Environmental microbiology has traditionally been performed using culture-based methods. However, in the last few decades, the emergence of molecular methods has changed the field considerably. The latest development in this area has been the introduction of next-generation sequencing, including pyrosequencing. These technologies allow the massively parallel sequencing of millions of DNA strands and represent a major development in sequencing technologies. The purpose of this study was to use both pyrosequencing and traditional culture-based techniques to investigate the diversity and dynamics of bacterial populations within milk and untreated sewage sludge samples. Pasteurized and raw milk samples were collected from grocery stores and dairies within Texas. Milk samples were analyzed by plating, pyrosequencing, and an assay for the presence of cell-cell signaling molecules. Samples were processed, stored, and then evaluated again for spoilage microflora. The results of this study showed that raw milk had a considerably higher bacterial load, more diversity between samples, and a significantly higher concentration of pathogens than pasteurized milk. Additionally, this study provided evidence for varying spoilage microflora between raw and pasteurized milk, as well as evidence for the production of cell-cell signaling molecules by bacterial organisms involved in milk spoilage. Four samplings of untreated sewage sludge were collected from wastewater treatment plants in seven different municipalities across the United States. Samples were subjected to quantification of selected bacterial organisms by culture and a pyrosequencing analysis was performed on extracted community DNA. The results of this study showed that untreated sewage sludge is inhabited by a huge diversity of microorganisms and that certain municipalities may have distinct bacterial populations that are conserved over time. Additionally, this study provided some evidence for seasonal differences in several of the major bacterial phyla. Lastly, this study emphasized the challenges of comparing results obtained by culture and pyrosequencing. In conclusion, this study showed that both milk and sewage are highly diverse, dynamic environments that can contain organisms of public health concern. The use of both culture-based methods and pyrosequencing in this study proved a complementary approach, providing a more comprehensive picture of both microbial environments.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 2, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

For 98 years after the first "Mormon" pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley there was no statewide control of the sale and distribution of fluid milk. Prior to any statewide control, however, laws were passed in Salt Lake City and Ogden outlawing sale of raw milk to final consumers in those cities as of January l, 1945.

Milk is something many Americans consume every day, whether over cereal, in coffee or in a cup; as yogurt, cream, cheese or butter. The vast majority of that milk is pasteurized, or heated to the point where much of the bacteria in the milk dies. Pasteurization both slows spoilage of the milk and eliminates potentially harmful bacteria. The fact that we call heat-treated dairy simply "milk" is a testament to pasteurization's widespread proliferation over the past century. Prior to the 1900s, "milk" was raw and unheated, and pasteurized milk was a radically new technology. My research delved into understandings of dairy in both the present and the past, looking in the first chapter at Vermont farmer resistance at the advent of pasteurization, and in the second at consumer resistance to pasteurization in the present time. A century ago, the dairy industry was in flux, facing pressure to change due to population shifts and rising demands. In lieu of food that could be traced to a neighbor or to a farm on the other side of town, urbanization meant that food could travel hundreds of miles before it reached its destination -- Vermont farmers could now send their fluid milk to the Boston and New York markets. Once milk got to the city, however, it was often riddled with bacteria and untraceable to its source. Cities and states struggled to regulate the safety of milk coming into their area. In 1908 the Vermont legislature passed a pasteurization law in an attempt to curb the spread of bovine tuberculosis, but farmers and creameries simply refused to follow it and the state legislature was forced to repeal the law two years later. Despite pushback to pasteurization, however, pressure from the cities forced its adoption, pushing the expense onto the middleman processors and distributors. This, in turn, helped to drive consolidation and bring about the dairy industry as we know it today -- an industry that many interviewees in my present-day research felt was deeply flawed. My second chapter focuses on raw milk consumers in Vermont. Those on each side of the raw milk discussion make broad -- and sometimes dire -- knowledge claims regarding the values and risks associated with consumption of the substance. Advocacy groups, agricultural associations, and various governmental authorities all voice divergent opinions regarding the safety and health benefits of raw milk consumption. As such, consumers navigate these contests of voices when deciding whether or not to drink raw milk. Yet raw milk consumers are not simply passive recipients of governmental, advocacy and media messaging, but rather consumers making rational decisions based on research, experience and values. In examining how raw milk consumers understand their actions and decisions, I bring this perspective to bear on the larger discussion of the risks and benefits of raw milk consumption. My investigation of the historical and present context of raw milk shed light not just on the subculture of those who choose to drink raw milk, or on the small group of farmers who fought back against pasteurization in 1909. It revealed common refrains over the course of more than a century, repeating patterns and, I hope, a lens through which to view the nuance and shifting possibilities in other issues in the food system, both past and current.

