Der Ausbau dezentraler Energieanlagen wie fotovoltaischen Anlagen beeinflusst die Netzzustände signifikant. Dabei ist unsicher, wo und in welchem Maße deren Ausbau zukünftig erfolgt. Es ist nun an den Netzbetreibern gleichzeitig die aktuellen Herausforderungen zu meistern und die Netzplanung und -regelung für die Zukunft zu aktualisieren. Eine statistische Methode wird entwickelt, die Verteilnetzplanung unter Einsatz von quasi-stationär modellierten ”Smart Grid”-Lösungen wie Blindleistungsreglern und regelbaren Ortsnetztransformatoren ermöglicht. Durch Stichprobenverfahren werden Unsicherheiten wie Ort, Größe und Leistungsprofile der Energieanlagen in das Netzmodell eingebunden. Diese als probabilistischer Lastfluss bekannte Methode wird durch Gütemaße im Bereich geringer Kombination evaluiert. Beispiele probabilistischer Netzplanung werden an Netztopologien präsentiert. / Development of distributed energy units such as photovoltaic systems affects grid states significantly. It is uncertain, where and to what extent the development of these units is carried out in the future. It is now up to the distribution system operator to cope with todays grid challenges and to update grid planning and control for the future. A statistical method is developed, which incorporates quasi-stationary modeled ”smart grid” solutions such as reactive power controllers and on-load tap-changers. Uncertainties such as location, size and power profiles of energy systems are integrated into the grid model by sampling. This method is known as probabilistic load flow and is evaluated by quality measures at low combinations. Examples on probabilistic grid planning of different grid topologies are presented.

This work deals with the deployment of distributed power sources into the electric power grid. The nature of these sources causes that the massive integration may experience problems with power quality in the local context, and also overall reliability of supply in the range of interconnected power systems may be endangered. Work is focused on local voltage quality problems with special emphasis on analysis and design of tools (e.g. reactive power compensation units of power plants or dynamic voltage control by transformers 110/22kV) for voltage control in power distribution systems. These tools should be used as a part of uniform concept of voltage control. The proposed concept is involved.

The dissertation presents a generalized average-current-mode control technique (GACMC), which is an extension of the average-current-mode control (ACMC) for single-phase ac-dc boost converters with power factor correction (PFC). Traditional ACMC is generalized in a sense that it offers improved performance in the form of significant reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency in unidirectional and bidirectional boost PFC converters, and additional functionality in the form of reactive power control capability in bidirectional converters. These features allow using a relatively low switching frequency and slow-switching power devices such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in boost PFC converters, including those designed for higher ac line frequencies such as in aircraft power systems (360–800 Hz). In bidirectional boost PFC converters, including multilevel topologies, the GACMC offers a capability to supply a prescribed amount of reactive power (with leading or lagging current) independently of the dc load power, which allows the converter to be used as a static reactive power compensator in the power system. A closed-loop dynamic model for the current control loop of the boost PFC converter with the ACMC has been developed. The model explains the structure of the converter input admittance, the current phase lead phenomenon, and lays the groundwork for development of the GACMC. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to completely eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon and, consequently, the zero-crossing distortion in unidirectional converters. The LPAC technique has been adapted for active compensation of the input filter capacitor current in bidirectional boost PFC converters. The dynamic model of the current control loop for bidirectional boost PFC converters was augmented to include a reactive power controller. The proposed control strategy enables the converter to process reactive power and, thus, be used as a reactive power compensator, independently of the converter operation as an ac-dc converter. Multiple realizations of the reactive power controller have been identified and examined in a systematic way, along with their merits and limitations, including susceptibility to the ac line noise. Frequency response characteristics of reactive elements emulated by means of these realizations have been described. Theoretical principles and practical solutions developed in this dissertation have been experimentally verified using unidirectional and bidirectional converter prototypes. Experimental results demonstrated validity of the theory and proposed practical implementations of the GACMC. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Frente aos novos desafios impostos ao cenário energético mundial, esta tese de doutorado implementa e analisa uma micro-rede de geração distribuída (GD), com acumulação e capacidade de operação conectada ou desconectada da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica (RDEE). A energia é fornecida à RDEE através de seis inversores monofásicos, constituindo uma rede trifásica, sendo três deles com capacidade de operação ilhada e conectada, e outros três com características de fonte de corrente que podem injetar energia de forma controlada, ativa ou reativa, no ponto de conexão comum (PCC). Através do sistema de acumulação com baterias do tipo chumbo-ácido, também é possível que o sistema minimize o consumo de energia da RDEE, mesmo quando não há energia solar, extraindo potência das baterias. Tendo em vista que a quase totalidade dos inversores utilizados em um sistema de GD fornecem somente potência ativa, ou trabalhem com fator de potência fixo, este trabalho também implementa o controle dinâmico de P e Q na micro-rede, atuando como compensador de tensão no PCC e promovendo melhorias na qualidade da energia elétrica. A micro-rede é gerenciada por um programa desenvolvido para o controle de todos os dispositivos essenciais presentes na GD, incluindo controle da carga e descarga do sistema de acumulação, controle dos contatores de conexão de todo o sistema, e controle do firmware dos inversores conectados, permitindo total liberdade de gestão da energia disponível, resultando numa ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering the new challenges imposed in the energetic scenario around the world, this PhD thesis implements and analyzes a micro-grid of Distributed Generation (DG) plant with accumulation and capability of operation connected or islanded from the electric power distribution grid. The system will supply power to the utility grid and local loads through six single-phase inverters, constituting a three-phase system, among which three are with capability to operate in islanded and connected mode, and the other three single-phase inverters with current source characteristic that can inject active or reactive power in a controlled manner at the point of common coupling (PCC). Through the accumulation system with lead-acid batteries technology, it is also possible that the system minimizes the utility grid consumption, though without solar energy. Given that most of the available inverters for DG are designed only to provide active power or to operate with a fixed power factor, this work, in the meantime, implements the dynamic control of the supplied active and reactive power (P and Q) in micro-grid, acting as a voltage compensator at the PCC to improve the quality of electric power. The micro-grid is managed by software designed to control and communicate with all essential devices in DG, including control of charge and discharge of the accumulation system, control of the whole system connection contactors, and the firmware control of grid connected inverters, which allow a wid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alfeu Joãozinho Sguarezi Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2015. / Inicialmente, este trabalho apresenta aspectos de viabilidade e técnicos para a construção de sistemas de geração eólicos. Nele é disposto uma breve literatura de alguns dos conversores elétricos utilizados para diferentes tipos de geradores. Por fim, este trabalho propõe um método de ajuste de ganhos dos controladores proporcionais-integrais através do emprego do método por compensação de polos da função de transferência do sistema em malha fechada, para o conversor do lado do rotor, com objetivo de garantir controle estável do fluxo das potências ativa e reativa de estator do GIRB. Também, serão apresentadas as malhas de controle do conversor conectado à rede elétrica. Resultados obtidos através de simulação computacional deste sistema de controle são apresentados para validar a proposta. / This work includes feasibility and technical aspects for the construction of wind generation systems. In it, there is disposed a brief literature some electrical converters used for different types of generators. It also presents a design method for the gains of the proportional-integral controllers used in power vector control of DFIG connected to the grid in wind power generation systems where GIRB is connected directly to the power grid and its rotor through a converter called "back to back". The rotor controllers will be adjusted with the use of the method for compensating poles of the system's transfer function in closed loop. Also, the converter control loops connected to the grid will be displayed. Results from computer simulation of this control system are presented to validate the proposal.

