Les crises financières successives qu’a connues récemment le monde et qui ont failli mettre en péril l’économie mondiale et ébranler le système économique et financier international ont obligé les autorités politiques et les institutions à renforcer les législations en la matière et à multiplier les normes. Ce renforcement et cette multiplication des normes ont pour but de limiter l’apparition de crises et de risques pour le système financier. La présente thèse vise à décrire l’impact de la multiplicité des normes dans le secteur bancaire qui se traduit par des contraintes, contradictions et coût important pour la banque. Il s’agit dans ce travail de présenter les dispositifs mis en place par l’établissement bancaire pour répondre aux exigences réglementaires ainsi qu’analyser les conséquences, cohérences et enjeux des normes sur la maitrise des risques et sur l’organisation interne de l’établissement. Les résultats soulignent l’intérêt de la gestion complète et intégrée des normes dans ce secteur d’activité. En effet, les résultats de la recherche montrent que la performance d’une banque de détail dépendra directement de sa capacité à anticiper et à gérer les divers corpus de normes auxquelles elle est confrontée. La gestion de la « norme » devient actuellement un sujet majeur dans le secteur bancaire au même titre que la gestion des risques. Les deux étant intrinsèquement liés.Le fondement de ce travail repose sur une étude de cas longitudinale de quatre années construite à partir d’une recherche-action auprès d’une banque de détail. Cette approche se base sur des entretiens semi-directifs, analyse de contenu des documents internes, réunions… Nous avons mobilisé la théorie du contrôle et du risque ainsi que la théorie de la tétranormalisation afin d’analyser la gestion de la norme dans l’établissement bancaire. / The recent global financial crises that have almost jeopardized the world economy and shaken the global economic and financial systems have forced political authorities and institutions to strengthen their current laws and regulations to help safeguard against any future crises. In this context, risk control, transparency and visibility of information have become the foundations which standards seek to put in order to keep future crises at a distance. This thesis aims to describe the impact of the multiplicity of norms in the banking sector which can result in constraints, contradictions and significant costs for the bank. The purpose of this work is to present the mechanisms put in place by the banking establishment to meet the current regulatory requirements as well as analyze the consequences, coherences and stakes of the standards on risk management and on the internal organization of the establishment. The results underline the interest of the integral management of norms in the financial sector. The research results show that the performance of a retail bank will depend directly on its ability to anticipate and manage the various sets of standards it faces. The management of the "standard" is now becoming a major topic in the banking sector as well as risk management. Both are intrinsically linked.The foundation of this work is based on a four-year longitudinal case study built from action research at a retail bank. This approach is based on semi-structured interviews, content analysis of internal documents, meetings ... The study has mobilized control and risk theory as well as “tetranormalization” theory in order to analyze the management of norms in banking institutions.

<p>Nyckeltal är alla de relationstal som är intressanta och var och en bestämmer själv vad som är intressant (Catasús et al. 2001). En del nyckeltal är ett måste för organisationerna att redovisa på grund av att de regleras av svensk lag medan andra nyckeltal tas fram på grund av eget intresse. Det finns många grupper av nyckeltal men den här uppsatsen behandlar enbart de så kallade personalnyckeltalen. Personalnyckeltalen är en del av den personalekonomiska redovisningen (Gröjer & Johansson 1991). Den personalekonomiska redovisningen är ett verktyg i organisationer med ett syfte att lyfta fram personalfrågorna (Aronsson et al. 1994).</p><p>Det finns fyra syften med upprättandet och användandet av nyckeltal. Dessa syften är belöning, kontroll, lärande och mobilisering (Catasús et al. 2001). Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka personalnyckeltal olika typer av organisationer tar fram och vad de har för syfte med sina personalnyckeltal. Organisationerna delas in i de två typerna marknadskopplade organisationer och budgetkopplade organisationer (Abrahamsson & Andersson 2005). Författarna ska undersöka om organisationer har liknande personalnyckeltal men om det bakomliggande syftet är olika för marknadskopplade och budgetkopplade organisationer.