International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / A radiolocation problem using DS-CDMA waveforms with array-based receivers is considered. It is assumed that M snapshots of N(s) Nyquist sample long data are available, with a P element antenna array. In the handshaking radiolocation protocol assumed here, data training sequences are available for all K users. As a result, the received spatial-temporal matrix R ∈ C^(MN(s)x P) is approximated by a sum of deterministic signal matrices S(k)^b ∈ C^(MN(s) N(s)) multiplied by unconstrained array response matrices A(k) ∈ C^(N(s)x P). The unknown delays are not estimated directly. Rather, the delays are implicitly approximated as part of the symbol-length long channel, and solutions sparse in the rows of A are thus sought. The resulting ML cost function is J = ||R - ∑(k=1)^K S(k)^bA(k)||(F). The Generalized Successive Interference Cancellation (GSIC) algorithm is employed to iteratively estimate and cancel multiuser interference. Thus, at the k-th GSIC iteration, the index p(k) = arg min(l ≠ p(1),...,p(k-1)) {min(A(l)) ||R^k-S(l)^bA(l)||(F)} is computed, where R^k = ∑(l=1)^(k-1) S(pl)^bÂ(pl). Matching pursuits is embedded in the GSIC iterations to compute sparse channel/steering vector solutions Â(l). Simulations are presented for DS-CDMA signals received over channels computed using a ray-tracing propagation model.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / This paper presents the development of two distributed terrestrial radiolocation algorithms that use range estimates derived from DS-CDMA waveforms. The first algorithm, which is RLS-based, is derived as the solution of an approximate least-squares positioning problem. This algorithm has the advantage of reduced computational complexity, compared with the EKF-based algorithm that is presented. It is shown via simulations that both positioning algorithms perform well, with the performance of the EKF-based algorithm being superior.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is well established as a computationally efficient method for separable signal parameter estimation. Here, a new geometric derivation and interpretation of the EM algorithm is given that facilitates the understanding of its convergence properties. Geometric considerations then lead to an alternative separable signal parameter estimator based on successive cancellation. The new Generalized Successive Interference Cancellation (GSIC) algorithm may offer better performance than EM in the presence of large signal power disparities. Finally, application of the GSIC algorithm to CDMA-based radiolocation is discussed, and simulation results are presented.

A radiolocation/navigation system is considered in which mobile nodes use ultra-wideband (UWB) radios to obtain inter-node ranges via round-trip travel time (RTT). Each node is also assumed to contain an inertial measurement unit (IMU) which generates 2D position estimates subject to Gaussian drift and additive noise errors. The key problem in such a system is obtaining 2 or 3-D position estimates from the nonlinear UWB range measurements and fusing the resulting UWB and IMU estimates. The system presented uses a Steepest Descent Random Start (SDRS) algorithm to solve the nonlinear positioning problem. It is shown that SDRS is a stable algorithim under a realistic communications reciprocity assumption. The SDRS estimates are then treated as measurements by the navigation Kalman filter. The navigation filter also processes separate IMU-derived position estimates to update node position/velocity. Simulation results for an urban corridor are given showing < 6 m. rms position errors.

This thesis deals with the analysis and solution source for carrier frequency generator for portable radar signal simulator. This simulator is tunable in the frequency range from 2 GHz to 18 GHz and as it´s frequency source generator is used YIG oscillator for its very high frequency realignment. Simulator provides output power up to 1W on the SMA connector which can be connect to internal antenna by using jumper cable. To achieve this output power will be used by semiconductor amplifier.

This thesis presents a grid-based indoor radiolocation technique based on a Spatially Coherent Path Loss Model (SCPL). SCPL is a path loss model which characterizes the radio wave propagation in an environment by solely using Received Signal Strength (RSS) fingerprints. The propagation of the radio waves is characterized by uniformly dividing the environment into grid cells, followed by the estimation of the propagation parameters for each grid cell individually. By using SCPL and RSS fingerprints acquired at an unknown location, the distance between an agent and all the access point in an indoor environment can be determined. A least-squares based trilateration is then used as the global fix of location the agent in the environment. The result of the trilateration is then represented in a probability distribution function over the grid cells induced by SCPL. Since the proposed technique is able to locally model the propagation accounting for attenuation of non-uniform environmental irregularities, the characterization of the path loss in the indoor environment and radiolocation technique might yield improved results. The efficacy of the proposed technique was investigated with an experiment comparing SCPL and an indoor radiolocation technique based on a conventional path loss model. / Master of Science / This thesis presents a technique uses radio waves to localize an agent in an indoor environment. By characterizing the difference between transmitted and received power of the radio waves, the agent can determine how far it is away from the transmitting antennas, i.e. access points, placed in the environment. Since the power difference mainly results from obstructions in the environment, the attenuation profile of the environment carries a significant importance in radiolocation techniques. The proposed technique, called Spatially Coherent Path Loss Model (SCPL), characterizes the radio wave propagation, i.e. the attenuation, separately for different regions of the environment, unlike the conventional techniques employing global attenuation profiles. The localization environment is represented with grid-cell structure and the parameters of SCPL model describing the extent of the attenuation of the environment are estimated individually. After creating an attenuation profile of the environment, the agent localizes itself in the localization environment by using SCPL with signal powers received from the access points. This scheme of attenuation profiling constitutes the main contribution of the proposed technique. The efficacy and validity of the proposed technique was investigated with an experiment comparing SCPL and an indoor radiolocation technique based on a conventional path loss model.

