L'un des buts de la physique de la matière condensée est à l'heure actuelle de fournir de nouveaux systèmes topologiques en particulier dans le domaine de la supraconductivité. L'une des manières envisagée pour générer des supraconducteurs topologiques est d'utiliser une interaction magnétique locale sous la forme de chaînes d'impuretés magnétiques, de vortex ou de clusters d'impuretés magnétiques ordonnées. Dans cette thèse nous avons étudié un ensemble d'effets en partant de l'étude d'impuretés individuelles en allant jusqu'aux clusters organisés en interaction avec un supraconducteur bidimensionnel. En utilisant la microscopie et la spectroscopie tunnel nous avons étudié des monocrystaux de 2H-NbSe$_{2}$ ainsi que les monocouches de Pb/Si(111). En raison du caractère électronique bi-dimensionnel de ces deux systèmes nous avons pu montrer que l'étendue spatiale des états liés induits par des impuretés magnétiques était considérablement augmentée en comparaison avec les supraconducteurs tridimensionnels. En combinant ces atomes magnétiques par auto-assemblage nous sommes parvenus à réaliser des clusters ferromagnétiques qui génèrent une supraconductivité topologique dans la monocouche de Pb. Nous présentons en particulier ici la mesure d'états de bords topologiques à l'interface entre Pb/Si(111) et Pb/Co/Si(111). Nous présentons également la mesure d'états liés à zéro énergie au centre de clusters magnétiques signant la présence de fermions de Majorana dans ces systèmes. / One of the present days goals of condensed matter physics is to create new systems with topological properties, especially in the field of superconductivity. One of the ways envisioned to create topological superconductors is to locally induce a magnetic interaction in the form of chains of magnetic impurities, vortices or magnetic clusters of ordered magnetic impurities. In this thesis we studied a set of effects from individual impurities to organized clusters interacting with two-dimensional superconductors. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy we considered two systems, monocrystals of 2H-NbSe$_{2}$ and monolayers of Pb/Si(111). Thanks to the two-dimensional electronic behavior of these two systems we show how the spatial extent of the bound states induced by magnetic impurities is considerably enhanced compared to the case of a three-dimensional superconductor. By combining these magnetic atoms using a self-assembly method we were able to create ferromagnetic clusters that lead to a topological superconductivity in Pb monolayers. In particular we present here measurement of topological edge states at the interface Pb/Si(111) and Pb/Co/Si(111). We also present the measurement of zero bias peaks in the center of larger magnetic clusters that sign the presence of Majorana fermions in these systems. Our results show that an adequate patterning of surfaces could realize topological patches and call for a pursuit of the efforts in the subject in order to be able to control Majorana fermions that could eventually lead to breakthrough in quantum computation.

abstract: Two dimensional (2D) Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) are a new class of atomically thin polar materials. In these materials, the top and the bottom atomic layer are made of different chalcogen atoms. To date, several theoretical studies have shown that a broken mirror symmetry induces a colossal electrical field in these materials, which leads to unusual quantum properties. Despite these new properties, the current knowledge in their synthesis is limited only through two independent studies; both works rely on high-temperature processing techniques and are specific to only one type of 2D Janus material - MoSSe. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of a new synthesis method to (1) Extend the library of Janus class materials. (2) Improve the quality of 2D crystals. (3) Enable the synthesis of Janus heterostructures. The central hypothesis in this work is that the processing temperature of 2D Janus synthesis can be significantly lowered down to room temperatures by using reactive hydrogen and sulfur radicals while stripping off selenium atoms from the 2D surface. To test this hypothesis, a series of controlled growth studies were performed, and several complementary characterization techniques were used to establish a process–structure-property relationship. The results show that the newly proposed approach, namely Selective Epitaxy and Atomic Replacement (SEAR), is effective in reducing the growth temperature down to ambient conditions. The proposed technique benefits in achieving highly crystalline 2D Janus layers with an excellent optical response. Further studies herein show that this technique can form highly sophisticated lateral and vertical heterostructures of 2D Janus layers. Overall results establish an entirely new growth technique for 2D Janus.layers, which pave ways for the realization of exciting quantum effects in these materials such as Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state, Majorana fermions, and topological p-wave superconductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2020

Optická odezva BiTeX (X = I, Cl, Br) polovodičových materiálů s obřím spinovým štěpením Rashbova typu je studována za nízkých teplot do vysokých magnetických polí, kde je směr magnetické indukce kolmý na povrch vzorku (Faradayova konfigurace). Na rozdíl od reflexního uspořádání nám transmisní uspořádání umožňuje přímé pozorování přechodů mezi Landauovými hladinami v blízkosti křižiště vodivostních pásů - Diracův bod. Optická odezva BiTeX sloučenin je srovnána s teoretickým modelem spočteným v rámci Kubo-Greenwoodova formalismu z Rashbova hamiltonianu.

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The effect of spin-orbit coupling had once been thought to be a minor perturbation to the low energy band structure that could be ignored. Instead, a surge in recent theoretical and experimental efforts have shown spin-orbit interactions to have significant consequences. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of the orbital sector and crystal symmetries in governing the spin texture in materials that have strong spin- orbit interactions. This can be accessed through a combination of spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES and spin-ARPES), both of which are powerful techniques for probing the one-electron band structure plus interactions, and supported by density functional theory calculations (DFT). We focus first on a globally inversion asymmetric material, the layered semiconductor BiTeI, which hosts a giant spin-splitting of its bulk bands. We show that these spin-split bands develop a previously undiscovered, momentum-space ordering of the atomic orbitals. We demonstrate this orbital texture to be atomic element specific by exploiting resonant enhancements in ARPES. These orbital textures drive a hierarchy of spin textures that are then tied to the constituent atomic layers. This opens routes to controlling the spin-splitting through manipulation of the atomic orbitals. This is contrasted against a material where inversion symmetry is globally upheld but locally broken within each monolayer of a two layer unit cell. Through our ARPES and spin-ARPES measurements of 2H-NbSe2, we discover the first experimental evidence for a strong out-of-plane spin polarisation that persists up to the Fermi surface in this globally inversion sym- metric material. This is found to be intrinsically linked to the orbital character and dimensionality of the underlying bands. So far, previous theories underpinning this (and related) materials' collective phases assume a spin- degenerate Fermi sea. We therefore expect this spin-polarisation to play a role in determining the underlying mechanism for the charge density wave phase and superconductivity. Through these studies, this thesis then develops the importance of global versus local inversion symmetry breaking and uncovers how this is intricately tied to the underlying atomic orbital configuration.

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