</p><p>Utifrån ett frågeformulär gjordes personliga intervjuer med totalt sex stycken organisationer. Volvo Wheel Loaders AB, Schott Termofrost AB, Moelven Edanesågen AB och Coffee Queen AB är de marknadskopplade organisationerna och landstinget i Värmland och Arvika kommun är de budgetkopplade organisationerna som intervjuats. Samtliga organisationer, förutom landstinget, har sin verksamhet i Arvika kommun.</p><p>Det visade sig att marknadskopplade och budgetkopplade organisationer använder liknande nyckeltal i sin verksamhet men att de marknadskopplade organisationerna är mer beroende av produktivitet och effektivitet. Utan produktivitet och effektivitet kan de lägga ner sin verksamhet till skillnad från de budgetkopplade som måste finnas kvar. De budgetkopplade är mer intresserade av hur personalen mår än hur produktiva de är. Syftet med nyckeltal är främst kontroll och belöning i båda typerna av organisationer.</p> / <p>Key ratios are all the ratios that are of interest and can be put in relation to something. Which ones are interesting depends on who you ask (Catasús et al. 2002). The Swedish law regulates that organizations must report certain key ratios, but other key ratios are reported voluntarily. There are many kinds of key ratios, but this essay only concerns the employee key ratios. The employee key ratios are a part of human-resource accounting (Gröjer & Johansson 1991). The human-resource accounting is a tool for creating an interest in personnel questions in organizations (Aronsson et al. 1994).</p><p>There are four purposes with establishing and using of key ratios. These purposes are control, reward, learning and mobilization (Catasús et al. 2001). The purpose of this essay is to examine which employee key ratios different kinds of organizations use and for what purpose. The organizations are divided into two types, market connected and budget connected organizations (Abrahamsson & Andersson 2005). The authors of this essay will examine if the choice of employee key ratios are similar in market connected and budget connected organizations, and if the purposes are different.</p><p>On the basis of a question form six interviews were made. Volvo Wheel Loaders AB, Schott Termofrost AB, Moelven Edanesågen AB and Coffee Queen AB were the market connected organizations and the regional health district service in Värmland as well as the local government Arvika (Arvika kommun) were the budget connected ones. All organizations except the regional health district service in Värmland have their activity in the municipality of Arvika.</p><p>After the examination it was shown that market connected and budget connected organizations use similar key ratios. It was also shown that market connected organizations are more dependent on productivity and efficiency. Without productivity and efficiency they must bring their activity to an end. Budget connected organizations can not bring their activity to an end and are more interested in the welfare of the employees than how productive they are. The main purpose of key ratios was control and reward in both types of organizations.</p>

<p>Drug transport across the intestinal epithelium is roughly predicted from permeability values obtained from Caco-2 cell monolayers. This thesis examines the important role of <i>pH</i> and extracellular additives for increasing the reliability and predictivity of the <i>in vitro</i> screening system, Caco-2.</p><p>It was shown that the passive transport of ionizable compounds may be biased by a false efflux or uptake component, when applying a physiological <i>pH</i>-gradient across the membrane. <i>pH</i> also affected the amount of compound available at the transporter-binding site. Therefore, <i>pH</i> dependence should be considered in studies of such compounds and of drug-drug interactions involving efflux transporters. It was also shown that proton-dependent apical uptake or basolateral efflux should be studied both with and without a <i>pH</i> gradient over the whole monolayers. </p><p>The two extracellular additives, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the solubilizing agent, Cremophor^® EL, also influenced Caco-2 permeabilities. BSA applied to the receiver side increases, and to the donor side decreases drug permeation according to the drug’s protein binding capacity. Thus, the absorptive transport for both passive and active compounds is favoured, giving a physiologically sound improvement of the Caco-2 cell model. Inclusion of BSA increased both the predictivity and quality of permeability studies, particularly of highly lipophilic, BCS class II compounds. Passive and active transport processes could also be distinguished after accounting for unbound concentrations. The overall effect of Cremophor^® EL on the permeability to a drug was compound-specific and probably dependent on micellar incorporation. Cremophor^® EL can therefore not be recommended. </p><p>Neither <i>pH</i> nor BSA affect the functionality of transporters such as P-glycoprotein. However, efflux ratios of ionizable or protein bound drugs are altered in the presence of a <i>pH</i>-gradient or BSA, indicating that an experimental system without protein or <i>pH</i> gradient can over- or underestimate active and passive efflux in drug transport.</p>