Submitted by MARCOS GUTIERREZ ALVES null (mmarkos.alves@gmail.com) on 2017-10-18T17:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Gutierrez Alves - Tese.pdf: 10359243 bytes, checksum: 24da24ccb395d0581201cc49607f4bf6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T18:18:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10359243 bytes, checksum: 24da24ccb395d0581201cc49607f4bf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T18:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mg_dr_ilha.pdf: 10359243 bytes, checksum: 24da24ccb395d0581201cc49607f4bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Frente aos novos desafios impostos ao cenário energético mundial, esta tese de doutorado implementa e analisa uma micro-rede de geração distribuída (GD), com acumulação e capacidade de operação conectada ou desconectada da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica (RDEE). A energia é fornecida à RDEE através de seis inversores monofásicos, constituindo uma rede trifásica, sendo três deles com capacidade de operação ilhada e conectada, e outros três com características de fonte de corrente que podem injetar energia de forma controlada, ativa ou reativa, no ponto de conexão comum (PCC). Através do sistema de acumulação com baterias do tipo chumbo-ácido, também é possível que o sistema minimize o consumo de energia da RDEE, mesmo quando não há energia solar, extraindo potência das baterias. Tendo em vista que a quase totalidade dos inversores utilizados em um sistema de GD fornecem somente potência ativa, ou trabalhem com fator de potência fixo, este trabalho também implementa o controle dinâmico de P e Q na micro-rede, atuando como compensador de tensão no PCC e promovendo melhorias na qualidade da energia elétrica. A micro-rede é gerenciada por um programa desenvolvido para o controle de todos os dispositivos essenciais presentes na GD, incluindo controle da carga e descarga do sistema de acumulação, controle dos contatores de conexão de todo o sistema, e controle do firmware dos inversores conectados, permitindo total liberdade de gestão da energia disponível, resultando numa importante ferramenta acadêmica de aprendizagem. Adicionalmente, a planta de GD é monitorada por meio de um programa de aquisição de dados do fluxo de energia elétrica que flui entre a GD e a RDEE, armazenando os dados relevantes em um banco de dados de informações para análises em longo prazo. É apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica para o cenário energético mundial e no Brasil, além das configurações de micro-rede com GD mais utilizadas no setor atualmente. O diagrama geral da micro-rede com GD é exposto, com descrição de cada equipamento e dimensionamento das fontes de energia solar. Finalmente, resultados experimentais e estruturas dos códigos são apresentados e discutidos. / Considering the new challenges imposed in the energetic scenario around the world, this PhD thesis implements and analyzes a micro-grid of Distributed Generation (DG) plant with accumulation and capability of operation connected or islanded from the electric power distribution grid. The system will supply power to the utility grid and local loads through six single-phase inverters, constituting a three-phase system, among which three are with capability to operate in islanded and connected mode, and the other three single-phase inverters with current source characteristic that can inject active or reactive power in a controlled manner at the point of common coupling (PCC). Through the accumulation system with lead-acid batteries technology, it is also possible that the system minimizes the utility grid consumption, though without solar energy. Given that most of the available inverters for DG are designed only to provide active power or to operate with a fixed power factor, this work, in the meantime, implements the dynamic control of the supplied active and reactive power (P and Q) in micro-grid, acting as a voltage compensator at the PCC to improve the quality of electric power. The micro-grid is managed by software designed to control and communicate with all essential devices in DG, including control of charge and discharge of the accumulation system, control of the whole system connection contactors, and the firmware control of grid connected inverters, which allow a wide control over the available energy and provide a significant academic studying platform. In addition, the energy flow between the DG and the utility grid is monitored through a power quality monitoring device, which is capable to send daily reports by email. In this way, a program was developed to store and recover all the relevant data in a database for the long-term analysis, compiling the results for easy interpretation. A literature review is presented for the world energy scenario, with more focus in Brazil, besides the micro-grid configurations with DG most used in the sector currently. This work also shows the general diagram of the micro-grid with DG describing the equipment and dimensioning the solar energy sources. Finally, it demonstrates and discusses experimental results and code structures.