The mapped area, in southeastern Idaho, includes part of the Bannock Range, on the west, and Cache Valley, on the east. It is centered about 13 miles northwest of Preston, Idaho, and measures 12 miles in the north-south direction and 8.5 miles in the east-west direction. The Bannock Range, in the western part of the mapped area, consists of Precambrian and Cambrian stratigraphic units. The Precambrian units are as follows: (1) lower Precambrian argillite, (2) Precambrian quartzite, and (3) upper Mutual Formation. The Brigham Formation, which overlies the Mutual, is probably of Cambrian age; however, the lower part may be Precambrian. The Langston, Ute, Blacksmith, Bloomington, and Nounan Formations, all of Cambrian age, crop out locally. The Wasatch and Salt Lake Formations bf Tertiary age overlap older rocks near the western margin of the area. The Salt Lake Formation overlaps older rocks in the foothills along the western side of Cache Valley. It is separated from Precambrian argillite, on the west, by a major north-south gravity fault. Arnphibolite plutons intrude the Precambrian argillite at three localities in the Oxford Peak area; basalt flows and volcanic breccia are also present in the Precambrian argillite. The amphibolite represents metamorphosed diabase. Both the metamorphism of the plutons and the presence of extrusive igneous rocks in the Precambrian argillite indicate that the plutons formed during Precambrian time. Two major thrust faults are present in the Bannock Range. The Oxford Peak thrust fault places the Brigham Formation of Cambrian age, as well as Precambrian quartzite and the Mutual Formation of Precambrian age, over Precambrian argillite. The Clifton thrust fault places carbonate formations of Cambrian age and also a lower Paleozoic undifferentiated unit on various older rocks. Near the northwestern corner of the mapped area, however, the Clifton thrust fault underlies the Brigham Formation. Both thrust faults dip westward except where locally folded; the direction of movement was presumably eastward. The thrust faulting is probably related to the Laramide orogeny which occurred during the Cretaceous Period and the early part of the Tertiary Period. A major gravity fault extends along the eastern side of the Bannock Range. It places Salt Lake Formation of Tertiary age, on the east, against Precambrian argillite, on the west. A relatively short gravity fault, also down on the east, offsets the two major thrust faults east of Oxford Peak. The relative collapse of Cache Valley, during the Tertiary Period, produced great relief and, as a consequence, a major landslide formed northeast of Oxford Peak. It transported Precambrian argillite and overlying Brigham Formation down over Precambrian argillite.

All plants contain primary and secondary compounds. Primary compounds are needed by plants and herbivores for maintenance, growth, and reproduction, while secondary compounds play roles as diverse as protecting plants from ultraviolet radiation, defenses against herbivores, pollination attraction, and stress resistance. Secondary compounds have nutritional and medicinal benefits for herbivores as well, especially when eaten in diverse combinations that complement one another. While complementarities among secondary compounds are an important but little understood area of plant-herbivore interactions, even less is known about how the sequences of eating plants with different compounds affects foraging behavior, though they may be critical. In three trials, I determined if the sequence in which lambs ate endophyte-infected tall fescue (alkaloids), birdsfoot trefoil (tannins), and alfalfa (saponins) affected their foraging behavior. When lambs grazed on monocultures they spent similar amounts of time grazing regardless of which forage they grazed. Lambs that grazed in a sequence of different forages tended to subsequently eat less alfalfa pellets in pens than lambs that grazed a monoculture, which suggests they better met their nutritional needs on mixtures than on monocultures. Likewise, lambs that grazed a monoculture of alfalfa or fescue spent more time grazing during the first 45 min than in the subsequent 45 min, while lambs that grazed alfalfa during the first 45 min and then fescue spent more time grazing in the subsequent 45 min, suggesting lambs satiate faster when they have fewer choices. While the foraging sequences I examined generally allowed animals to consume more than they would if they grazed in monocultures, there is still a need to further explore how different plants and foraging sequences influence the level of consumption by livestock of forages on pastures that contain various secondary compounds.

Two common use grazing trials were conducted during two summer grazing seasons (1978-1979) on a typical shrubby grassland site on the Kolob Terrace, about 20 miles (32 km) southeas t of Cedar City, Utah, at an elevation of about 8500 feet (2600 m). Two animal units of ewes with lambs, or cows with calves, or both were stocked in each of six, one acre (0.39 ha) pastures. A five to one substitution ratio provided two single-species and one mixed (five ewes with lambs and one cow with calf) livestock treatments replicated twice . The pastures were grazed for nine days during which time two major experiments were performed.