Nyckeltal är alla de relationstal som är intressanta och var och en bestämmer själv vad som är intressant (Catasús et al. 2001). En del nyckeltal är ett måste för organisationerna att redovisa på grund av att de regleras av svensk lag medan andra nyckeltal tas fram på grund av eget intresse. Det finns många grupper av nyckeltal men den här uppsatsen behandlar enbart de så kallade personalnyckeltalen. Personalnyckeltalen är en del av den personalekonomiska redovisningen (Gröjer &amp; Johansson 1991). Den personalekonomiska redovisningen är ett verktyg i organisationer med ett syfte att lyfta fram personalfrågorna (Aronsson et al. 1994). Det finns fyra syften med upprättandet och användandet av nyckeltal. Dessa syften är belöning, kontroll, lärande och mobilisering (Catasús et al. 2001). Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka personalnyckeltal olika typer av organisationer tar fram och vad de har för syfte med sina personalnyckeltal. Organisationerna delas in i de två typerna marknadskopplade organisationer och budgetkopplade organisationer (Abrahamsson &amp; Andersson 2005). Författarna ska undersöka om organisationer har liknande personalnyckeltal men om det bakomliggande syftet är olika för marknadskopplade och budgetkopplade organisationer. Utifrån ett frågeformulär gjordes personliga intervjuer med totalt sex stycken organisationer. Volvo Wheel Loaders AB, Schott Termofrost AB, Moelven Edanesågen AB och Coffee Queen AB är de marknadskopplade organisationerna och landstinget i Värmland och Arvika kommun är de budgetkopplade organisationerna som intervjuats. Samtliga organisationer, förutom landstinget, har sin verksamhet i Arvika kommun. Det visade sig att marknadskopplade och budgetkopplade organisationer använder liknande nyckeltal i sin verksamhet men att de marknadskopplade organisationerna är mer beroende av produktivitet och effektivitet. Utan produktivitet och effektivitet kan de lägga ner sin verksamhet till skillnad från de budgetkopplade som måste finnas kvar. De budgetkopplade är mer intresserade av hur personalen mår än hur produktiva de är. Syftet med nyckeltal är främst kontroll och belöning i båda typerna av organisationer. / Key ratios are all the ratios that are of interest and can be put in relation to something. Which ones are interesting depends on who you ask (Catasús et al. 2002). The Swedish law regulates that organizations must report certain key ratios, but other key ratios are reported voluntarily. There are many kinds of key ratios, but this essay only concerns the employee key ratios. The employee key ratios are a part of human-resource accounting (Gröjer &amp; Johansson 1991). The human-resource accounting is a tool for creating an interest in personnel questions in organizations (Aronsson et al. 1994). There are four purposes with establishing and using of key ratios. These purposes are control, reward, learning and mobilization (Catasús et al. 2001). The purpose of this essay is to examine which employee key ratios different kinds of organizations use and for what purpose. The organizations are divided into two types, market connected and budget connected organizations (Abrahamsson &amp; Andersson 2005). The authors of this essay will examine if the choice of employee key ratios are similar in market connected and budget connected organizations, and if the purposes are different. On the basis of a question form six interviews were made. Volvo Wheel Loaders AB, Schott Termofrost AB, Moelven Edanesågen AB and Coffee Queen AB were the market connected organizations and the regional health district service in Värmland as well as the local government Arvika (Arvika kommun) were the budget connected ones. All organizations except the regional health district service in Värmland have their activity in the municipality of Arvika. After the examination it was shown that market connected and budget connected organizations use similar key ratios. It was also shown that market connected organizations are more dependent on productivity and efficiency. Without productivity and efficiency they must bring their activity to an end. Budget connected organizations can not bring their activity to an end and are more interested in the welfare of the employees than how productive they are. The main purpose of key ratios was control and reward in both types of organizations.

