Closure phases along different baseline triangles carry a large amount of information regarding the structures of the images of black holes in interferometric observations with the Event Horizon Telescope. We use long time span, high cadence, GRMHD+radiative transfer models of Sgr A* to investigate the expected variability of closure phases in such observations. We find that, in general, closure phases along small baseline triangles show little variability, except in the cases when one of the triangle vertices crosses one of the small regions of low visibility amplitude. The closure phase variability increases with the size of the baseline triangle, as larger baselines probe the small-scale structures of the images, which are highly variable. On average, the funnel-dominated MAD models show less closure phase variability than the disk-dominated SANE models, even in the large baseline triangles, because the images from the latter are more sensitive to the turbulence in the accretion flow. Our results suggest that image reconstruction techniques need to explicitly take into account the closure phase variability, especially if the quality and quantity of data allow for a detailed characterization of the nature of variability. This also implies that, if image reconstruction techniques that rely on the assumption of a static image are utilized, regions of the u-v space that show a high level of variability will need to be identified and excised.

No description available.

HD 169142 is an excellent target for investigating signs of planet-disk interaction due to previous evidence of gap structures. We perform J-band (similar to 1.2 mu m) polarized intensity imaging of HD 169142 with VLT/SPHERE. We observe polarized scattered light down to 0 ''.16 (similar to 19 au) and find an inner gap with a significantly reduced scattered-light flux. We confirm the previously detected double-ring structure peaking at 0 ''.18 (similar to 21 au) and 0 ''.56 (similar to 66 au) and marginally detect a faint third gap at 0 ''.70-0 ''.73 (similar to 82-85 au). We explore dust evolution models in a disk perturbed by two giant planets, as well as models with a parameterized dust size distribution. The dust evolution model is able to reproduce the ring locations and gap widths in polarized intensity but fails to reproduce their depths. However, it gives a good match with the ALMA dust continuum image at 1.3 mm. Models with a parameterized dust size distribution better reproduce the gap depth in scattered light, suggesting that dust filtration at the outer edges of the gaps is less effective. The pileup of millimeter grains in a dust trap and the continuous distribution of small grains throughout the gap likely require more efficient dust fragmentation and dust diffusion in the dust trap. Alternatively, turbulence or charging effects might lead to a reservoir of small grains at the surface layer that is not affected by the dust growth and fragmentation cycle dominating the dense disk midplane. The exploration of models shows that extracting planet properties such as mass from observed gap profiles is highly degenerate.

Les données moléculaires précises, comme les taux de collisions, sont très important pour interpréter les observations de raies moléculaires, et par conséquent, pour estimer la abondance moléculaire dans le milieu interstellaire. Nous avons utilisé différents approximations quantiques pour étudier les excitations rotationnelles de AlCN(1Σ), AlNC(1Σ), MgCN(2Σ), MgNC(2Σ), SiCN(2∏) et SiNC(2∏) à cause des collisions avec atomes de He . On a utilisé He pour simuler les collisions avec H2 en multipliant les taux par un facteur d'échelle. Nous avons aussi étudié le excitation rotationnel de HCN(1Σ) à cause des collisions avec H2. Puis, des calculs de transfert radiatif on été faite pour estimer la abondance relative du isomères dans différentes régions du milieu interstellaire. Malgré les caractéristiques spectroscopiques semblables des isomères, ce travail démontre l'importance d'effectuer des calculs des taux de collisions séparément pour chaque isomère, afin d'obtenir leur abondances. / Accurate molecular data, such collisional rate coefficients, are essential to model molecular lines and then to estimate molecular abundances in the interstellar medium (ISM). For this reason, we have used quantum approximations to study the rotational (de-)excitation of AlCN(1Σ), AlNC(1Σ), MgCN(2Σ), MgNC(2Σ), SiCN(2∏) and SiNC(2∏) molecules by collisions with He, as a model of H2. We have also considered the rotational (de-)excitation of HCN(1Σ) molecules by ortho-H2 and para-H2 molecules.Then, we have performed radiative transfer calculations in order to estimate the relative abundances of cyanide/isocyanide species in the ISM. The impact of our molecular data in the simulation of molecular emissions is discussed. Despite the similar spectroscopic characteristics of the isomers, this work demonstrates the importance of conducting separate collisional rate calculations for each isomer in order to obtain their abundances.

