínteses individual e múltipla (manual e automática), bem como a construção de bibliotecas e micro-arranjos de peptídeos sintéticos empregam a metodologia da fase sólida (SPFS); (ii) apesar do desenvolvimento atual desta metodologia sintética, os químicos de peptídeos continuam se deparando com problemas e limitações inerentes a ela; (iii) muitos trabalhos relatam a sua agilização pelo uso de altas temperaturas, mas poucos revelam preocupação com a integridade quiral dos peptídeos-alvo. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou dar continuidade à nossa investigação pioneira das: 1) incidência da enantiomerização dos aminoácidos e/ou de outras reações secundárias nas SPFS passo a passo de peptídeos a 60 °C; 2) viabilidade de realização de todas as etapas da síntese convergente em fase sólida (SCPFS) a 60 °C. Em relação ao tópico 1, os peptídeos-alvo escolhidos tinham tamanho e sequência variáveis que incluiam os aminoácidos trifuncionais problemáticos Cys, Ser, His, Met e Trp. Todos eles foram obtidos por SPFS passo a passo convencional e a 60 °C usando aquecimento convencional e micro-ondas. A identificação e a quantificação dos isômeros contaminantes foram feitas com a ajuda de padrões resultantes da SPFS passo a passo convencional e de métodos analíticos (RP-HPLC, LC-ESI/MS, CE e análise quiral de aminoácidos) em condições estabelecidas por nós. Foi constatado que: (i) as nossas condições de acoplamento são mais econômicas que as usuais, pois empregam menor concentração e excesso molar de N-acil-aminoácidos; (ii) nelas, a SPFS a 60 °C usando o aquecimento convencional é simples, prática, de custo relativamente baixo, demanda ½ do tempo da SPFS convenciona e não compromete significativamente a integridade quiral dos aminoácidos; (iii) nas condições similares, a SPFS passo a passo a 60 °C assistida por micro-ondas é mais rápida (realizada em ¼ do tempo gasto na SPFS convencional), porém mais cara e acompanhada de aumento significativo da enantiomerização da Cys; (iv) a mistura 25% DMSO/tolueno, nunca antes utilizada na SPFS assistida por micro-ondas, favoreceu a formação de contaminantes contendo Met oxidadas a sulfóxidos durante as sínteses do fragmento CCK24-33NS, mas o mesmo ocorreu quando DMF foi usado nas sínteses da CCK-33 NS; (v) outras reações secundárias típicas da SPFS passo a passo não foram intensificadas significativamente nas nossas condições sintéticas a 60 °C. Quanto ao tópico 2, foi escolhida a CCK-33 NS como modelo peptídico. Foi constatado que: (i) a etapa de obtenção dos fragmentos peptídicos protegidos que atuariam como doadores de acila (D.A.) e aceptor de acila (A.A.) de partida pode ser ágil e bem sucedida pela SPFS passo a passo a 60 °C nas nossas condições experimentais usando o aquecimento convencional; (ii) DMF, NMP e 25% DMSO/Tolueno foram adequados à solubilização dos fragmentos D.A. e dos reagentes necessários à sua ativação a 60 °C; (iii) a 60 °C, tais solventes também intumesceram satisfatoriamente a CCK24-33NS-resina Rink amida, A.A. de partica; (iv) o aquecimento convencional permitiu que algumas reações de acoplamento entre os D.A. e A.A. escolhidos fossem realizadas com sucesso; na maioria dos casos em que isso não ocorreu, o uso combinado das micro-ondas e agitação sob atmosfera inerte mediaram a formação do produto desejado; (v) a natureza dos fragmentos D.A. e A.A. é fator limitante na SCPFS, mesmo a 60 °C e usando o aquecimento convencional ou as micro-ondas, e, portanto, ele precisa ser melhor estudado. / It is well known that: (i) individual and multiple peptide syntheses (manual and automatic) as well as construction of synthetic peptide libraries and micro-arrays are all based on solid phase chemistry (SPPS); (ii) despite the current development of such synthetic methodology, peptide chemists are still facing its problems and inherent limitations; (iii) many previous works employed high temperatures to accelerate stepwise SPPS, but only a few showed concern about the preservation of the chiral integrity of the target peptide. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to continue our pioneering investigation of: 1) the incidence of amino acids enantiomerization and/or other side-reactions in the stepwise SPPS at 60°C, 2) the viability of performing all steps of the convergent synthesis on a solid support (CSPPS) at 60°C. With regard to the topic 1, the peptides chosen as targets had variable size and sequence, which included the tricky trifunctional amino acids Cys, Ser, His, Met and Trp. The peptides were synthesized by conventional stepwise SPFS and at 60 °C using conventional or microwave heating. Identification and quantification of the contaminant isomers was done with the aid of standards resultant from conventional stepwise SPPS and of analytical methods (RP-HPLC, LC-ESI/MS, CE and chiral amino acids analysis) in conditions established in our laboratory. It was shown that: (i) our coupling conditions are cheaper than the usual ones as they employ lower concentration and excess of N-acyl-amino acids; (ii) under them, stepwise SPPS at 60 °C using the conventional heating is simple, practical, relatively low-cost, demands half of the time required by conventional stepwise SPPS and does not cause the enhancement of amino acids enantiomerization; (iii) under similar conditions, microwave-assisted stepwise SPPS at 60 °C is faster (it demands only one-fourth of the time spent in the conventional stepwise SPPS), but it is more expensive and causes significant damage specially to the chiral integrity of Cys; (iv) the binary mixture 25% DMSO/toluene, never used earlier in microwave-assisted stepwise SPPS, led to the formation of contaminants with Met oxidized to its sulfoxides during the synthesis of CCK24-33NS; however, it also occurred when DMF was used in the synthesis of CCK-33 NS; (v) other side reactions typical of stepwise SPPS were not significantly intensified under our conditions at 60 °C. Concerning to the topic 2, CCK-33 NS was chosen as the model peptide. It was shown that: (i) the synthesis of the protected peptides that would act as acyl donor (A.D.) or as the starting acyl aceptor (A.A.) can be fast and successfully achieved at 60 °C under our experimental conditions using conventional heating; (ii) DMF, NMP and 25% DMSO/toluene dissolved all A.D. and the reagents required for their activation at 60 °C; (iii) at this temperature, such solvents were also able to properly swell CCK24-33NS-Rink amide resin, the starting A.A.; (iv) the conventional heating allowed for some coupling reactions between A.D. and A.A., but in most cases in which it did not occur, the combined use of microwaves and stirring under inert atmosphere mediated the formation of the desired products; (v) the nature of fragments A.D. and A.A. is a limiting factor in the CSPPS even at 60 °C and using the conventional or microwave heating; therefore, it should be further studied.
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Asymmetric transformation of ß- and γ-functionalized alcohols : Study of combined ruthenium-catalyzed racemization and enzymatic resolutionTräff, Annika January 2011 (has links)
The major part of this thesis describes the asymmetric synthesis of β- and γ-amino alcohols through the combination of ruthenium catalyzed racemization and enzymatic kinetic resolution. The dynamic kinetic resolution, DKR, protocol for chlorohydrins was improved by employing Bäckvall’s catalyst, which is a base activated racemization catalyst, in combination with Burkholderia cepacia lipase. These optimized conditions broadened the substrate scope and improved the yields and ee’s of the obtained chlorohydrin acetates. The utility of the method was demonstrated in the synthesis of (S)-salbutamol. In the second part of the thesis, DKR was utilized in the enantio-determining step of the total synthesis of (R)-duloxetine. Optimized DKR conditions, combining Bäckvall’s catalyst together with Candida antarctica lipase B, afforded a β-cyano acetate in high yield and ee. (R)-Duloxetine was accessible through synthetic alterations of the enantioenriched β-cyano acetate in high overall yield. A dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation, DYKAT, protocol to obtain enantio- and diastereomerically pure γ-amino alcohols was developed. In a first step N-Boc-aminoketones were obtained in high enantiomeric purity through a proline-catalyzed Mannich reaction. Subsequent in situ reduction coupled with a highly efficient DYKAT yielded γ-amino acetates in high dr and ee. The γ-amino alcohols were available through simple hydrolysis/deprotection with retained stereochemistry. In the final part of the thesis a heterogeneous bifunctional catalytic system is reported, which combines the catalytic properties of transition metal-catalyzed racemization with enzymatic acylation. A novel ruthenium-phosphonate complex was synthesized and then covalently anchored to the active site of solid supported Candida antarctica lipase B. The partially inhibited beads proved to be catalytically active both in racemization as well as enzymatic acylation. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Epub ahead of print.
