The thesis covers topics related to railway transport of consumer goods. First, basic attributes of rail transport such as economic characteristics, history, development in time, infrastructure, and standards are presented. Second, major agents of rail transport and their functions are described. Third, international standards and rules applying to the railway transport are discussed, including the outcomes of EU initiatives as well as COTIF regulations. Fourth, a brief overview of consumer goods as an object of transport and further applications are presented. In the fifth part, a portfolio of quantitative instruments is described. Sixth, the final case study deals with application of the developed theoretical framework on a real business situation.

The purpose of this thesis is charting and analyzing railway services integrated to Prague's public transportation system. Its current integration and effiency will be evaluated based on a study of professional literature and after that, changes and optimizations will be proposed in order to increase the transportation quality. "I'm looking towards inspiration from foreign train lines as well as with opinions of travelers and commuters.

The subject of the diploma´s thesis is the comparison of the particular private rail transport policies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There are specific, both economic and non-economic impacts of a free fare in Slovakia and slightly different policy of fare discounts in the Czech Republic, identified and consequently analyzed in the thesis. Comparative analysis between both policies is conducted right after. All the impacts are measured and evaluated in the context of particular government budgets, both national and private railway transporters and different segments of users, who are mostly affected by the movement. The analysis of these extraordinary government policies is conducted based on selected publicly available indicators and data from several different sources (official statistics, agreements, annual reports, tariffs comparison, financial statements, granted subsidies etc.).

The thesis is focused on the analysis of the railway transport within the selected region and it is divided to two parts -- theoretical and analytical. In its theoretical part the thesis deals with issues of the segment of transport within its economic dimension and with the impact of the railway transport on the regional economy. The analytical part is focused on the analysis of the impact of the railway transport on the selected Kroměříž region. The main aim of this thesis is to find out direct economic influence of the railway transport on the Kroměříž region. To reach this aim the method of selected data evaluation is used. The group of these data contains regional railway infrastructure characteristics, personal transport data, goods transport data, employment and investments.

O transporte ferroviário de passageiros ganha importância estratégica na melhoria do trânsito e qualidade de vida dos grandes centros urbanos, mas no Brasil enfrenta sérios problemas operacionais, como obsolescência da infra-estrutura e invasão da faixa de domínio, comprometendo sua segurança e operacionalidade. O objetivo central deste trabalho é o mapeamento da cobertura do solo ao longo da faixa de domínio de uma linha de trem metropolitano. A área de estudo concentra-se nas adjacências da Linha F de trem metropolitano de São Paulo, operada pela CPTM Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos, com 38,8 km de extensão, cruzando as zonas central e leste da capital paulista, estendendo-se até outros municípios da Grande São Paulo. A metodologia adotada compreende o uso de imagem de satélite de alta resolução espacial IKONOS II, e técnica de classificação baseada em regiões. Os classificadores por regiões utilizam, além de informação espectral de cada pixel, a informação espacial que envolve a relação entre os pixels e seus vizinhos. Através da interpretação visual, foram identificadas doze classes de coberturas do solo, cujas feições nortearam os parâmetros da segmentação. A imagem segmentada foi então classificada usando o algoritmo de Bhattacharyya e pós-classificada utilizando regras e critérios definidos para cada classe, de acordo com seus atributos e contextualização. O desempenho da classificação final foi avaliado com base no coeficiente Kappa tendo atingido nível aceitável de correspondência. O mapa de cobertura do solo gerado a partir da classificação, demonstra que o entorno da linha é composto, predominantemente, por materiais impermeáveis como asfalto e concreto mas possui presença significativa de elementos naturais como vegetação e água. Desta forma, comprova-se a aplicabilidade de imagem de satélite de alta resolução e técnicas de processamento de imagem como suportes ao planejamento e gerenciamento do entorno da ferrovia. / The rail transport of passengers has strategic importance in the traffic and quality of life improvement in the downtowns, but in Brazil it faces serious operational problems such as obsolete infrastructure and invasion of the right of way, compromising its safety and operability. The principal aim of this paper is the mapping of land cover area of metropolitan railway right of way. The study focuses on the outskirts of the Line F metropolitan train in Sao Paulo, operated by CPTM - Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos, with 38,8 km long, crossing the central and eastern areas of São Paulo, extending to other cities in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo. The methodology includes the use of the high spatial resolution satellite image - IKONOS II, and regions-based classification. The regions-based classifiers use, besides spectral information of each pixel, the spatial information that involves the relationship between the pixels and its neighbours. Through visual interpretation, were identified twelve classes of land covers, which features guided the segmentation parameters. The segmented image was classified using Bhattacharyya distance and post-classified using rules and criteria established for each class, according to their attributes and contextualization. The performance of the final classification was evaluated based on Kappa coefficient, resulting acceptable level of correspondence. The mapping of land cover generated from the classification, shows that the outskirts of the metropolitan railway`s right way is predominantly composed by impermeable materials - such as asphalt and concrete - but has significant presence of natural elements - such as vegetation and water. Thus, is evident the applicability of high spatial resolution satellite image added to classification methods for remotely sensed data for planning and management of the railway right of way.