資本適足率（capital adequacy ratio，即實業界所稱之BIS比率）為金融界評估商銀風險之重要指標，在反映資本結構以至於倒閉風險的意義上，相較於財務分析常用的權益值對總資產比率，BIS比率應是一個更精確的指標。本研究先藉資本市場銀行股長天期窗口超額報酬率反映投資人所要求報酬中之風險貼水，探討投資人是否可以引用資本適足率衡量國內商銀的倒閉風險與流動性風險。此外，本研究亦針對壞帳費用與票券買賣損益兩項富裁量空間之科目，分析國內商業銀行策略性操縱帳面盈餘與資本問題。最後，就現行我國資本適足率規定之缺失，作進一步之檢討，並檢測調整部份風險性資產之風險權數後，對資本適足率解釋投資人所要求必要報酬間關係之影響。 實證結果發現，不論是商銀呈報金融主管機關之資本適足率，或是就銀行所發布資料，儘可能比照公訂資本適足率核算辦法所自行設算、不含資產負債表外風險性資產所計算之比值，甚至自行設算、僅考慮自有資本中之第一類資本（Tier 1 Capital）估算值，均與商銀股市超額報酬有顯著之負血關係，顯示資本適足率對投資人而言，屬攸關資訊，能幫助評估銀行倒閉風險，進而決定其所要求之必要報酬率。又國內商銀中，民營銀行股超額報酬對資本適足率之迴歸係數，較公營銀行更具負向關係，而民國八十一年後新成立之銀行對資本適足率之迴歸係數，亦較八十一年前成立之舊銀行更具負向關係，而景氣較蕭條時，資本適足率與報酬間之關係並未較繁榮期敏感。 在盈餘與資本調控部份，或因使用不同調控工具之成本差異，致使商業銀行在帳面資本不足時，傾向于增加提列壞帳費用；另一方面，銀行似乎為了損益平穩化之目的，而以多實現或少實現票券買賣損益作為調控當期盈餘之工具，此兩項潛在之盈餘調控工具，彼此間有著相互替代代，惟因實現票券買賣損益之成本因時而異，國內商業銀行引用此兩項工具相互替補的程度實隨資本市場榮枯而改變。在估算國內商銀壞帳費用不可裁量部份時，本研究發現以上期壞帳、本期逾催收款、應收匯兌承兌款及無擔保放款餘額估計壞帳，比過動國外文獻所採變數組更恰當。 / This thesis empirically examines the explanatory power of capital adequacy ratio (BIS ratio) to Taiwan's commercial bank long-windowed returns minus risk-free rates (hereafter excess return), investigating whether the ratio serves to measure the level of risk of these banks equity securities. Findings indicate the followings: (1) ceteris paribus, long-windowed bank returns negatively correlate with each and every measure of BIS ratio in this study. These results are consistent with the notion that capital adequacy ratio conveys relevant information regarding the bank shareholders risk; (2) required rate of security returns appears to be more (less) sensitive to the BIS ratio for banks founded after (prior to) 1992 and for non-state-owned (state-owned) commercial banks; (3) there is not corroborative evidence that macro-economic variables have incremental explanatory power to the regression coefficient for the BIS ratio. Further, by identifying and examining the potential discretionary components of Taiwan's commercial bank loan loss provisions (LLPs) and securities gains and losses (RSGs), this study aims at exploring these banks' accruals management practices. Robust against various sensitivity tests, empirical findings support the notion that commercial banks strategically increase their LLPs to avoid unfavorable capital adequacy ratios. On the other hand, this study finds these banks smooth reported earnings via RSGs. Moreover, our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that LLPs and RSGs serve as substitutes for each other in commercial bank accruals management. However, the extent these banks exercise discretion via either measure varies with domestic capital market performance. For tests in this study, the specification of simultaneous equations outperforms the competing ordinary least square regression models. This study also provides an innovative design for estimating bank loan loss provisions. As compared with competing designs, our model, which relates commercial bank LLPs to non-performing assets, unsecured loans, accrued acceptances and prior-period loan loss provisions, produce a more efficient predictor for Taiwan's commercial bank LLPs.

