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Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att visa hur män och kvinnor med invandrarbakgrund framställs i svenska så kallade invandrarfilmer från år 2000. De frågeställningar jag arbetat utifrån är: Hur porträtteras män samt kvinnor med invandrarbakgrund i de svenska ”invandrarfilmerna” från år 2000? Vilka stereotyper kan man tänkas finna? Har det skett någon förändring i hur män och kvinnor med invandrarbakgrund porträtterats i svensk film? För att få svar på frågorna har jag genomfört textanalyser av fem filmer - Jalla! Jalla! av Josef Fares, Före stormen av Reza Parsa, Vingar av glas av Reza Bagher, Det nya landet av Geir Hansteen Jörgensen samt Bastarderna i paradiset av Luis R. Vera - utifrån teorier om genus, ”ras” och etnicitet. Teorierna har jag hämtat från bland andra Anthony Giddens, Yvonne Hirdman, Laura Mulvey, Paulina de los Reyes, Charles Ramírez Berg och Stuart Hall. Dessutom har jag jämfört filmerna med Rochelle Wrights studie av svenska filmer med invandrarkaraktärer från 1970-1990-talet för att se om det har skett någon förändring i gestaltningen av personer från andra delar av världen. Analyserna har visat att trots att filmerna från år 2000 är regisserade av personer som själva har invandrarbakgrund, så gestaltas invandrarna generellt sätt utifrån grova stereotyper. Det mest framträdande dragen i stereotyperna är att dessa, oavsett kön, gestaltas som avvikande samt som en del i en familjegrupp. Invandrarmän framställs som barnsliga, våldsbenägna, aggressiva samt som förtryckande gentemot kvinnor. Invandrarkvinnor framställs som konstiga, maktlösa, isolerade, okunniga offer samt som underordnad gentemot män. De filmer som delvis avviker, och som därmed uppvisar förändringar jämfört med tidigare filmer, är Före stormen och Det nya landet. I Före stormen har man nämligen kastat om könsrollerna. Invandrarmannen är underordnad gentemot kvinnorna, samtidigt som han gestaltas som en helt vanlig individ. I Det nya landet gestaltar man invandrarmän på ett mer positivt sätt. Fastän dessa gestaltas som grova stereotyper, revideras de på ett påtagligt sätt. De omarbetas genom att man tillskriver invandrare fördjupade egenskaper som är oförutsägbara under filmens gång. Vidare attribuerar man dem en logik som bidrar till att åskådarna nu får tillgång till att se på invandrarmän ur ett annat perspektiv, bortom den ensidiga stereotypbilden.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Pathology / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Mammalian reovirus is a naturally benign virus that preferentially replicates in cancer cells (reovirus oncolysis) and has been tested as a potential cancer therapy in vitro, in vivo and in clinical trials for treating cancers from a wide range of origins. Reovirus-induced apoptosis has been shown to be important for reovirus oncolysis. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays vital roles in mediating host apoptosis but its effect on reovirus oncolysis has not been fully understood and hence investigated. Data here show that p53 does not affect reovirus replication or reovirus-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. However, significant enhancement of the reovirus-mediated apoptosis is induced by addition of p53 accumulators/activators such as a MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3a or sub-lethal concentrations of chemotherapy drugs. This enhanced cell death is p53-dependent, requires NF-kappaB activation and p53 target genes p21 and bax. Furthermore, a combination of reovirus and p53 accumulators/activators directly results in significantly higher level of reovirus dissemination and spread. One of the hurdles for current chemotherapy in patients is the side effects caused by high concentrations of cytotoxic drugs. Hence, a therapeutic regime using the combination of reovirus and sub-lethal (lower concentrations of) chemotherapeutics that induce p53 activation/accumulation potentially can both enhance tumor regression and reduce the side effects in patients. Ras mutation, one of the most prevalent mutations in human cancer, has been implicated to determine the susceptibility of cancer cells to reovirus infection. However, the underlying mechanism of reovirus preferential replication needs to be further delineated. Quantitative analysis was used to compare individual steps of reovirus replication between non-transformed and Ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Contrary to previous reports, reoviral protein synthesis is shown to be comparable between non-Ras and Ras-transformed cells. Meanwhile, although reovirus binding and internalization is not affected by Ras-transformation, reovirus uncoating is enhanced in Ras-transformed cells. Ras-transformation also enables reovirus to better spread to neighboring cells through apoptosis. Furthermore, reovirus infection of Ras effector mutant cells that activate specific Ras effector pathways indicate that sub-Ras pathways play different roles in enhancing reovirus preferential replication in Ras-transformed cells and therefore provide additional targets for cancer therapy.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands en Portugees.

Ulm, Univ. Diss., 2006.

Zsfassung in dt. Sprache. - Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2008

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Ras proteins are mutated in 30% of all human tumours contributing to several malignant phenotypes including abnormal cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The activity of Ras is controlled by the inter-conversion between GTP- and GDP- bound forms. This conversion is partly regulated by the binding of protein Son of Sevenless (Sos), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The mechanism of Ras activation via its interactions with Sos remains unclear making it challenging as an effective drug target. The aim of this work is to use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and other biophysical methods to understand the molecular activation of Ras via its interactions with Sos. In this thesis, the backbone and Cβ, as well as the partial side-chain NMR assignment for human K-Ras•GDP were completed at pH 7.4. We also revealed significant chemical shift differences between apo, GDP and GTPϒS-bound H-Ras states from the TROSY spectra. In addition, the monitoring of shift perturbations for H-Ras reveals several residues that appear to be central in Sos binding and may provide a starting point in the search for possible inhibition sites for future drug design. To gain a further understanding into the binding events of the Ras:Sos complex, we have expressed and purified the Sos construct containing the REM and Cdc25 domains (SosCat) for titration studies. Here, we have implemented a relatively novel approach to study large complexes (Stoffregen et al. 2012), by selectively labelling the [13C-] Met and Ile methyl groups of SosCat. This approach has provided an assignment for eight reporter signals. In addition, monitoring the shift perturbations of Met [13C-] methyls in the NMR spectra allowed us to examine individual residues at the two Ras binding sites (allosteric and catalytic sites) of SosCat. Disruption of H-Ras•GTPγS binding at the allosteric site (via SosCat W729E mutant) significantly weakens the interactions of Ras at the catalytic site. The data suggests a positive co-operative binding mechanism between the allosteric and catalytic sites, which is consistent with the allosteric feedback model. We have also measured the binding affinities of SosCat (by NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence) with wild type and Ras mutants using different GTP analogues. Our 15N-relaxation data of the H-Ras•GTPϒS:SosCat complex reveal dynamical changes in several regions of Ras other than the P-loop, switch I and II regions. In addition, the backbone NMR relaxation studies revealed that a complex between H-Ras•GTPϒS and SosCat proteins is dynamic and transiently formed. The reported work could be a significant step towards understanding the activation of Ras via its interactions with Sos; and in time the data may influence new anti-cancer treatments.