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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

X-Ray Emission Analysis Using Radioisotopic Alpha-Particle Excitation

Robertson, Robert 09 1900 (has links)
<p> The combined capabilities of alpha-particle emitting isotopic excitation sources and modern semiconductor detectors are investigated with a view to extending the light-element range of radioisotope-based X-ray emission analysis.</p> <p> The construction and performance of a windowless low-energy X-ray spectrometer designed around a lithium-drifted silicon detector and a 210Po source are discussed. It is shown that under the conditions used low-energy X-ray emission and detection are greatly favoured.</p> <p> Measurements of relative cross-sections for the production of X-rays by ~5.2 MeV alpha-particles in elements from oxygen to iron are reported. The results for elements of Z>16 are in good agreement with those predicted from the scaling of equal velocity proton values but show large positive deviations for elements of Z<16.</p> <p> Investigative applications of the spectrometer to quantitative analyses of blast-furnace slags, iron ores and silicate rocks for oxygen, silicon, sulpher, calcium and iron are described.</p> <p> The future prospects of radioisotopic alpha-particle X-ray excitation methods are surveyed.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2

Sistema de captura de aerossóis gerados em ablação com laser para amostragem de superfícies contaminadas / Capture system of aerosols generated by laser ablation for radioactively contaminated surfaces sampling

Rosa, Rodrigo Bohac Ferreira da 09 October 2018 (has links)
A Gerência de Rejeitos Radioativos do IPEN já se utiliza da técnica de ablação por laser para descontaminação de peças superficialmente contaminadas por material radioativo. Esta tecnologia, porém, demonstrou grande potencial para caracterização destes rejeitos com o objetivo de levantar o Inventário Radioisotópico de peças. As técnicas atuais para levantar este inventário (esfregaço e modelagem físico-matemática) sofrem de grandes limitações de implementação e de precisão. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver o projeto de uma sonda de ablação por laser acoplada a um módulo de sucção e captura por filtro do particulado ejetado na ablação, permitindo envio do filtro para análise de emissões radioativas para classificação de radioisótopos. / The department Gerência de Rejeitos Radioativos (Radioactive Waste Management) from IPEN has already used the laser ablation technique for superficial decontamination of parts. This technique has also shown great potential for characterization of this waste with the purpose of rising data for the Radioisotopic Inventory of parts. The current techniques for this purpose (wipe sampling and physical modeling) lack the accuracy and practicality. The objective of this study is to develop the project of an instrument of laser ablation engaged with a module for sucking and capturing (by filter) the particulate ejected from the ablation, allowing the filter to be analyzed in laboratory for radioisotopic classification through radioactive emission.
3

Aplicación clínica de la biopsia del ganglio centinela en cáncer de mama. Eficiencia del procedimiento radioisotópico y evolución a medio plazo de los pacientes