Drug transport across the intestinal epithelium is roughly predicted from permeability values obtained from Caco-2 cell monolayers. This thesis examines the important role of pH and extracellular additives for increasing the reliability and predictivity of the in vitro screening system, Caco-2. It was shown that the passive transport of ionizable compounds may be biased by a false efflux or uptake component, when applying a physiological pH-gradient across the membrane. pH also affected the amount of compound available at the transporter-binding site. Therefore, pH dependence should be considered in studies of such compounds and of drug-drug interactions involving efflux transporters. It was also shown that proton-dependent apical uptake or basolateral efflux should be studied both with and without a pH gradient over the whole monolayers. The two extracellular additives, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the solubilizing agent, Cremophor® EL, also influenced Caco-2 permeabilities. BSA applied to the receiver side increases, and to the donor side decreases drug permeation according to the drug’s protein binding capacity. Thus, the absorptive transport for both passive and active compounds is favoured, giving a physiologically sound improvement of the Caco-2 cell model. Inclusion of BSA increased both the predictivity and quality of permeability studies, particularly of highly lipophilic, BCS class II compounds. Passive and active transport processes could also be distinguished after accounting for unbound concentrations. The overall effect of Cremophor® EL on the permeability to a drug was compound-specific and probably dependent on micellar incorporation. Cremophor® EL can therefore not be recommended. Neither pH nor BSA affect the functionality of transporters such as P-glycoprotein. However, efflux ratios of ionizable or protein bound drugs are altered in the presence of a pH-gradient or BSA, indicating that an experimental system without protein or pH gradient can over- or underestimate active and passive efflux in drug transport.

The work is focused on measuring corporate performance in particular one of the key factors influencing the financial results of the company, which is the volume of production and change. The aim is to assess how a change in production volume affects business performance of selected business entity.

Motivados pela crença de que um único conjunto de normas contábeis tecnicamente robusto seria fundamental para maior transparência nas informações, redução dos custos de capital, eliminação dos custos de adequação das demonstrações financeiras para outro conjunto de normas, redução dos riscos e, consequentemente, atração de mais investimentos, em 2002 o FASB assina o acordo de convergência com o IASB, no qual os órgãos se comprometem a desenvolver conjuntamente padrões contábeis compatíveis e de alta qualidade, que possam ser usadas no ambiente doméstico e internacional. A norma IAS 39, por ter sido considerada complexa desde sua emissão, já havia entrado no escopo de revisão conjunta entre o IASB e o FASB. Entretanto, a crise financeira de 2008 trouxe à tona algumas fraquezas da norma e ambos os órgãos foram pressionados a acelerar o processo de sua revisão. Em resposta à crise, o projeto foi dividido em três etapas, das quais a primeira é sobre classificação e mensuração dos instrumentos financeiros. Como parte do projeto, em novembro de 2009 foi emitida a IFRS 9 Instrumentos Financeiros. Esta norma introduz novos requerimentos para a classificação e mensuração dos ativos financeiros. Dentre as mudanças as quatro categorias de mensuração dos ativos financeiros - valor justo pelo resultado, mantido até o vencimento, empréstimos e recebíveis e disponível para venda foram eliminadas e introduzidas duas categorias - custo amortizado e valor justo. Tal alteração instigou uma análise sobre seus possíveis impactos. Nesse sentido, este trabalho procurou analisar, dentro do contexto da introdução da IFRS 9, se a mudança na classificação dos ativos financeiros introduz alteração estatisticamente significativa nos indicadores prudenciais e de rentabilidade dos bancos no Brasil. Para isso foi focada a reclassificação da categoria disponível para venda para a categoria valor justo. A amostra é não probabilística e formada por 38 bancos brasileiros. As variáveis operacionais são: Índice da Basiléia, Índice da Basiléia por Capital Nível I, Índice de Imobilização, Retorno sobre Ativos (ROA) e Retorno sobre Patrimônio Líquido (ROE). A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada foi a simulação e a significância das médias dos resultados de cada indicador, antes e depois da simulação, foram testados estatisticamente por meio do teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Os resultados indicaram que não há variação da estrutura do Patrimônio de Referência (PR) e, portanto, não há impacto no Índice de Imobilização. Com relação ao demais indicadores, a reclassificação dos ativos provoca um aumento estatisticamente significativo na média do Índice da Basiléia, enquanto as médias do ROA e do ROE reduziram. Para a média do Índice da Basiléia por Capital Nível I não há evidências estatísticas de variação significativa. Todos os resultados da pesquisa consideraram um nível de confiança de 95% e o respectivo nível de significância de 5%. Contudo, considerando que os testes estatísticos se basearem numa amostra não probabilística, os resultados encontrados são extensivos apenas aos bancos componentes da amostra. Este estudo contribuiu adicionalmente ao debate sobre o uso de reclassificações para fins de gerenciamento de resultados, concluindo que a IFRS 9 é mais restritiva, quando