The flow pattern has widely been recognized to have an impact on the exogenous non-metallic inclusion generation in the gating system and mold flux entrapment in the uphill teeming process. Thus, a well-controlled flow pattern during the teeming process can improve the quality of ingots and further increase the yield during steel production. The current study focused on investigating and optimizing the flow pattern of steel in the gating system and molds to improve steel cleanliness during the initial filling moment. A mathematical model considering a trumpet was initially compared to a reduced model only considering part of the runner channel. Thereafter, the influence of swirl blades implemented at the bottom of the vertical runner on the improvement of initial filling conditions in the molds was investigated in a model considering the entire mold system including a trumpet. The effects of a swirl blade orientation on a swirling flow were further discussed. The simulation results, when utilizing swirl blades, were also verified by plant trials performed at Scana Steel. In addition, a new novel swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was studied in a model considering the entire mold system including a trumpet. The model was based on modifications of the refractory geometry at the elbow of the runners near the mold without the usage of an inserted flow control device in the gating system. Owing to its great potential for improving the flow pattern of steel during the initial filling moment, the effect of TurboSwirl on steel cleanliness was also studied. The results showed that the initial filling conditions during the uphill teeming process can be improved by using a swirl blade or a TurboSwirl in the gating system. This makes it possible to further decrease the initial position of mold powder bags. In addition, it reduces the possibilities of exogenous non-metallic inclusion generation in the gating system as well as mold flux entrapment in the mold during the uphill teeming process. However, the utilization of swirl blades created a considerable amount of droplets when steel entered the molds during the first couple of seconds, which also was verified by the plant trials. The introduction of TurboSwirl showed a greater potential than a swirl blade due to a more evenly distributed swirling flow. The DPM model adopted in the simulations revealed that the TurboSwirl can improve steel cleanliness by increasing the non-metallic inclusion collision rate both with respect to Stokes and turbulent collisions. / <p>QC 20130204</p>

Abstract Title: Last Exit? A Study of Prison Sentenced Recidivists’ Subsequently Choice to Make Use of Criminals Return Into Society (KRIS) as a Resource in Order to Terminate the Criminal Lifestyle  Author: Jimmy Karlsson  A point of departure for this essay is my and my co-author’s bachelor thesis The Refuse to Walk More Yards Prison Corridor.   The purpose of the present essay is to illuminate in which conditions the organization KRIS (Criminals Return Into Society) develops from being directly or indirectly realizable to being a realized resource for recidivists who have served several prison sentences. The theoretical basis is Caroline Tovatt’s concepts potential, realizable and realized resources combined with Pierre Bourdieu’s capital metaphors and Mark S. Granovetter’s concept of strong and weak ties. To illustrate the process that led the interviewees (which I have interviewed from a life story perspective) to the realization of KRIS as a resource and ultimately the ending of the criminal lifestyle, I have used Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaughs stage theory of the role exit process.   The results indicate that recidivists’ choice to realize the resource KRIS has been occasioned by a specific composition of necessary components and a social capital. The necessary components are represented by negative life experiences which via a transformation in three stages have resulted in making KRIS available as a resource for the interviewees. The social capital in turn, which has to interact with the necessary components, is represented by weak and negative ties subsequently remodeled into positive ones. These ties have paved the way for the interviewees to access the organization. To finally fulfill the role exit process the interviewees have to possess or acquire an embodied cultural capital which allows them to differentiate and maintain all aspects linked to the previous and the current role, both to themselves and also to other individuals.