Frente ao caráter fragmentado do espaço urbano das cidades contemporâneas, as infraestruturas de mobilidade e as redes de comunicação atuam como elementos de articulação. Nesse contexto, o transporte de pessoas tem papel fundamental de estruturação do território urbanizado que não se caracteriza apenas por laços de proximidade, sendo as estações ferroviárias nós articuladores das redes de fluxos e parte fundamental desta equação. Este trabalho aborda a inserção de grandes estações ferroviárias localizadas em áreas centrais nos intensos fluxos de escala regional e metropolitana e, ao mesmo tempo, sua consolidação como protagonistas na dinâmica urbana, atuando como geradores de urbanidade e vitalidade nas cidades. Relacionando o papel de centralidade destes equipamentos, sua inserção no território, sua função na rede de transporte e a relação com os espaços públicos do seu entorno, a pesquisa parte da reflexão teórica que enfrenta questões da contemporaneidade para assim analisar as estações através de estudos de caso. Busca, portanto, avaliar as condicionantes atuais que envolvem os grandes terminais intermodais de passageiros que tem o transporte ferroviário como elemento principal. / Given the fragmented nature of urban space in contemporary cities, mobility infrastructures and communication networks act as articulation elements. In this context, the transportation of people has a fundamental role in the structuring of the urbanized territory, which is not only characterized by proximity ties. The railway stations are among the articulators elements of flow networks and are a key part of this equation. This work addresses the insertion of large railway stations located in central areas in the intense flows of regional and metropolitan scale and, at the same time, their consolidation as protagonists in the urban dynamics, acting as generators of urbanity and vitality in the cities. Relating the central role of these equipments, their insertion in the territory, their function in the transportation network and the relation with the public spaces of their surroundings, the research starts from a theoretical reflection that faces contemporary issues to analyze the stations through studies of case. It seeks, therefore, to appraise the current requirements that involve the large intermodal passenger terminals that have rail transport as the main element.