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Favarin Murari / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T08:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canoas_AnaCarolinaGarcia_D.pdf: 790052 bytes, checksum: bdc65cd1e622b5ffa74f95691e03751e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Devido ao crescente aumento da demanda de energia elétrica e ao retardo de investimento na expansão dos sistemas e energia elétrica (SEE), a operação destes sistemas está cada vez mais próxima de seus limites operacionais, contribuindo para maior complexidade dos SEE. Neste sentido, para satisfazer as rígidas condições de operação, um gerenciamento do perfil de tensão e fluxo de potência tem se tornado cada vez mais importante para as concessionárias, de modo a aumentar a segurança operacional dos sistemas e otimizar o uso de fontes de potência reativa, visando suprir aos consumidores energia dentro de determinados padrões de qualidade e confiabilidade. o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é o desenvolvimento de metodologias com o objetivo de monitorar o perfil de tensão, mantendo-o dentro dos limites operativos, visando não perder a qualidade de fornecimento de energia elétrica. O primeiro método trata-se de uma ferramenta de auxílio à tomada de decisão dos operadores nos centros de controle, baseada em um conjunto de regras nebulosas, o qual é a base do sistema de inferência fuzzy (ou nebulosa) que por sua vez se fundamenta na teoria de conjuntos nebulosos. Considerando que o problema de controle de tensão e de potência reativa apresenta características de natureza não-linear e que envolve variáveis de controle contínuas e discretas, foi desenvolvido um segundo método, o qual utiliza lógica nebulosa em conjunto com a técnica de otimização particle swarm. Este método mostra a possibilidade de incorporar lógica nebulosa em algoritmos baseados em busca, possibilitando a redução das perdas do sistema, satisfazendo as restrições de operação, e garantindo que o perfil de tensão mantenha-se dentro dos limites operativos com uma melhor utilização das fontes de potência reativa / Abstract: Due to the growing electrical power demand and the lag of transmission system infrastruc ture, the operation of transmission systems approaches to its limits and increases the complexity of the system operation. ln this context, in order to satisfy the more rigid operating conditions, managing voltage profile and power flow in a more effective way becomes very important to the power companies that have the aim of enhancing the operating conditions and optimiz ing reactive power sources to provide the consumers with an adequate quality and reliability standards. The main objective of this research work is the development of methodologies for monitoring the volt age profile in order to keep it within operating limits and preserving the quality of the energy being served. The first method consists of a tool for helping decision making by system operators in control centres. This method is based on a set of fuzzy rules, which are the base of a fuzzy inference system. Considering that the voltage and reactive power control present nonlinear characteristics and mixed continuous and discrete variables, a hybrid meta-heuristic method based on fuzzy system and particle swarm optimization has been developed. The fuzzy system has been incorporated into swarm intelligence to provide operational point that allows reduction of system losses while satisfies the operationallimits, volt age constraints and the best utilisation of reactive power / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Edson Bim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T06:15:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jacomini_RogerioVani_M.pdf: 7135726 bytes, checksum: aed72d86566ef67b4dafacda1e335044 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese trata da implementação do controle do fluxo de potência de um gerador de indução duplamente alimentado conectado ao barramento infinito. A orientação de fluxo do estator é utilizada, pois permite o controle, de forma independente, das potências ativa e reativa do estator, por meio das componentes de eixo direto e em quadratura da corrente de rotor. Na verdade, se for considerada a resistência de estator, o modelo apresentará um pequeno acoplamento. A estratégia de controle do GIDA foi implementada no DSP TMS320F2812. São apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentais para o gerador de 2,25kW, 220 V, 60 Hz. O gerador foi acionado por um motor de indução acoplado diretamente ao seu eixo. Operando com velocidades subsíncronas e com cargas indutiva, capacitiva e resistiva, resultados de simulação computacional e experimental relevantes são apresentados para validar a proposta. / Abstract: This thesis presents the results about an impIementation of an active and reactive power controI of a doubIy fed induction generator. The stator flux orientation allows the independent contraI of active and reactive power of stator connected to infinity bus. ln fact, if the resistance of stator is not negIected, the stator flux orientation will be coupIed. The controI technique was implemented by using of DSP TMS320F2812, therefore simuIation and experiments results are presented in further notes to vaIidate the proposaI. The generator was drivi:q.g for a squirreI cage induction motor directIy coupIed to tlÍe primary rator axis. The operation was based on sub synchronous speed and with inductive, capacitive and resistive Ioads. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Le réglage de la tension et la gestion de la puissance réactive est d’une importance capitale pour le bon fonctionnement du système électrique. Les réseaux de distribution connaissent des modifications profondes qui sont tant techniques avec l’insertion de la production décentralisée ou l’enfouissement des lignes aériennes, que réglementaires avec l’entrée en vigueur des codes de réseaux Européens. Aussi, des alternatives aux réglages traditionnels de tension et la mise en place de contrôle des échanges de puissance réactive à l’interface réseau de transport/distribution peuvent être développées. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de doctorat, une solution basée sur l’amélioration du réglage temps réel des réseaux de distribution ainsi que la mise en place d’une gestion conjointe de la puissance réactive entre les gestionnaires du réseau de transport et distribution a été proposée. Ce réglage temps réel est basé sur une méthode de commande prédictive, et s’appuie notamment sur le régleur en charge ou les productions décentralisées pour réaliser un réglage de la tension au sein d’un réseau de distribution et contrôler les échanges de puissance réactive. Les références de puissance réactive à atteindre à l’interface entre réseau de distribution et de transport sont déterminées par le gestionnaire du réseau de transport pour ses propres besoins et en connaissance des réserves de puissance réactive disponible depuis les réseaux de distribution. Par rapport à la littérature, notre démarche a pour originalité de prendre en compte les problèmes à l’interface des réseaux de distribution et de transport et démontre l’intérêt de mener des études conjointes entre gestionnaires / Voltage and reactive power control are of paramount importance to ensure safe and reliable operation of the power system. Distribution grids are undergoing major changes, namely the insertion of distributed generation and the replacement of overhead lines. Along with these physical evolutions, new distribution networks should comply with the requirements of the European Grid Codes on the reactive power exchange at the HV/MV interface. To handle these new operational concerns, alternative solutions to the traditional voltage and reactive power control can be found. In our work, a scheme based on the evolution of the real-time Volt Var Control (VVC) of distribution networks and a joint coordination for the reactive power management of a HV system has been proposed. The real-time VVC of MV grids is based on a predictive control method. This control uses in a coordinated manner the on load tap changer, the distributed generation and the capacitor banks to enforce a suitable MV voltage profile and an appropriate HV/MV reactive power exchange. The reactive power targets at the HV/MV interface are determined by the Transmission System Operator for its own requirements but considering the true MV reactive power reserve. Compared to the literature, the novelty of our approach consists in considering the concerns at the HV/MV system interface. Next our works have shown the relevance of performing joint transmission and distribution system operators analysis.

Attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are promising with the recent dramatic increase of installed renewable energy sources (RES) capacity. Integration of large intermittent renewable resources affects smart grid systems in several significant ways, such as transient and voltage stability, existing protection scheme, and power leveling and energy balancing. To protect the grid from threats related to these issues, utilities impose rigorous technical requirements, more importantly, focusing on fault ride through requirements and active/reactive power responses following disturbances. This dissertation is aimed at developing and verifying the advanced and algorithmic methods for specification of protection schemes, reactive power capability and power control requirements for interconnection of the RESs to the smart grid systems. The first findings of this dissertation verified that the integration of large RESs become more promising from the energy-saving, and downsizing perspective by introducing a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) as a self-healing equipment. The proposed SFCL decreased the activation of the conventional control scheme for the wind power plant (WPP), such as dc braking chopper and fast pitch angle control systems, thereby increased the reliability of the system. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been proposed to assist with the uninterrupted operation of the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs)-based WTs during grid disturbances. The key motivation of this study was to design a new computational intelligence technique based on a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP), for the online coordinated reactive power control between the DFIG and the STATCOM in order to improve the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of the WT during the fault, and to smooth low-frequency oscillations of the active power during the recovery. Furthermore, the application of a three-phase single-stage module-integrated converter (MIC) incorporated into a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system was investigated in this dissertation. A new current control scheme based on multivariable PI controller, with a faster dynamic and superior axis decoupling capability compared with the conventional PI control method, was developed and experimentally evaluated for three-phase PV MIC system. Finally, a study was conducted based on the framework of stochastic game theory to enable a power system to dynamically survive concurrent severe multi-failure events, before such failures turn into a full blown cascading failure. This effort provides reliable strategies in the form of insightful guidelines on how to deploy limited budgets for protecting critical components of the smart grid systems.