This s tudy examined feeding behaviors and habitat preferences of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) types. Specific purposes were 1) to determine where deer and elk, undisturbed by humans, prefer to graze and rest within these two types and 2) to consider what species- specific characteristics contribute to their differing forage and habitat preferences. Tame free-ranging mule deer and elk were observed for 24-hour periods biweekly through summer to determine their grazing and resting preferences for various habitat subunits. Relative distributions of deer and elk fecal groups were also recorded and compared with actual distribution of the animals . Species dry-weight compositions of monthly diets in the aspen type and lodgepole pine type were quantified by the bite count technique and used as basis for assessing consumption rates , intake and certain aspects of diet quality. In particular, relative digestive capacities of deer versus elk were investigated by using rumen inocula from each species in the fermentation of that animal' s diet, as well as in fermentation of the other species' diet . Crude protein values of diets in the aspen type were also determined monthly and compared with values reported for deer and elk in the lodgepole pine type. In either type , both deer and elk exhibited strong grazing preference for open habitat subunits. However, elk most preferred highly productive meadow bottoms, whereas deer most preferred less productive clearcut lodgepole pine. Aspen forest subunits were also preferred by deer. Clearcutting greatly increased deer and elk grazing use of these areas in the lodgepole pine type, but aspen clearcuts were used about equally to uncut aspen, even though forage production doubled. The reason deer used meadow bottoms less than elk is attributed to the deer's preference for a more digestible diet; deer were generally more selective than elk, especially in meadow subunits where density of vegetation and abundance of nonpreferred grasses and sedges apparently interferred with forage selection and prevented maximum forage consumption rates. Elk had significantly greater digestive capacity than deer and were apparently better adapted to using a more diverse array of plant species as food. In any case, consumption rates were highest on subunits the animals most preferred to graze. The fact that both species made considerable use of less preferred habitat, where consumption rates were "suboptimal", suggests that deer and elk are innately motivated to explore their environments for alternate food resources. Elk generally preferred to bed near where they finished feeding, although always in close proximity to cover. In contrast, deer generally retreated to specific beds which they used repeatedly t hroughout the summer . Deer resting behavior made them better adapted than elk to cope with biting insects. Relative distributions of deer and elk pellet groups differed significantly from actual habitat use by either animal. Importance of the most valuable habitat was underestimated by pellet group distributions, and value of less important habitat was overestimated.

Recent years have seen changes in ecological conditions, ownership patterns, and political-legal forces that affect the sustainability of Western range livestock production. Enterprise diversification and implementation of improvements are advocated as ways for ranchers to cope with marginal returns from ranching while better managing resources. However, relatively few ranchers make such substantive changes in their operations, and previous research suggests that rates of adoption may be especially low in Utah. Using a qualitative approach, this study explored innovation adoption among Utah ranchers. During preliminary interviews with 13 key informants, commitment to traditional ranching lifestyles, the state's settlement pattern, and availability of time and capital were identified as barriers to adoption. In-depth interviews were then conducted with 15 producers known within the ranching community for innovative management. Objectives of these interviews were to identify personal characteristics of the respondents, preferred information sources, and motivations for and barriers to adoption. Most respondents were ranching full-time on multi-generation, family ranches, and living on or very near the ranch. Respondents innovate in order to improve profitability, environmental quality, and relationships with resource management agencies and to demonstrate good environmental stewardship to the public. Interaction with extension agents and ranching organizations was common and affected the perceived risk associated with adoption. Motivation to maintain the ranch may be especially strong among interviewees: Each respondent reported being committed to ranching for his lifetime, and in most cases, the ranch is expected to remain in the family for at least one more generation. Individuals who are less dependent on public land and more dependent on ranching income may be more likely to adopt innovations. Even among innovative ranchers, the availability of time and capital as well as commitments to tradition impeded adoption. Unexpectedly, characteristics of the political-legal system in which ranchers operate emerged as barriers to innovation. This research illustrates how the existing innovation adoption framework applies to ranchers, but also defines new theoretical components.