Frente ao caráter fragmentado do espaço urbano das cidades contemporâneas, as infraestruturas de mobilidade e as redes de comunicação atuam como elementos de articulação. Nesse contexto, o transporte de pessoas tem papel fundamental de estruturação do território urbanizado que não se caracteriza apenas por laços de proximidade, sendo as estações ferroviárias nós articuladores das redes de fluxos e parte fundamental desta equação. Este trabalho aborda a inserção de grandes estações ferroviárias localizadas em áreas centrais nos intensos fluxos de escala regional e metropolitana e, ao mesmo tempo, sua consolidação como protagonistas na dinâmica urbana, atuando como geradores de urbanidade e vitalidade nas cidades. Relacionando o papel de centralidade destes equipamentos, sua inserção no território, sua função na rede de transporte e a relação com os espaços públicos do seu entorno, a pesquisa parte da reflexão teórica que enfrenta questões da contemporaneidade para assim analisar as estações através de estudos de caso. Busca, portanto, avaliar as condicionantes atuais que envolvem os grandes terminais intermodais de passageiros que tem o transporte ferroviário como elemento principal. / Given the fragmented nature of urban space in contemporary cities, mobility infrastructures and communication networks act as articulation elements. In this context, the transportation of people has a fundamental role in the structuring of the urbanized territory, which is not only characterized by proximity ties. The railway stations are among the articulators elements of flow networks and are a key part of this equation. This work addresses the insertion of large railway stations located in central areas in the intense flows of regional and metropolitan scale and, at the same time, their consolidation as protagonists in the urban dynamics, acting as generators of urbanity and vitality in the cities. Relating the central role of these equipments, their insertion in the territory, their function in the transportation network and the relation with the public spaces of their surroundings, the research starts from a theoretical reflection that faces contemporary issues to analyze the stations through studies of case. It seeks, therefore, to appraise the current requirements that involve the large intermodal passenger terminals that have rail transport as the main element.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos krovinių vežimo iš Kinijos į Europą geležinkelių transportu problemos, įvairių autorių nuomonė šia tema. Išnagrinėta esama krovinių vežimo iš Kinijos į Europą jūrų ir geležinkelių transportu situacija ir dėl to atsirandančios problemos, išanalizuotos esamos geležinkelių transporto panaudojimo galimybės tokių krovinių vežimo srityje. Baigiamajame darbe skaičiuojamas geležinkelio linijų, esančių tarp Kinijos ir Europos, krovinių metinis pralaidumas, nustatomos mažiausią pajėgumą turinčios vietos, galimi vežti srautai lyginami su esamais jūrų transporto srautais. Nustatomas šių pajėgumų didinimo planas, apskaičiuojamas jam reikalingas investicijų poreikis. Vertinant projekto investicijų efektyvumą, apskaičiuojama projekto dabartinė grynoji vertė, vidinė pelno norma, investicijų rentabilumo indeksas ir atsipirkimo laikas. Taip pat atliekamas šio projekto ekonominis įvertinimas, apskaičiuojant finansinę naudą, kurią patirs Europoje esantys krovinių gavėjai dėl sutrumpėjusio krovinių pristatymo laiko, bei prognozuojamą naudą Lietuvai dėl sukurtų naujų darbo vietų ir papildomų mokesčių į biudžetą. Išnagrinėjus teorinius ir praktinius krovinių vežimo iš Kinijos į Europą geležinkelių transportu aspektus, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. / The final master thesis analyses the problems and scientific literature on freight shipment by rail from China to Europe. The work contains the analysis of the current situation and emerging problems of freight shipment by sea and rail from China to Europe. It also includes an investigation of railway infrastructure abilities to manage these carriages. The work contains the calculation of cargo throughput of railway lines between China and Europe. It also determines the weakest links in these lines. In addition, the possible cargo turnover is compared with sea freight turnover. After this, the project of throughput increasing is taken, including the calculation of desirable investment. Analyzing the effectiveness of this investment project, net present value, internal return rate and investment profitableness index are calculated. The analysis also includes economical assessment, identifying financial benefit to freight receivers in Europe, which appears from saved time of cargo distribution from China. What is more, the benefit Lithuania gets from new workplaces and additional budget income is discussed. Having analyzed the theoretical and practical aspects of freight shipment by rail from China to Europe, the conclusions and proposals are presented.

