No description available.

Empirical and modelling studies are reported which explore ways in which the central nervous system might consider musculo-skeletal geometry when generating commands for single degree of freedom elbow flexion and extension movements. In a series of experiments it is shown that subjects do not perform rapid, goal-directed flexion and extension movements equally accurately in different parts of the elbow's workspace. In these experiments, movements of 10, 20 and 30 degrees in amplitude were tested using up to five different initial elbow angles. When performing flexions, subjects tended to overshoot targets when starting from extended positions, to undershoot targets when starting from more flexed positions, and to perform relatively accurate movements when starting from the centre of the workspace. Final position accuracy was more variable for extensions. When reliable differences existed for extensions, subjects tended to produce a pattern of results opposite to that of flexions: subjects overshot targets when starting from flexed positions and undershot targets when starting from more extended positions. A model of elbow movement based on the $ lambda$ version of the equilibrium-point hypothesis was used to assess the extent to which the pattern of errors obtained in the empirical studies could be reproduced by a control scheme that does not adjust commands in response to changing musculo-skeletal geometry, but rather uses one single invariant command throughout the workspace. The motivation for testing the invariant command notion was to explore the possibility that motion planning might be achieved without an explicit representation of musculo-skeletal geometry. Predicted patterns of final position errors across the workspace matched empirically obtained error patterns for flexions, but the model performed less well when predicting the pattern of errors observed for extension movements.

No description available.

No description available.

Civil aviation has matured to become a vital piece of the global economy, providing the rapid movement of goods and people to all regions. This has already led to significant growth and expectations of further growth are on the rate of 5% per year. Given the high projected rate of growth, environmental consequences of commercial aviation are expected to rise. To mitigate the increase of noise and emissions, governing bodies such as ICAO and the FAA have established and are considering additional regulation of noise, NOₓ, and CO₂ while the European Union has integrated aviation into their Environmental Trading Scheme. The traditional response to new regulation is to integrate technologies into the aircraft to reduce environmental footprint. While these benefits are positive on the aircraft level, fleet growth is projected to outpace benefits provided by technology alone. To further reduce environmental footprint, a number of mitigation strategies are being explored to determine the impact. One of those strategies involves changing the mission specifications of today's aircraft by reducing range, speed, or payload in an effort to reduce fuel consumption and has been predominantly focused at the vehicle level. This research proposes an approach that evaluates mission specification changes from the aircraft design level up to the fleet level, forecasted into the future, to assess the impact over a number of metrics to fully understand the implications of mission specification changes. The methodology Mission Specifications and Fleet Implications Technique (MS-FIT) identifies stakeholder requirements that will be tracked at either the vehicle or fleet level and leverages them to build an environment that will allow joint evaluation to facilitate increased knowledge about the full implications of mission specification adoption. Additionally laid out is an approach on how to select prospective routes for intermediate stops based on fuel burn and operating cost considerations. Guidance is provided on how to filter down a list of candidate airports to those most viable as well as regions of the world most likely to benefit from intermediate stops. Three sample problems were used to demonstrate the viability of MS-FIT: cruise speed reduction, design mission range reduction, and the combination of speed and range reduction. Each problem was able to demonstrate different implications from the implementation of the different specification changes. Speed reduction can negatively impacts cost while range reduction has consequences to noise at the intermediate airports. The combination of the two draws in negative implications from both even though the environmental benefits are better. Finally, an analysis of some of the assumptions was conducted to examine the sensitivity to the results of speed and range reduction. These include variation in costs, reductions in annual utilization of aircraft, and variation in intermediate stop adoption. Speed reduction is strongly sensitive to increases in crew and maintenance rates while landing fees significantly eat into the benefits of range reduction and intermediate stops. Minor utilization reductions can significantly reduce the viability of speed reduction as the increase in capital costs offset all the savings from fuel reduction while range reduction is a little less sensitive. Intermediate stop variation does not eliminate the benefits of range reduction and even can provide cost savings depending on the design range of the reduced variant but it can have consequences to airport noise to higher traffic airports. With the proposed framework, additional information is available to fully understand the implications with respect to fuel burn, NOₓ emissions, operating cost, capital cost, noise, and safety. This can then inform decision makers on whether pursuing a particular mission specification strategy is advantageous or not.

With the rapid development of information technology, applications referring to the Internet of things are booming. Applications that gather information from sensors and affect the context environment with actuators can provide customized and intelligent behaviour to users. These applications have become widely used nowadays in daily life and have initiated the multi-dimensional range query demand referring to the Internet of things. As the data information is fully distributed and the devices like sensors, mobile phones, etc., has limited resources and finite energy, supporting efficient range query is a tough challenge. In this paper, we have proposed a distributed range query framework for Internet of things. In order to save energy costs and reduce the network traffic, we suggest a reporting data range mechanism in the sensing peers, which choose to report a data range and report again only when the peer senses an abnormal data instead of the common moving data method. In addition, we selected some strong peers to be used as the super peers to create a data index by collecting the reporting data range, which will be used for performing range queries. The study has shown that our proposal framework could reduce resource costs in the less strong peers like sensors and mobile phones, and reduce network traffic among all the peers within the network, as well as support a range query function. According the evaluation results, the reporting data range method could greatly reduce the data migration times and save energy costs, and the data index could significantly reduce accessing unnecessary peers and diminish the network traffic.