Este trabalho tem por finalidade reunir informações para que em um local de produção de leite com finalidade econômica se possa ter um produto com o minimo possível de bactérias, não patogênicas para o consumo humano. Descrevemos o desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, porque, é aí que começa o problema do leite: podemos chamá-la de \"Fábrica de leite\", com todos os seus incovenientes. Tomamos a precaução de informar sobre os cuidados higiênicos e mecânicos quando houver a manipulação do úbere para a extração do leite. Ressaltamos as possíveis fontes de contaminação do lei te iniciando com o animal passando pelo meio ambiente, pelo ordenhador, transporte e distribuição. Relacionamos os locais utilizados para o manejo dos animais em produção e as condições higiênicas necessárias para tal. Sobre microrganismos, lembramos os que se desenvolvem no leite e os transformam causando alterações prejudiciais ao produto e os outros que prejudicam os consumidores causando-lhe doenças, algumas muito graves, outras menos graves; mas todas quebrando a higidez do consumidor e por consequência avolumando o rol das doenças notificáveis. Analisamos os componentes do leite, frente a legislação vigente, apresentando uma tabela com a composição do leite das diversas espécies animais. Repassamos as análises químicas e físicas que os regulamentos impõem e apresentamos as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde quanto á flora bacteriana mínima permitida. Os objetivos são bem claros, pois há necessidade de uma assistência sanitária aos criadores, uma orientação aos comerciantes e esclarecimentos às autoridades administrativas, da saúde e educação. As tabelas obtidas com as análises realizadas, demonstram claramente as distorções encontradas nas amostras de leite colhidas nas regiões de Itapecerica da Serra e Juquitiba. A porcentagem de amostras de leite que estariam condenadas somam, para Itapecerica da Serra 76,18% e para Juquitiba 71,72%. Esse quadro dá idéia perfeita de que a produção de leite naquela região está abandonada pelas autoridades responsáveis pela Vigilância Sanitária (Setor Saúde) e pela Defesa Sanitária Animal (Setor Econômico). / This paper aims at assembling information in order that the least number possible of non-pathogenic bacteria for human consumption can be achieved in a site designed for a profitable dairy. The development of the mammary gland is described since it is there that the problem of milk begins; it can be called a \"milk-factory\", with all its inconveniences. All precautions are taken to inform about sanitary and mechanical procedures on the process of milk-extraction carried out by ubre handling. Some possible sources of milk contamination are emphasized, beginning with those related to the animal and going on with those originated from the enviroment, the milker, and the milk transportation and distribuition. The most common sites used for managing animals in production are mentioned, as well as the needed sanitary conditions for such end. In what microorganisms are concerned to, we point out the ones which are developed within the milk, transforming it and causing harmfull alterations to the product and others that injure the consumer\'s health causing diseases, some of them very serious, other less serious, but all of them breaking the consumer\'s state of health and, as a consequence, increasing the roll communicable diseases. Milk components are analysed in face of the current legislation with the presentation of a table containing the milk-composition concerning various animal species. A review on the chemical and psysical analyses required by law is made, presenting the recommendations of the Ministry oh Health as to the minimal bacterial flora allowed. The objectives of the paper are rather clear, since there is a need for sanitary assistance on the part of the cattle breeders, orientation to be provided to milk-traders and englightenment to both, the health and education administrative authorities. Data from the analyses carried out clearly demonstrate the distortions found out in milk-samples collected along the Itapecerica da Serra and Juquitiba regions. The percentage of milk-samples which would be condemned by health authorities sums up 76.18% for Itapecerica da Serra and 71.72% for Juquitiba. This picture gives a perfect idea of how the milk-production in that region is left abandonmed by the authorities in charge of the sanitary surveillance (Health sector) and the Animal sanitary Defense (Economic Sector).