The Breitenbush Hot Springs area lies on the boundary of folded middle to late Tertiary Western Cascade rocks and younger High Cascade rocks. Within the mapped area the Western Cascade rocks are represented by four formations. The Detroit Beds, a sequence of interstratified tuffaceous sandstone, mudflow breccia, and tuff, is overlain unconformably by the Breitenbush Tuff. The Breitenbush Tuff consists of three units of welded pumice-rich crystal-vitric ash-flow tuffs interbedded with tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. The Outerson Formation unconformably overlies the Breitenbush Tuff and consists primarily of basaltic lava and breccia. The Outerson Formation includes three localized members: a basal, glassy, aphanitic basalt, the Lake Leone Sediments, and the Outerson Tuff. The Outerson Formation is cut by a number of feeder dikes and plugs and is unconformably overlain by the Cheat Creek Sediments, composed of volcanic sedimentary rocks and a distinctive basaltic tuff. The Western Cascade formations total more than 1660 m {5500 ft) of strata and range from Oligocene to Pliocene in age. The High Cascade rocks are represented by two formations: the Triangulation Peak Volcanics of basalt and andesite lava and breccia, lying unconformably atop the Cheat Creek Sediments; and unconformably beneath the Collowash Volcanics, a series of thin basaltic lava flows and breccias. The Western and High Cascade rocks are covered extensively by surficial deposits, primarily glacial drift. The High Cascade formations are at least 840 m (2800 ft) thick, ranging in age from Pliocene to Pliestocene. The Western Cascade rocks have been folded and faulted in the Breitenbush Hot Springs area, and form the eastern limb of the north-trending Breitenbush Anticline. The folded rocks and the erosional unconformities between the rock units probably represent two local episodes of orogeny: one in early to middle Miocene and another in late Pliocene to Pleistocene time. The Outerson Formation represents a depositional sequence between the periods of uplift and deformation. Faulting accompanied the orogenic sequences. The primary volcanic landforms in the area have been destroyed by erosion but skeletal remains of High Cascade volcanoes are recognized. Stream erosion and glaciation are responsible for the present landforms. Breitenbush Hot Springs occurs, in part, along basaltic dikes which channel the water through impermeable Breitenbush Tuff. The dikes are believed to be associated with the Outerson basalts. The Hot Springs discharge upwards at 3400 l/min. (900 gpm) of water at temperatures up to 92°C (198°F).

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Syftet med denna forskningsstudie var att undersöka hur fysisk distans mellan ledare och medarbetare påverkar uppfattningen om ledarskap. Studien använde sig av Full Range Leadership-modellen och fokuserade på ledare inom offentlig sektor med medarbetare som huvudsakligen arbetade på distans. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio deltagare, bestående av tre ledare och sex medarbetare, analyserades faktorer som ansågs viktiga för ledarskapet på distans. Resultaten visade att kommunikation, samarbete och anpassning var centrala för ledarnas uppfattning om sitt eget ledarskap, medan medarbetarna betonade vikten av tydligt ledarskap, kommunikation och återkoppling. Trots viss skillnad i uppfattningen fanns en överensstämmelse kring betydelsen av öppen kommunikation och återkoppling för att skapa en positiv arbetsmiljö och utveckla förtroendefulla relationer mellan ledare och medarbetare. Begränsningar i studien inkluderade det flexibla och icke-strukturerade tillvägagångssättet i intervjuerna samt det begränsade antalet deltagare. Trots dessa begränsningar ger studien insikter om hur fysisk distans kan påverka ledarskapet och betonar vikten av kommunikation och anpassning för att skapa effektivt ledarskap på distans. / The purpose of this research study was to investigate how physical distance between leaders and employees affects the perception of leadership. The study utilized the Full Range Leadership model and focused on leaders in the public sector with employees primarily working remotely. Through semi-structured interviews with nine participants, consisting of three leaders and six employees, factors considered important for remote leadership were analyzed. The results indicated that communication, collaboration, and adaptability were central to leaders' perception of their own leadership, while employees emphasized the importance of clear leadership, communication, and feedback. Despite some differences in perception, there was agreement on the significance of open communication and feedback in creating a positive work environment and fostering trusting relationships between leaders and employees. Limitations of the study included the flexible and non-structured approach in the interviews, as well as the limited number of participants. Nevertheless, the study provides insights into how physical distance can impact leadership and emphasizes the importance of communication and adaptability in creating effective remote leadership. Keywords: remote leadership, full range leadership, leadership.