Radiation film dosimetry process using the RIT 113 v.4 dosimetry software and the film digitizer VXR-l2plus was used to evaluate the accuracy of electron dose calculations of the RAHD radiation therapy treatment planning system at Samaritan Regional Cancer Center. Kodak Ready-Pack EDR-2 film is recommended for dose distribution analysis in clinically practical dose ranges. The pencil-beam algorithm has a limitation for calculating dose in the penumbra region and in the tail region where the dose falls off. / Graduation date: 2005

The EPID (electronic portal imaging device) was designed for in vivo imaging of patients during radiotherapy treatment. The ability of EPIDs to promptly acquire two dimensional data, lends them to be considered for use in quality assurance of the linac. This thesis set out to investigate the possibility of using a radionuclide, technetium 99 m (Tc99m), to produce a flood field for the calibration of an EPID, because using a beam calibrated EPID to measure the beam is self-referential. The difference in relative response between the energy spectrum of a 6MV beam and the Tc99m was investigated using EGSNRC DoseXYZ Monte Carlo Modelling. The relative output ratio was calculated to be less than 1.6%. The dose response of the EPID with respect to dose rate was checked using different activities of Tc99m and found to be linear. The flatness from a phantom was calculated, with a model in MATLAB, for a range of heights, overlaps, thickness, and deformations, to find the optimum balances between signal strength and flatness. This model was checked for accuracy using diagnostic radiographic film. The culmination of the energy response, linearity and the calculated flatness is a flood field taken with a flood phantom on the EPID with low signal strength. To get a signal to noise ratio of 3% the mean of over 2000 flood field images were used. This accuracy was not adequate for clinical use but the averaging of pixels it is accurate enough for QA.

The EPID (electronic portal imaging device) was designed for in vivo imaging of patients during radiotherapy treatment. The ability of EPIDs to promptly acquire two dimensional data, lends them to be considered for use in quality assurance of the linac. This thesis set out to investigate the possibility of using a radionuclide, technetium 99 m (Tc99m), to produce a flood field for the calibration of an EPID, because using a beam calibrated EPID to measure the beam is self-referential. The difference in relative response between the energy spectrum of a 6MV beam and the Tc99m was investigated using EGSNRC DoseXYZ Monte Carlo Modelling. The relative output ratio was calculated to be less than 1.6%. The dose response of the EPID with respect to dose rate was checked using different activities of Tc99m and found to be linear. The flatness from a phantom was calculated, with a model in MATLAB, for a range of heights, overlaps, thickness, and deformations, to find the optimum balances between signal strength and flatness. This model was checked for accuracy using diagnostic radiographic film. The culmination of the energy response, linearity and the calculated flatness is a flood field taken with a flood phantom on the EPID with low signal strength. To get a signal to noise ratio of 3% the mean of over 2000 flood field images were used. This accuracy was not adequate for clinical use but the averaging of pixels it is accurate enough for QA.