In light of incidents and concerns regarding the vulnerability of the global positioning system (GPS), the main purpose of the thesis is to look at alternative systems for radio guidance and to put up a serious study on such alternatives with receive and transmit antenna. There is also the need to design such antennas with multiple frequencies to offer robustness in the unlikely event that such adversarial attacks on the GPS happen. The basis on which such alternative antennas are designed is a slotted microstrip. The characteristics of the slot or slots on the microstrip are analyzed by mapping their exact locations on the patch and then noting the resultant center frequencies, the return losses, and the bandwidth. The activities associated with this also focus on the design, fabrication, validation, and characterization of one or more slotted antennas prototypes. The measurement of the antenna prototypes does confirm several frequencies that coexist to see applications, in aeronautical radionavigation, fixed-mobile radionavigation, and radiolocation. The antennas could also feature in a wide-area augmentation system (WAAS), satellite ground link system (SGLS) as well as in surveillance and precision approach radars. Some variations of the antenna are deployed in the areas of law enforcement, surveillance, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Applications of the antenna in an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) are feasible due to its multiple resonant frequencies. Radiolocation and radionavigation antennas have also been known to be mounted in UAVs or on tethered balloons along the borders of the United States to detect low-flying aircraft in support of drug interdiction programs.

Aircraft in the US are equipped with Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs). In emergency situations these beacons are activated, providing a radio signal that can be used to locate the aircraft. Recent developments in UAV technologies have enabled mini-UAVs (5-foot wingspan) to possess a high level of autonomy. Due to the small size of these aircraft they are human-packable and can be easily transported and deployed in the field. Using a custom-built Radio Direction Finder, we gathered readings from a known transmitter and used them to compare various Bayesian reasoning-based filtering algorithms. Using a custom-developed simulator, we were able to test and evaluate filtering and control methods. In most non-trivial conditions we found that the Sequential Importance Resampling (SIR) Particle Filter worked best. The filtering and control algorithms presented can be extended to other problems that involve UAV control and tracking with noisy non-linear sensor behavior.