comparado à IAS 39 após emenda de 2008. No que tange aos objetivos da revisão da IAS 39, percebe-se uma melhoria, em especial ao reduzir o número de categorias de classificação dos ativos financeiros, apesar de ser ainda cedo para afirmar que a mudança introduzida pela IFRS 9 reduziu a complexidade da IAS 39. Por fim, nota-se um movimento de convergência entre as normas contábeis e prudenciais, apesar de divergências entre ambas ainda permanecerem. / Driven by the belief that only one technically robust set of standards would be fundamental for increased transparency in information, reduced capital costs, eliminated costs to adapt financial statements to a new set of standards, risks reduction and, consequently, by the attraction of international investments, in 2002 FASB signed a convergence agreement with IASB, according to which the bodies agreed to work together to develop compatible and high quality accounting standards that could be applied for both domestic and cross-border financial reporting. IAS 39 has been considered complex since it was issued and had already been included in the scope of revision by IASB and FASB. However, the 2008 financial crisis emerged IAS 39 weaknesses, being both bodies pressured to accelerate the revision. In response to the crisis, the project was divided in three phases and the first one regards to classification and measurement of financial instruments. As part of the project, in November 2009 IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was issued. The new standard introduces new requirements for classification and measurement of financial assets. Among the changes, the four categories fair value through profit and loss, held to maturity, loans and receivables and available for sale were eliminated and two categories were introduced amortized cost and fair value. This change instigated an analysis about its possible impacts. In that sense, this research aimed to analyse, within the context of IFRS 9, if the change in financial assets classification introduces statistically significant changes in the prudential and the profitability ratios of banks in Brazil. To that end, the reclassification from available for sale to fair value was focused. The sample is non-probabilistic and contains 38 Brazilian banks. The variables are: Total Capital ratio, Tier 1 ratio, Fixed Assets to Regulatory Capital ratio, Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The research strategy used is simulation and the mean significance of each ratio results, before and after the simulation, was tested by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. The results show no variation in regulatory capital structure, thus, there is no impact on Fixed Assets to Regulatory Capital ratio. In relation to all other ratios, the reclassification makes a statistically significant increase in Total Capital ratio mean, while ROA and ROE means reduced. On Tier 1 ratio mean there is no evidence of statistically significant variation. All the results of this research took into account reliability level of 95% and the respective significance level of 5%. However, considering that the statistics tests are based on a non-probabilistic sample, the results refer solely to banks in the sample. Moreover, this research contributed to a debate about the use of reclassification for earnings managements, concluding that IFRS 9 is more restrictive when compared to IAS 39 after 2008 amendment. Regarding the objectives of IAS 39 revision, an improvement was perceived, specially because the reduction of the numerous financial assets classification categories, despite it is too early to state that the change introduced by IFRS 9 has reduced IAS 39 complexity. Finally, it can be noticed a convergence movement between accounting and prudential rules, despite some divergences that still remain.

Thesis focuses on financial analysis and its possible application in daily practice. It presents a number of indicators that can be used as an instrument for financial management of comapny. These indicators, indexes and models are then applied in the analysis of the firm MOTOR JIKOV Strojírenská a.s., based in Tábor. Resulting values are simultaneously compared with rated optimal divide for engineering industry. Further is effected analysis some significant indicator on partial indices and rated their influence over total indicator. Last step those financially analyses is comparing resulting values behind year 2006 with occupational average for year 2006 in engineering industry. Last is there foreshadowed possibility exclusion or reducing some one of specific negative phenomenon, which would be able to significantly influence incoming development those companies in future. All ascertained results are processed in form tables and in detail ocommented. Information for processing those diploma work was pump concrete from jubilee news, internet and special literature. The aim of diploma work is refer to financial analysis like on necessary resource for assesment values equity capital and at the same time like on important method predikcion of economic development analysed equity capital.

The master’s thesis is concerned with the evaluation of financial situation of a company. The first part of the work is focused on the presentation of activities of the company as well as on the determination of its present-day state. The master’s thesis uses mainly financial analysis methods whose theoretical basis is introduced in the second part, being followed by the practical application on the situation in the company. Based on the achieved findings, some steps are put forward to help to improve the financial condition of the company.