Šiame baigiamajame bakalauro darbe atlikta geležinkelių transporto vystymosi raidos literatūrinė apžvalga, kuri parodo, kad Lietuvos geležinkelių transportas buvo ir yra svarbi visuomenės gyvenimo dalis, be kurios nebūtų plėtojama ekonomika ir kitos veiklos sritys. Tačiau išanalizavus aplinkosauginius aspektus, paaiškėja, kad geležinkelio transportas - triukšmo šaltinis. Šis traukinių keliamas triukšmas yra ypač svarbus gyvenimo kokybės rodiklis. Išanalizuota geležinkelių transporto eksploatacijos metu pasireiškiantys kenksmingi veiksniai, bei jų poveikis žmonių sveikatai ir gyvenimo kokybei. Atlikta Mažeikių miesto gyventojų apklausa. Įvertinta dabartinė situacija. Išanalizavus apklausos rezultatus, padarytos išvados ir pateikti geriausi triukšmo mažinimo būdai, kaip apsaugoti gyventojus, išvengiant triukšmo padarinių. Atlikti akustinių ekranų efektyvumo matavimai, šalia Šniūraičių gyvenvietės, kurie parodė, kad siekiant komforto žmonių kasdieniniame gyvenime būtina imtis priemonių kovojant su aplinkos fizikine tarša. Pateikti pasiūlymai ir rekomendacijos šiai problemai spręsti. / Literary review of railway transport development is carried out in this bachelor’s paper, which shows that Lithuanian railway transport has always been an important part of public life, helping to develop economics and other areas of activities. However, analysis of environmental issues shows that the railway transport is the noise source. The train-caused noise is an especially important index of life quality. Harmful factors arising during railroad transport exploitation are analysed as well as their impact upon human health and life quality. Mažeikiai town residents were interviewed. Current situation was assessed. Survey results were analysed, conclusions made, the best ways to reduce noise in order to protect the residents from noise consequences were suggested. Carry out performance measurements of acoustic screens, Šniūraičiai near the village. Noise measurement findings showed that in order to reach comfort in everyday life measures have to be taken to reduce physical pollution of the environment. Suggestions and recommendations to solve the problem are given.

Garso lygio matavimai Šiaulių mieste buvo atlikti geguţės mėnesį. Tyrimų vietos buvo pasirinktos gyvenamojoje aplinkoje prie didţiųjų prekybos centų „Akropolis“, „Tilţė“, „Bruklinas“ ir „Saulės miestas“, gyvenamojoje aplinkoje prie geleţinkelio stoties, Šiaulių reabilitacijos centro aplinkoje, prie J. Janonio gimnazijos, kuriai didţiausią triukšmą sukelia autotransportas ir šalia Jovaro progimnazijos. Palyginimui, tose pačiose vietose matavimai buvo ir savaitgalio metu. Didţiausias ekvivalentinis garso lygis išmatuotas šalia prekybos centro „Saulės miestas“. Aukštas triukšmo lygis uţfiksuotas taip pat prie J. Janonio gimnazijos.. Vidutinis triukšmo lygis šalia gyvenamųjų namų išmatuotas netoli prekybos centrų „Tilţė“, „Akropolis“, „Bruklinas“ bei Jovaro progimnazijos aplinkoje, kuriuose garso lygiai viršija leistiną ribą 1 - 4 dBA. Šiaulių reabilitacijos centro aplinkoje neleistinų viršijimų nebuvo aptikta. Savaitgalio matavimuose didţiausias ekvivalentinis garso lygis buvo išmatuotas prie prekybos centro „Saulės miestas“. Gyvenamojoje zonoje prie geleţinkelio stoties ekvivalentinis garso lygis, lyginant su autotransporto skleidţiamais lygiais viršijamas net 12 dBA. / Sound levels were measured in month of May. Research test sites were near residential areas next to shopping centres „Saulės miestas“, „Bruklinas“, „Akropolis“, „Tilţė“, also in residential area near city railway station, in Šiauliai rehabilitation centre area, nearby J.Janonis gymnasium, whereat majority of noise is caused by motor transport, and next to Jovaras progymnasium. In comparison all the measurements have been conducted also in weekend. Highest equivalent sound level was measured near J. Janonis gymnasium. Average sound levels were detected in residential areas near shopping centres „Tilţė“, „Akropolis“, „Bruklinas“ and also in Jovaras progymnasium area, in which the equivalent sound level was exceeded by 1-4 dBA respectively. The sound levels in area near Šiauliai rehabilitation centre did not exceed the limits. The results that were conducted in weekend showed that the highest equivalent sound level was measured near the shopping centre „Saulės miestas“. Utmost sound level was measured near the railway station, where equivalent sound level was exceeded by 12 dBA. Specific noise of the railway transport is the major cause for it.