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Estudo das sínteses de peptídeos em fase sólida passo a passo e convergente a 60 °C usando aquecimento convencional e micro-ondas / Study of stepwise and convergent solid-phase peptide syntheses at 60ºC using conventional and microwave heatingsCarina Loffredo 21 December 2009 (has links)
É sabido que: (i) as sínteses individual e múltipla (manual e automática), bem como a construção de bibliotecas e micro-arranjos de peptídeos sintéticos empregam a metodologia da fase sólida (SPFS); (ii) apesar do desenvolvimento atual desta metodologia sintética, os químicos de peptídeos continuam se deparando com problemas e limitações inerentes a ela; (iii) muitos trabalhos relatam a sua agilização pelo uso de altas temperaturas, mas poucos revelam preocupação com a integridade quiral dos peptídeos-alvo. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou dar continuidade à nossa investigação pioneira das: 1) incidência da enantiomerização dos aminoácidos e/ou de outras reações secundárias nas SPFS passo a passo de peptídeos a 60 °C; 2) viabilidade de realização de todas as etapas da síntese convergente em fase sólida (SCPFS) a 60 °C. Em relação ao tópico 1, os peptídeos-alvo escolhidos tinham tamanho e sequência variáveis que incluiam os aminoácidos trifuncionais problemáticos Cys, Ser, His, Met e Trp. Todos eles foram obtidos por SPFS passo a passo convencional e a 60 °C usando aquecimento convencional e micro-ondas. A identificação e a quantificação dos isômeros contaminantes foram feitas com a ajuda de padrões resultantes da SPFS passo a passo convencional e de métodos analíticos (RP-HPLC, LC-ESI/MS, CE e análise quiral de aminoácidos) em condições estabelecidas por nós. Foi constatado que: (i) as nossas condições de acoplamento são mais econômicas que as usuais, pois empregam menor concentração e excesso molar de N-acil-aminoácidos; (ii) nelas, a SPFS a 60 °C usando o aquecimento convencional é simples, prática, de custo relativamente baixo, demanda ½ do tempo da SPFS convenciona e não compromete significativamente a integridade quiral dos aminoácidos; (iii) nas condições similares, a SPFS passo a passo a 60 °C assistida por micro-ondas é mais rápida (realizada em ¼ do tempo gasto na SPFS convencional), porém mais cara e acompanhada de aumento significativo da enantiomerização da Cys; (iv) a mistura 25% DMSO/tolueno, nunca antes utilizada na SPFS assistida por micro-ondas, favoreceu a formação de contaminantes contendo Met oxidadas a sulfóxidos durante as sínteses do fragmento CCK24-33NS, mas o mesmo ocorreu quando DMF foi usado nas sínteses da CCK-33 NS; (v) outras reações secundárias típicas da SPFS passo a passo não foram intensificadas significativamente nas nossas condições sintéticas a 60 °C. Quanto ao tópico 2, foi escolhida a CCK-33 NS como modelo peptídico. Foi constatado que: (i) a etapa de obtenção dos fragmentos peptídicos protegidos que atuariam como doadores de acila (D.A.) e aceptor de acila (A.A.) de partida pode ser ágil e bem sucedida pela SPFS passo a passo a 60 °C nas nossas condições experimentais usando o aquecimento convencional; (ii) DMF, NMP e 25% DMSO/Tolueno foram adequados à solubilização dos fragmentos D.A. e dos reagentes necessários à sua ativação a 60 °C; (iii) a 60 °C, tais solventes também intumesceram satisfatoriamente a CCK24-33NS-resina Rink amida, A.A. de partica; (iv) o aquecimento convencional permitiu que algumas reações de acoplamento entre os D.A. e A.A. escolhidos fossem realizadas com sucesso; na maioria dos casos em que isso não ocorreu, o uso combinado das micro-ondas e agitação sob atmosfera inerte mediaram a formação do produto desejado; (v) a natureza dos fragmentos D.A. e A.A. é fator limitante na SCPFS, mesmo a 60 °C e usando o aquecimento convencional ou as micro-ondas, e, portanto, ele precisa ser melhor estudado. / It is well known that: (i) individual and multiple peptide syntheses (manual and automatic) as well as construction of synthetic peptide libraries and micro-arrays are all based on solid phase chemistry (SPPS); (ii) despite the current development of such synthetic methodology, peptide chemists are still facing its problems and inherent limitations; (iii) many previous works employed high temperatures to accelerate stepwise SPPS, but only a few showed concern about the preservation of the chiral integrity of the target peptide. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to continue our pioneering investigation of: 1) the incidence of amino acids enantiomerization and/or other side-reactions in the stepwise SPPS at 60°C, 2) the viability of performing all steps of the convergent synthesis on a solid support (CSPPS) at 60°C. With regard to the topic 1, the peptides chosen as targets had variable size and sequence, which included the tricky trifunctional amino acids Cys, Ser, His, Met and Trp. The peptides were synthesized by conventional stepwise SPFS and at 60 °C using conventional or microwave heating. Identification and quantification of the contaminant isomers was done with the aid of standards resultant from conventional stepwise SPPS and of analytical methods (RP-HPLC, LC-ESI/MS, CE and chiral amino acids analysis) in conditions established in our laboratory. It was shown that: (i) our coupling conditions are cheaper than the usual ones as they employ lower concentration and excess of N-acyl-amino acids; (ii) under them, stepwise SPPS at 60 °C using the conventional heating is simple, practical, relatively low-cost, demands half of the time required by conventional stepwise SPPS and does not cause the enhancement of amino acids enantiomerization; (iii) under similar conditions, microwave-assisted stepwise SPPS at 60 °C is faster (it demands only one-fourth of the time spent in the conventional stepwise SPPS), but it is more expensive and causes significant damage specially to the chiral integrity of Cys; (iv) the binary mixture 25% DMSO/toluene, never used earlier in microwave-assisted stepwise SPPS, led to the formation of contaminants with Met oxidized to its sulfoxides during the synthesis of CCK24-33NS; however, it also occurred when DMF was used in the synthesis of CCK-33 NS; (v) other side reactions typical of stepwise SPPS were not significantly intensified under our conditions at 60 °C. Concerning to the topic 2, CCK-33 NS was chosen as the model peptide. It was shown that: (i) the synthesis of the protected peptides that would act as acyl donor (A.D.) or as the starting acyl aceptor (A.A.) can be fast and successfully achieved at 60 °C under our experimental conditions using conventional heating; (ii) DMF, NMP and 25% DMSO/toluene dissolved all A.D. and the reagents required for their activation at 60 °C; (iii) at this temperature, such solvents were also able to properly swell CCK24-33NS-Rink amide resin, the starting A.A.; (iv) the conventional heating allowed for some coupling reactions between A.D. and A.A., but in most cases in which it did not occur, the combined use of microwaves and stirring under inert atmosphere mediated the formation of the desired products; (v) the nature of fragments A.D. and A.A. is a limiting factor in the CSPPS even at 60 °C and using the conventional or microwave heating; therefore, it should be further studied.
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Quantitative Ecological and Taphonomic Patterns in Late Cenozoic Mollusk-Dominated Marine Fossil AssemblagesBarbour Wood, Susan L. 27 June 2006 (has links)
Applications in paleontological research are far from being limited to taxonomic collection and identification. Nor is such research limited to working solely on fossil data. Actualistic paleontology is the study of modern or recent organisms and processes to better understand those of the past. The bulk of this body of research falls under the category of actualistic paleontology, and examines geochronological methods and error biases in dating biological specimens ranging in age from modern to thousands of years old. Although such methods are arguably not perfect, error rates of ± a few hundred to few thousand years can be extremely important when considering ecological relationships among both Holocene taxa and time-averaged paleocommunities, but quite diminished when considering implications on more traditional dating techniques for ancient strata. Regardless, understanding implications of time resolution is important in analyses of and comparisons between any biological dataset. The following chapters are united by quantitative and statistical management of data with varying levels of temporal resolution, and represent four manuscripts that either are in press or soon to be submitted for publication. / Ph. D.
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