Este trabalho tem por finalidade reunir informações para que em um local de produção de leite com finalidade econômica se possa ter um produto com o minimo possível de bactérias, não patogênicas para o consumo humano. Descrevemos o desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, porque, é aí que começa o problema do leite: podemos chamá-la de \"Fábrica de leite\", com todos os seus incovenientes. Tomamos a precaução de informar sobre os cuidados higiênicos e mecânicos quando houver a manipulação do úbere para a extração do leite. Ressaltamos as possíveis fontes de contaminação do lei te iniciando com o animal passando pelo meio ambiente, pelo ordenhador, transporte e distribuição. Relacionamos os locais utilizados para o manejo dos animais em produção e as condições higiênicas necessárias para tal. Sobre microrganismos, lembramos os que se desenvolvem no leite e os transformam causando alterações prejudiciais ao produto e os outros que prejudicam os consumidores causando-lhe doenças, algumas muito graves, outras menos graves; mas todas quebrando a higidez do consumidor e por consequência avolumando o rol das doenças notificáveis. Analisamos os componentes do leite, frente a legislação vigente, apresentando uma tabela com a composição do leite das diversas espécies animais. Repassamos as análises químicas e físicas que os regulamentos impõem e apresentamos as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde quanto á flora bacteriana mínima permitida. Os objetivos são bem claros, pois há necessidade de uma assistência sanitária aos criadores, uma orientação aos comerciantes e esclarecimentos às autoridades administrativas, da saúde e educação. As tabelas obtidas com as análises realizadas, demonstram claramente as distorções encontradas nas amostras de leite colhidas nas regiões de Itapecerica da Serra e Juquitiba. A porcentagem de amostras de leite que estariam condenadas somam, para Itapecerica da Serra 76,18% e para Juquitiba 71,72%. Esse quadro dá idéia perfeita de que a produção de leite naquela região está abandonada pelas autoridades responsáveis pela Vigilância Sanitária (Setor Saúde) e pela Defesa Sanitária Animal (Setor Econômico). / This paper aims at assembling information in order that the least number possible of non-pathogenic bacteria for human consumption can be achieved in a site designed for a profitable dairy. The development of the mammary gland is described since it is there that the problem of milk begins; it can be called a \"milk-factory\", with all its inconveniences. All precautions are taken to inform about sanitary and mechanical procedures on the process of milk-extraction carried out by ubre handling. Some possible sources of milk contamination are emphasized, beginning with those related to the animal and going on with those originated from the enviroment, the milker, and the milk transportation and distribuition. The most common sites used for managing animals in production are mentioned, as well as the needed sanitary conditions for such end. In what microorganisms are concerned to, we point out the ones which are developed within the milk, transforming it and causing harmfull alterations to the product and others that injure the consumer\'s health causing diseases, some of them very serious, other less serious, but all of them breaking the consumer\'s state of health and, as a consequence, increasing the roll communicable diseases. Milk components are analysed in face of the current legislation with the presentation of a table containing the milk-composition concerning various animal species. A review on the chemical and psysical analyses required by law is made, presenting the recommendations of the Ministry oh Health as to the minimal bacterial flora allowed. The objectives of the paper are rather clear, since there is a need for sanitary assistance on the part of the cattle breeders, orientation to be provided to milk-traders and englightenment to both, the health and education administrative authorities. Data from the analyses carried out clearly demonstrate the distortions found out in milk-samples collected along the Itapecerica da Serra and Juquitiba regions. The percentage of milk-samples which would be condemned by health authorities sums up 76.18% for Itapecerica da Serra and 71.72% for Juquitiba. This picture gives a perfect idea of how the milk-production in that region is left abandonmed by the authorities in charge of the sanitary surveillance (Health sector) and the Animal sanitary Defense (Economic Sector).