Polarization has been detected at early times for all types of supernovae (SNe), indicating that all such systems result from or quickly develop some form of asymmetry. In addition, the detection of strong line polarization in SNe is suggestive of chemical inhomogeneities ("clumps") in the layers above the photosphere, which may reflect hydrodynamical instabilities during the explosion. We have developed a fast, flexible, approximate semi-analytic code for modeling polarized line radiative transfer within three-dimensional inhomogeneous rapidly expanding atmospheres. Given a range of model parameters, the code generates random sets of clumps in the expanding ejecta and calculates the emergent line profile and Stokes parameters for each configuration. The ensemble of these configurations represents the effects both of various host geometries and of different viewing angles. We present results for the first part of our survey of model geometries, specifically the effects of the number and size of clumps (and the related effect of filling factor) on the emergent spectrum and Stokes parameters. Our simulations show that random clumpiness can produce line polarization in the range observed in SNe Ia, as well as the Q-U loops that are frequently seen in all SNe. We have also developed a method to connect the results of our simulations to robust observational parameters such as maximum polarization and polarized equivalent width in the line. Our models, in connection with spectropolarimetric observations, can constrain the three-dimensional structure of SN ejecta and offer important insight into the SN explosion physics and the nature of their progenitor systems.

The heat exchange during dry conditions in Curlew Valley for selected clear days is determined from recordings in 10 minute intervals . The two heat budget components , radiative exchange and heat flow in the soil, are studied in detail. Maximum surface temperature due to radiative exchange above, assuming no heat loss by other components, is determined. Reduction of surface temperature by heat conduction into the ground was calculated as a second step to solve the heat budget equation. Substantial heat flow throughout a day is restricted to the upper 10 em of the soil. Diffusivity of the soil was determined from soil temperature using phase and amplitude equations, of which the first gave better results.

Thesis. 1975. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Bibliography: leaves 73-75. / by Walter Joseph Slade, Jr. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 36-37. / by Charles Robert Posey II. / M.S.

Effective field theory (EFT) provides a framework to exploit separation of scales in the physical system in order to perform systematic model-independent calculations. There has been significant interest in applying the methods of EFT to halo nuclei. Using halo effective field theory, I provide a model-independent calculation of the radiative neutron capture on lithium-7 over an energy range where the contribution from the 3+ resonance becomes important. This reaction initiate the sequence in the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle in the inhomogeneous BBN models, and determine the amount of heavy element production from its reaction rate. One finds that a satisfactory description of the capture reaction, in the present single-particle approximation, suggests the use of a resonance width about three times larger than the experimental value. Power counting arguments that establish a hierarchy for the electromagnetic one- and two-body currents is also presented. The neutron capture of Lithium7 calculation has direct impact on the proton capture on beryllium7 which plays an important role in the neutrino experiments studying physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. As a further study of halo nuclei interactions, the cross section of radiative capture of a neutron by carbon-14 is calculated by considering the dominant contribution from electric dipole transition. This is also a part of the CNO cycle and as the slowest reaction in the chain it limits the flow of the production of heavier nuclei A > 14. The cross section is expressed in terms of the elastic scattering parameters of an effective range expansion. Contributions from both the resonant and non-resonant interactions are calculated. Significant interferences between these leads to a capture contribution that deviates from a simple Breit-Wigner resonance form. Using EFT, I present electromagnetic form factors of several halo nuclei. The magnetic dipole moment and the charge radii of carbon-15, beryllium-11, and carbon-19 halo systems are considered. Prediction is made for the magnetic moment in the leading order. I can only provide some estimates for the form factors in next-to-leading order where two-body currents appear. The estimates are based on power counting unless the effective range and the magnetic moment are known. Charge radii for three systems have also been estimated at LO and NLO.

No description available.