En autorisant de nouveaux services centrés sur l'utilisateur (navigation indoor contextuelle, surveillance/inventaire de biens personnels, etc.), les nouvelles fonctions de radiolocalisation sont en passe de modifier en profondeur les usages liés à la mobilité. Dans ce contexte, la technologie radio ultra large bande impulsionnelle (IR-UWB), qui permet en théorie d'apprécier le temps de vol des impulsions transmises à l'échelle de la nanoseconde et donc, la distance séparant l'émetteur du récepteur avec une précision de l'ordre de quelques dizaines de centimètres seulement, a été régulièrement mise en avant ces dix dernières années. En dépit de ces bonnes dispositions, l'obstruction des liens radio par le(s) corps ou les obstacles (murs, mobilier...) donne toutefois lieu à des erreurs significatives sur les distances mesurées, dégradant d'autant les performances de positionnement, en particulier en environnements fermés (ex. indoor). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on se proposait d'exploiter une architecture intégrée de récepteur IR-UWB, permettant d'estimer la réponse du canal multi-trajets dans son ensemble, afin d'améliorer la fonction de localisation. Une étude détaillée de ce canal radio mobile, tel que perçu par le récepteur, a d'abord été menée, débouchant sur une interprétation déterministe (c'est-à-dire géométrique) de l'évolution temporelle relative des composantes multi-trajets, ainsi qu'à une modélisation de leur interférence mutuelle. En s'appuyant sur l'étude précédente, des algorithmes de détection, d'association et de suivi des impulsions reçues (ex. batterie de filtres de Kalman à hypothèses multiples) ont alors été proposés. Ces différentes propositions tirent profit des spécificités de l'architecture du récepteur, en visant d'une part, à exploiter la cohérence spatio-temporelle des composantes multi-trajets résolues en réception, et d'autre part, à minimiser l'effet néfaste de leurs collisions au sein de canaux mobiles particulièrement denses (ex. via une estimation de canal multi-bandes). Les solutions apportées permettent en particulier, pour chaque lien radio en situation de non-visibilité, de corriger le temps d'arrivée des trajets directs manquants à partir de trajets secondaires suivis, tout en autorisant l'utilisation d'une structure de filtre classique pour la poursuite du mobile (c'est-à-dire, alimenté par plusieurs liens radio ainsi "corrigés" vis-à-vis de différentes balises fixes). Ces développements algorithmiques ont d'abord été validés par le biais de simulations (à partir d'un outil semi-déterministe, incluant un modèle de récepteur complet), avant d'être appliqués à un jeu de données réelles, issues de dispositifs radio IR-UWB commercialisés par la société BeSpoon. / By making possible unprecedented user-centric services (monitoring/smart inventory of personal goods, context-aware indoor navigation, etc.), new radiolocation capabilities are on the verge of modifying in depth mobility-based usages. In this context, the impulse radio - ultra wideband technology (IR-UWB), which theoretically enables to estimate the arrival time of transmitted pulses at the nanosecond scale and hence, the relative distance between a transmitter and a receiver within a few tens of centimeters, has been regularly put forward for the last past decade. In spite of these good intrinsic properties, the obstruction of radio links, either by the carrying body itself or by surrounding obstacles (walls, pieces of furniture. . . ), can result in significant errors on unitary range measurements, degrading the overall positioning performance accordingly, in particular in confined environments (e.g., indoor). In the frame of this PhD work, the main idea was to rely on an integrated IR-UWB receiver architecture, which has the capability to finely estimate the entire multipath profile, in order to improve the localization functionality. An in-depth study of the mobile multipath channel, as perceived by the previous receiver, has been conducted first, leading to the deterministic interpretation (i.e., from a geometric point of view) of the relative temporal evolution of multipath components, as well as to the modelling of their mutual interference. Based on these preliminary investigations, adapted multipath detection, association and tracking algorithms have been proposed (e.g., multi-hypothesis Kalman filters in parallel). All these proposals benefit from the receiver specificities, aiming at capturing the space-time correlation of multipath components under mobility, while minimizing harmful interference effects in dense channels (e.g., by means of combined multi-band channel estimations). In particular, for each non-line-of-sight link independently, the previous solutions allow to correct the estimated arrival time of the missing direct path out of the tracked secondary paths, while enabling the use of a conventional structure for the mobile tracking filter (i.e., fed by several "corrected" links with respect to distinct base stations). These algorithmic developments were first validated by means of simulations (using a semideterminist tool including a complete model of the receiver), before being applied to a measurement data set issued by IR-UWB devices commercialized by the BeSpoon company.

Indoor/Outdoor Location of Cellular Handsets Based on Received Signal Strength Jian Zhu 123 pages Directed by Dr. Gregory D. Durgin Accurate geo-location is an important emerging technology for public safety, commercial use, and military application. Especially, in the United States, the wireless Enhanced 911 (E911) rules by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) seek to provide 911 dispatchers with additional information on wireless 911 calls. This dissertation presents a novel technique for indoor/outdoor location of cellular handsets based on received signal strength (RSS) measurements taken by a cellular handset of the surrounding base stations. RSS location accuracy for different environments is studied as a function of base station separation distance, cell sector density, measurement density, radio propagation environment, and accuracy of measurement. The analytical and experimental results in this thesis serve as a guideline for the accuracy of RSS signature location technology under different conditions. Accurate outdoor to indoor penetration models are proposed and validated for dense urban areas by introducing pseudo-transmitters to simulate the wave-guiding effects in urban canyon environments. A set of location algorithms is developed to improve location accuracy. Furthermore, an algorithm to discriminate between indoor and outdoor users is proposed and validated. The research results demonstrate the feasibility of RSS location techniques to meet the FCCs requirements for E911 accuracy in urban and semi-urban environments. The techniques remain accurate for indoor handsets. The results also suggest that a hybridization of the handset-based GPS method and the RSS signature method may prove to be the most effective solution for locating handsets across a range of environments; including rural, suburban, dense urban, and indoor.