Amostras de leite \'in natura\'coletados de diferentes latões foram analisadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite, para determinação dos níveis residuais de cádmio, tendo sido selecionados latões com pontos de solda(L1), latões velhos(L2) e latões reestanhados(L3), perfazendo um total de 59 amostras, sendo o seguinte os valores médios encontrados: Latões com pontos de solda: 0,0169 ppm Latões velhos: 0,0168 ppm Latões reestanhados 0,0118 ppm Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos níveis residuais de cádmio considerando-se os diferentes tipos de latões, tendo-se efetuado o teste de Significância entre duas médias a um nível de garantia de 95 %. Os valores absolutos estiveram entre 0,0500 ppm e 0,0020 ppm de cádmio. Avaliaram-se os valores residuais de cádmio, considerando-se apenas a origem do leite, ou seja a propriedade rural, tendo-se observado valores médios variando de 0,0080 ppm a 0,0272 ppm. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os níveis residuais de cádmio nas amostras de leite levando-se em conta a origem do produto. Coletaram-se amostras de leite de 05 animais diretamente na propriedade rural, e o valor médio encontrado foi de 0,01738 ppm, mais elevado do que a média encontrada nos diferentes latões. Pelos valores determinados por outros autores em diferentes países, quando comparados com os resultados da presente pesquisa, pode-se supor que os níveis aqui detectados, embora dentro dos padrões da legislação brasileira, podem estar elevados, colocando em risco a saúde de crianças e pessoas debilitadas, tendo em vista o potencial do metal pesado se acumular no organismo, causando-lhe danos irreversíveis. O autor sugere maiores pesquisas sobre os níveis residuais de metais pesados em órgãos de animais abatidos, utilizados na alimentação humana e na fabricação de rações animais. Sugere ainda pesquisas abrangentes nos adubos fosfóricos utilizados nas plantações e levantamentos epidemiológicos nas populações rurais que consomem produtos diretamente das propriedades onde ocorrem as contaminações. Não foram encontradas as fontes de contaminação do leite, porém vários autores asseveraram que pode estar ocorrendo uma contaminação natural de plantas e animais decorrentes do uso de produtos contaminados com metais pesados, podendo ainda ser uma contaminação casual e até do próprio solo, contaminado pelo cádmio. / A total of 64 samples of raw milk collected in a processing plant were analysed for the determination of cadmium levels, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry attached to a Carbon Rod atomizer.The cans used for milk transportation were selected as follow: soldered cans, older cans and tinned cans. The mean average of cadmium levels in milk sanples were: soldered cans- 0,0169 ppm, older cans- 0,0168 ppm tinned cans 0,0118 ppm There were no statistical differences amongst the cadmium levels in milk from different cans. The cadmium levels in milk were analysed to verify the statistical differences amongst the sites of production, and the mean values ranged from 0,0272 ppm to 0,0020 ppm. Statistical differences in cadmium levels related to the different sites of production were found. Samples of cows milk were collected and analysed for cadmium determination, and mean average level was 0,01738 ppm., higher tham the mean average levels from different cans. The mean cadmium values from this issue , and the values reported by other authors in papers ,allow us to say that probably the cadmium levels found in milk samples might be hight specially for children and older persons. These levels may be a Public Health hazard to those who consume products from animal sources The author suggests that more issues to determine the metal levels in animal organs consumed by the population and used for animal feedstuff should be made. In attempt to an epidemiological study in the population that uses milk and others products from farms, more studies should be made. Sources of milk contamination were not found, and authors claimmed that these metals are present in plants and soil with an unknown origin, probably due to environmental contamination.

Amostras de leite \'in natura\'coletados de diferentes latões foram analisadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite, para determinação dos níveis residuais de cádmio, tendo sido selecionados latões com pontos de solda(L1), latões velhos(L2) e latões reestanhados(L3), perfazendo um total de 59 amostras, sendo o seguinte os valores médios encontrados: Latões com pontos de solda: 0,0169 ppm Latões velhos: 0,0168 ppm Latões reestanhados 0,0118 ppm Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos níveis residuais de cádmio considerando-se os diferentes tipos de latões, tendo-se efetuado o teste de Significância entre duas médias a um nível de garantia de 95 %. Os valores absolutos estiveram entre 0,0500 ppm e 0,0020 ppm de cádmio. Avaliaram-se os valores residuais de cádmio, considerando-se apenas a origem do leite, ou seja a propriedade rural, tendo-se observado valores médios variando de 0,0080 ppm a 0,0272 ppm. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os níveis residuais de cádmio nas amostras de leite levando-se em conta a origem do produto. Coletaram-se amostras de leite de 05 animais diretamente na propriedade rural, e o valor médio encontrado foi de 0,01738 ppm, mais elevado do que a média encontrada nos diferentes latões. Pelos valores determinados por outros autores em diferentes países, quando comparados com os resultados da presente pesquisa, pode-se supor que os níveis aqui detectados, embora dentro dos padrões da legislação brasileira, podem estar elevados, colocando em risco a saúde de crianças e pessoas debilitadas, tendo em vista o potencial do metal pesado se acumular no organismo, causando-lhe danos irreversíveis. O autor sugere maiores pesquisas sobre os níveis residuais de metais pesados em órgãos de animais abatidos, utilizados na alimentação humana e na fabricação de rações animais. Sugere ainda pesquisas abrangentes nos adubos fosfóricos utilizados nas plantações e levantamentos epidemiológicos nas populações rurais que consomem produtos diretamente das propriedades onde ocorrem as contaminações. Não foram encontradas as fontes de contaminação do leite, porém vários autores asseveraram que pode estar ocorrendo uma contaminação natural de plantas e animais decorrentes do uso de produtos contaminados com metais pesados, podendo ainda ser uma contaminação casual e até do próprio solo, contaminado pelo cádmio. / A total of 64 samples of raw milk collected in a processing plant were analysed for the determination of cadmium levels, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry attached to a Carbon Rod atomizer.The cans used for milk transportation were selected as follow: soldered cans, older cans and tinned cans. The mean average of cadmium levels in milk sanples were: soldered cans- 0,0169 ppm, older cans- 0,0168 ppm tinned cans 0,0118 ppm There were no statistical differences amongst the cadmium levels in milk from different cans. The cadmium levels in milk were analysed to verify the statistical differences amongst the sites of production, and the mean values ranged from 0,0272 ppm to 0,0020 ppm. Statistical differences in cadmium levels related to the different sites of production were found. Samples of cows milk were collected and analysed for cadmium determination, and mean average level was 0,01738 ppm., higher tham the mean average levels from different cans. The mean cadmium values from this issue , and the values reported by other authors in papers ,allow us to say that probably the cadmium levels found in milk samples might be hight specially for children and older persons. These levels may be a Public Health hazard to those who consume products from animal sources The author suggests that more issues to determine the metal levels in animal organs consumed by the population and used for animal feedstuff should be made. In attempt to an epidemiological study in the population that uses milk and others products from farms, more studies should be made. Sources of milk contamination were not found, and authors claimmed that these metals are present in plants and soil with an unknown origin, probably due to environmental contamination.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_cf_me_jabo.pdf: 346938 bytes, checksum: 4899f13a99bb080af03657b84504252d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de uma nova ferramenta de gestão da qualidade do leite cru refrigerado, comparativamente à utilização dos testes tradicionais de controle, nas condições da Instrução Normativa 51 (IN 51). Foram utilizadas 374 amostras individuais de leite cru refrigerado (produtor) e 125 amostras de leite cru de conjunto (bocas de tanques de caminhões transportadores, referindo-se a leites desses mesmos produtores). As amostras foram submetidas a duas análises microbiológicas, sendo as individuais submetidas à prova rápida de redução em tubos – o “Tetra-Test”, com o objetivo de estimar a carga microbiana do leite e a microbiota predominante, enquanto as amostras de conjunto foram submetidas à contagem padrão em placas (CPP) como método de referência. Paralelamente, buscou-se verificar os efeitos do processo de centrifugação nas características e/ou propriedades da matériaprima industrial durante a execução do processo por Ultra Alta Temperatura (UAT). Foram utilizadas 56 amostras de leite provenientes da linha de processamento, tomadas imediatamente antes e depois da etapa de centrifugação interposta no início do processo, as quais foram submetidas a ambos os testes microbiológicos (“Tetra- Test” e CPP), além da determinação da variabilidade da composição do leite e determinação do índice proteolítico da k-caseína. O “Tetra-test” se mostrou eficaz na avaliação da qualidade microbiológica do leite cru podendo ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de gestão, uma vez que seus resultados se correlacionaram proporcionalmente aos obtidos pela CPP e possibilitaram informações complementares sobre as características da microbiota dominante, oferecendo vantagens sobre os tradicionais testes de redução. Os resultados mostraram que grande... / This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a new tool for quality management of refrigerated raw milk, compared to traditional control tests in accordance to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) Normative Instruction No. 51. A total of 374 individual samples of refrigerated raw milk (from producers) and 125 samples of bulk raw milk (from milk transport tankers from these same producers) were studied. Samples were submitted to microbiological analyses, being individual samples submitted to rapid reduction in test tubes - the Tetra-Test, in order to estimate the microbial load of milk and predominant microbiota, while the bulk samples were analyzed by standard plate count as a reference method. At the same time, it was investigated the effects of the centrifugation on the characteristics and/or properties of industrial raw material into the incoming of UHT process. Were analyzed 56 samples of milk from the processing line, obtained immediately before and after centrifugation performed early in the process. Both of them were subjected to microbiological tests (Tetra-Test and PCA). In addition it was determined the variability of milk composition and proteolytic rate of k-casein. The “Tetra-test showed to be effective in assessing the microbiological quality of raw milk and can be used as a management tool, since its results correlated proportionally with those obtained by standard plate count and make possible to obtain more information about predominant... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)