Uncertainty is inherent in many novel and important applications such as market surveillance, information extraction sensor data analysis, etc. In the recent a few decades, uncertain data has attracted considerable research attention. There are various factors that cause the uncertainty, for instance randomness or incompleteness of data, limitations of equipment and delay or loss in data transfer. A probabilistic threshold range aggregate (PRTA) query retrieves summarized information about the uncertain objects in the database satisfying a range query, with respect to a given probability threshold. This thesis is trying to address and handle this important type of query which there is no previous work studying on. We formulate the problem in both discrete and continuous uncertain data model and develop a novel index structure, asU-tree (aggregate-based sampling-auxiliary U-tree) which not only supports exact query answering but also provides approximate results with accuracy guarantee if efficiency is more concerned. The new asU-tree structure is totally dynamic. Query processing algorithms for both exact answer and approximate answer based on this new index structure are also proposed. An extensive experimental study shows that asU-tree is very efficient and effective over real and synthetic datasets.

Typescript / Maps in back pocket of v. 1 / Microfiches in back pocket of v. 2 / Microfiches contain petrographic descriptions, total rock XRF analyses and microprobe analyses / Bibliography: leaves 160-183 (v. 2) / 2 v. : ill. (some col.), maps (some folded) ; 30 cm. + 8 maps (col. ;71 x 77 cm. folded to 25 x 17 cm.) + 2 microfiches (423 fr. ; 10 x 15 cm) / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1987

Appendix 4 and 5 in pocket on back cover. / Bibliography: p. 123-130. / xi, 154 p. : ill. (chiefly col.), maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The isotopic data indicates the Harts Range Metamorphic Complex formed within a previously unrecognized intracratonic tectonic province in Central Australia / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, 2000?

Master of Science / Most studies of condylar movement are based on the movement of an arbitrary condylar point. As the condyle is a 3-dimensional body which undergoes complex rotations and translations in function, the movement of one point in the vicinity of the condyle may not accurately represent condylar movement. The aims of this investigation were to determine in human subjects, during open-close and excursive jaw movements, the movement patterns of arbitrary and anatomical condylar points; and whether the trajectory of a single selected point can accurately reflect the movement of the condyle. In 44 subjects, condylar point movements were recorded with an opto-electronic tracking system (JAWS3D), which recoded the position of three light-emitting diodes attached to each dental arch. The primary point, selected to represent movement of the condyle, was 15 mm medial to the palpated lateral condylar pole, parallel to the Frankfort horizontal plane. Additionally, four points were selected along orthogonal axes in the sagittal plane, and four in the horizontal plane: each was 5 mm from the primary point. In two subjects, the mandibular condyles were imaged by computerised tomography (CT) and the lateral and medial poles, most superior, anterior and posterior points of their condyles were selected. The trajectories of each point were compared for each subject for the mandibular movements listed above. Variability in both path form and dimension was noted between the subjects for all mandibular movements. For example, in an open-close mandibular movement the condylar point translation varied in the antero-posterior direction between 1.8-22.8 mm, and in the supero-inferior direction between 4.5-12.1 mm. For each subject, the pathway of each point was different in form and dimension from that subject’s other condylar points for the open-close, and ipsilateral lateral mandibular movements. For the open-close movement, in only four of the 44 subjects were the arbitrary point traces similar in form within a subject; and the tracings of each subject’s condylar points showed, on average, a 3.2 mm difference in maximal horizontal (i.e. antero-posterior) translation and 2.9 mm in maximal vertical (i.e. supereo-inferior) translation. For contralateral lateral mandibular movements, the path form and dimension in the sagittal plane of the condylar points were similar within a subject; however the lateral component showed variability in path length for the different points within a subject. The pathways of the condylar points for a protrusive movement displayed the most similarity within a subject, with an average of 0.4 mm variation in maximal horizontal or vertical displacement between each subject’s arbitrary condylar points’ tracings. The anatomical condylar points of the two subjects showed variability between and within each subject. For these two subjects the trajectories of the arbitrary condylar points moved in directions similar to the anatomical points of all movements except for the ipsilateral lateral mandibular movement, where in one subject, the arbitrary condylar points moved posteriorly, inferiorly and laterally whereas the anatomical points moved anteriorly, inferiorly and laterally. There is much variability in both form and dimension for mandibular condylar movement between human subjects. There is also considerable variability within subjects in the form and dimension of condylar point movement, whether arbitrary or anatomical, depending on the point selected. By inference therefore, a single condylar point cannot accurately reflect the movement of the mandibular condyle, except perhaps for a protrusive mandibular movement. Multiple mandibular points are therefore required to describe the motion of the condyle. In an ipsilateral lateral mandibular movement, for example, an arbitrary point may move in a completely different direction to the mandibular condyle, and so anatomically derived condylar points should be utilised to assess accurately condylar movement.