Blanco Saiz, María Isabel 17 December 2012 (has links)
La extensión linfática es el factor pronóstico más importante en el momento del diagnóstico del cáncer de mama. La Biopsia Selectiva del Ganglio Centinela (BSGC) es el procedimiento actualmente indicado para la estadificación regional de las pacientes con cáncer de mama precoz. La BSGC permite una estadificación más exacta que la linfadenectomía axilar tradicional (LDNA), gracias a la identificación de drenajes extra-axilares y de micrometástasis en el GC, de modo que el manejo terapeútico posterior de las pacientes ha de ser más acertado y la evolución clínica mejor. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la eficiencia y seguridad de la aplicación clínica de la BSGC en las pacientes con cáncer de mama, perfilando la metodología óptima en cuanto al radiotrazador y la vía de administración, y analizando la indicación en situaciones clínicas especiales: carcinoma in situ, múltiple, o cirugía mamaria previa. Se estudian los primeros 600 procedimientos de BSGC realizados en fase clínica, a 591 pacientes con cáncer de mama estadio I y II. La eficiencia de detección gammagráfica e intraoperatoria del GC fue 94,5% y 90,5% respectivamente. El procedimiento de BSGC evita una LDNA innecesaria en el 68,9% de los pacientes, que presentan GC benigno. Después de un seguimiento medio de 47,4 meses, ha aparecido una única recaída axilar en las pacientes con GC benigno (tasa 0,24%). Este aspecto probablemente se relaciona con la exéresis sistemática de otros ganglios “sospechosos”. El 8,3 % de los pacientes incluidos han sido re-estadificados por la identificación de micrometástasis en el GC, hallando otros ganglios positivos en la LDNA en el 12,1%. La tasa de enfermedad es 8,1% en estas pacientes. La eficiencia de detección del GC no ha diferido significativamente al comparar radiotrazadores de distinto tamaño (coloide de estaño vs sulfuro de renio) y diferentes vías de administración (profunda, periareolar, combinada), aunque se debe considerar la fuerte dependencia entre ambos aspectos técnicos. Los drenajes extra-axilares son más frecuentes cuando se emplea un radiocoloide de menor tamaño. El análisis histopatológico final revela invasión en el 45,6% de los pacientes incluidos con el diagnóstico inicial de carcinoma in situ. El porcentaje de afectación del GC en estos pacientes es 6,9%. La tasa de identificación del GC en el carcinoma múltiple de mama es 95,5% en la gammagrafía y 92,1% en la detección intraoperatoria; 93,7% y 87,5% respectivamente en los tumores multicéntricos, en los que se observa además mayor número de GC por paciente y de GC extra-axilares. La eficiencia de detección gammagráfica y quirúrgica del GC en las pacientes con cirugía mamaria previa (inyección superficial) es 92,3% y 82% respectivamente. El número de GC por paciente y el porcentaje de drenajes extra-axilares son significativamente elevados, sobre todo cuando existe algún antecedente quirúrgico extenso antiguo (cirugía conservadora) y/o localizado en el CSE. En conclusión, la BSGC es una técnica eficaz, segura y fiable que permite una estadificación exacta de los pacientes y contribuye al control locorregional de la enfermedad. La inyección periareolar se confirma como método seguro y altamente eficaz, aún cuando se emplean radiocoloides de tamaño grande. El procedimiento de BSGC está indicado en cáncer in situ de alto riesgo o con indicación de mastectomía, y puede realizarse con seguridad en tumores múltiples, incluso multicéntricos, y en pacientes con antecedentes quirúrgicos, aunque sean relativamente extensos o afecten al CSE. En todas estas circunstancias es apropiada también la administración periareolar del radiocoloide. / Lymphatic status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the current elective procedure for regional staging in patients with early breast cancer. SLNB allows more exact staging than traditional axillary lymphadenectomy (ALDN), on the basis of the identification of extra-axillary drainages and sentinel node (SN) micrometastasis, what results in more appropriate adjuvant theraphy and better outcome of the patients. The aim of this study was to establish the efficiency and safety of SLNB in its clinical application to breast cancer patients, as well as the optimal methodology (particle size of the colloid, site of injection) and controversial indications (intraductal carcinoma, multifocal/multicentric breast cancer, patients with previous breast surgery). This study included the first 600 SLNB procedures, performed in 591 patients with breast cancer, I and II stage. The scintigraphic and intraoperative detection rate of SN were respectively 94.5% and 90.5%.The procedure avoided unnecesary ALDN in 68.9% of the patients, those without SN involvement. After a median follow-up of 47.4 months, the incidence of axillary recurrence after tumor negative SN is low (0.24%), probably related to the systematic removal of “suspicious” nodes during the surgical act. The identification of micrometastasis in SN implied the upstaging of 8.3% of patients included. The subsequent ALDN performed showed non-sentinel node metastasis in 12.1%. Disease rate in these patients is 8.1%. The efficiency of SN detection did not varied significantly when comparing radiotracers of different size (stannous fluorid vs rhenium sulphide colloid), or different sites of injection (deep, areolar or combined). However, the strong correlation between these two technical aspects must be taken into account. Extra-axillary drainages are more frequent when a smaller radiotracer is used. Final pathologic diagnosis revealed invasion in 45.6% of patients included with the initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ. The percentage of positive SN was 6.9% in these patients. The identification rate of SN in patients with multiple breast cancer was 93.7% in lymphoscintigraphy and 92.1% in surgical detection. These percentages were respectively 93.7% and 87.5% in multicentric cases, in that higher number of SN per patient and extra-axillary nodes were found. Scintigraphic and surgical detection rate in patients with previous breast surgery was 92.3% and 82%. The number of SN per patient and the percentage of extra-axillary drainages were higher, especially after wide ancient surgery (conservative) in outer-upper quadrant. In conclusion, SLNB is an efficient, safe and accurate procedure. It achieves an exact staging of the patients, and contributes to local control of the disease. Periareolar injection is a reliable method, even though large colloids are used. SLNB is indicated in high risk ductal carcinoma in situ or programmed to mastectomy, multiple breast cancer, multicentric included, and breast cancer in patients with prior breast surgery, even though wide or external. In these clinical circumstances, the periareolar injection is also appropiate.

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