Η στερεοτακτική μέθοδος ακτινοθεραπείας και ακτινοχειρουργικής είναι μια νεότερη μέθοδος της ογκολογίας, που αποδεδειγμένα υπερέχει έναντι της συμβατικής μεθόδου ακτινοβόλησης, ιδιαίτερα όταν συνδυάζεται με τελευταίες τεχνικές ακτινοβόλησης, όπως το IMRT, ArcTherapy and VMAT. Χαρακτηρίζεται δε από ακτινοβόληση με ιδιαίτερα υψηλές δόσεις, συνήθως πολύ μικρών όγκων, της τάξεως του εκατοστού. Εξαιτίας αυτών, είναι επιτακτική η ανάγκη για μέγιστη ακρίβεια και αποφυγή λαθών, καθώς δεν υπάρχουν περιθώρια σφάλματος! Κάθε ακτινοθεραπευτικό κέντρο οφείλει λοιπόν να ακολουθεί ένα ολοκληρωμένο και ιδιαίτερα αυστηρό πρόγραμμα ποιοτικού ελέγχου, θεσπίζοντας μια σειρά ελέγχων σε ημερήσια, εβδομαδιαία, μηνιαία και ετήσια βάση. Μέθοδος: Επειδή δεν υπάρχει ένα εντεταλμένο πρωτόκολλο Ποιοτικού Ελέγχου Στερεοτακτικής Ακτινοθεραπείας με Γραμμικό Επιταχυντή, αρχικά στην εργασία αυτή έγινε μια βιβλιογραφική μελέτη για να βρεθεί το state of the art αυτού του ζητήματος και να εντοπιστούν, σε πρώτη φάση, οι επιμέρους ποιοτικοί έλεγχοι που προτείνονται για τα διάφορα μέρη της στερεοτακτικής ακτινοβόλησης (εξοπλισμός και διαδικασία). Κατόπιν, προσδιορίστηκε μια συνολική, βέλτιστη και κατάλληλη για την πλειοψηφία των ακτινοθεραπευτικών κέντρων, λίστα ελέγχων για τη Διασφάλιση της Ποιότητας στην Στερεοτακτική Ακτινοθεραπεία. Αποτελέσματα: Ο Πίνακας των Ελέγχων που προέκυψε είναι – ως όφειλε – σύμφωνος με τα επιμέρους διεθνή πρωτόκολλα της Ευρώπης και Αμερικής. Βάσει αυτού προτείνεται ένα ολοκληρωμένο Πρόγραμμα Διασφάλισης Ποιότητας για Ακτινοθεραπευτικά Κέντρα που εφαρμόζουν στερεοταξία, το οποίο μπορεί να διαμορφωθεί από κάθε ακτινοθεραπευτικό κέντρο, βάσει των ιδιαιτεροτήτων αυτού, αλλά και να προσαρμοστεί σε μελλοντικές τεχνολογικές αλλαγές. Η εφαρμογή τέτοιων ελέγχων, τέλος, διερευνήθηκε στο ιδιωτικό θεραπευτήριο ΜΕΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΑΝ του Φαλήρου. Συμπεράσματα: Το πρόγραμμα ελέγχων που προτείνεται, αν και είναι σύμφωνο με τα επιμέρους διεθνή πρωτόκολλα ποιοτικού ελέγχου για τον εξοπλισμό και τη διαδικασία της ακτινοθεραπείας, πρέπει περαιτέρω να διερευνηθεί επί της κλινικής πράξης από ακτινοθεραπευτικά κέντρα, προκειμένου να βρεθούν τυχόν αδυναμίες και ελλείψεις και τελικώς να αποτελέσει τη βάση ενός μελλοντικού Πρωτόκολλου Διασφάλισης Ποιότητας Στερεοτακτικής Ακτινοθεραπείας με Γραμμικό Επιταχυντή, εγκεκριμένου από τους αρμόδιους διεθνείς φορείς και οργανισμούς. / Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (SRT) and Stereotactic RadioSurgery (SRS) are new advanced oncologic treatment modalities, which proved superior to the conventional method of irradiation, particularly when combined with latest irradiation techniques, such as IMRT, ArcTherapy and VMAT. They apply very high doses, to – usually – very small volumes (centimeters range). These characteristics mean great need for maximum accuracy and avoid mistakes, as there is no room for error! Therefore, every radiotherapy center must follow a very strict and comprehensive quality control program, adopting a series of checks on a daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis. Method: Because there is no specific Quality Control Protocol for Stereotactic Radiotherapy using Linear Accelerator, the first part of this work was a literature study to find the state of the art of this issue and find, at first, the proposed quality controls for each part of stereotactic irradiation (equipment and process). Afterwards an overall checklist for Quality Assurance in Stereotactic Radiotherapy was defined, which was assessed as optimal and suitable for most radiotherapy centers. Results: The resulted table of checks is - as it should - in line with the different international protocols in Europe and America. Based on this, a comprehensive Quality Assurance Program for radiotherapy centers applying stereotaxis, is proposed. This may be configured and modified by each radiotherapy center, according to its specificities, and also adapt to future technological advances. Finally we look into the implementation of such controls, at the METROPOLITAN private hospital of Faliro. Conclusions: Although the recommended Control Program is consistent with the different international quality control protocols for the equipment and process of radiotherapy, the individual radiotherapy centers should further investigate this program when in clinical use, in order to find any deficiency or weakness. The ultimate goal was to create the basis for the future Quality Assurance Protocol in Stereotactic Radiotherapy with Linac, which should be approved by the competent international comities and organizations.