Secondary currents are one of the important features that characterize flow in river bends and confluences. Fluid particles follow a helical path instead of moving nearly parallel to the axis of the channel. The local imbalance between the vertically varying centrifugal force and the cross-stream pressure gradient results in generating the secondary flow and raising a typical motion of the helical flow. A number of studies, including experimental or mathematical, have been conducted to examine flow characteristics in curved open channels, river meanders, or confluences. In this research, the influence of secondary currents is studied on the elevation of water surface and the hydraulic structures in channel bends and confluences by employing a 3D OpenFOAM numerical model. The research implements the 3D OpenFOAM numerical model to simulate the horizontal distribution of the flow in curved rivers. In addition, the progress in unraveling and understanding the bend dynamics is considered. The finite volume method in (OpenFOAM) software is used to simulate and examine the behavior of secondary current in channel bends and confluences. Thereafter, a comparison between the experimental data and a numerical model is conducted. Two sets of experimental data are used; the data provided by Rozovskii (1961) for sharply curved channel, and the dataset provided by Shumate (1998) for confluent channel. Two solvers in (OpenFOAM) software were selected to solve the problem regarding the experiment; InterFoam and PisoFoam. The InterFoam is a transient solver for incompressible flow that is used with open channel flow and Free Surface Model. The PisoFoam is a transient solver for incompressible flow that is used with closed channel flow and Rigid-Lid Model. Various turbulence models (i.e. Standard k-ε, Realizable k-ε, LRR, and LES) are applied in the numerical model to assess the accuracy of turbulence models in predicting the behaviour of the flow in channel bends and confluences. The accuracies of various turbulence models are examined and discussed.

Hlavním cílem této práce je seznámit se s požadavky specifické procesní aplikace a návrhem výměníku tepla s křížovým tokem pracovních látek a zhodnotit návrh předmětného výměníku pomocí simulačního softwaru. Nejprve jsou v práci prozkoumány provozní podmínky rekuperace odpadního tepla a obecné možnosti návrhu a jsou uvedeny základní rovnice pro tepelný a hydraulický výpočet. Hlavní část práce se zaměřuje na modulární trubkový výměník tepla s křížovým tokem pracovních látek navržený pro experimentální výzkum rekuperace tepla a zanášení ze znečištěných spalin produkovaných spalováním alternativních paliv na VUT v Brně (VUT) na Ústavu procesního inženýrství (UPI). Nejprve je stručně představena situace v testovací laboratoři. Poté je popsán postup návrhu předmětného tepelného výměníku pomocí softwaru HTRI a výsledky jsou shrnuty a porovnány s cílovými požadavky. Následně je analyzována distribuce toku vody v trubkovém prostoru uvnitř jednoho ze čtyř identických modulů výměníku tepla užitím softwaru CDF pomocí tří různých simulačních přístupů. Jsou popsány dva přístupy využívající model turbulence k--SST a jeden přístup využívající model turbulence k--Realizable turbulence. Nakonec jsou diskutovány rozdíly mezi přístupy a výsledky simulací distribuce toku.

Sasol Limited experiences extremely high particulate fouling rates inside shell-and-tube heat exchangers that utilize process cooling water. The water and foulants are obtained from various natural and process sources and have irregular fluid properties. The fouling eventually obstructs flow on the shell side of the heat exchanger to such an extent that the tube bundles have to be replaced every nine months. Sasol requested that certain aspects of this issue be addressed. To better understand the problem, the effects of various tube and baffle configurations on the sedimentation rate in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger were numerically investigated. Single-segmental, double-segmental and disc-and-doughnut baffle configurations, in combination with square and rotated triangular tube configurations, were simulated by using the CFD software package, STAR-CCM+. In total, six configurations were investigated. The solution methodology was divided into two parts. Firstly, steady-state solutions of the six configurations were used to identify the best performing model in terms of large areas with high velocity flow. The results identified both single-segmental baffle configurations to have the best performance. Secondly, transient multiphase simulations were conducted to investigate the sedimentation characteristics of the two single-segmental baffle configurations. It was established that the current state of available technology cannot adequately solve the detailed simulations in a reasonable amount of time and results could only be obtained for a time period of a few seconds. By simulating the flow fields for various geometries in steady-state conditions, many of the observations and findings of literature were verified. The single-segmental baffle configurations have higher pressure drops than double-segmental and disc-and-doughnut configurations. In similar fashion, the rotated triangular tube configuration has a higher pressure drop than the square arrangement. The single-segmental configurations have on average higher flow velocities and reduced cross-flow mass flow fractions. It was concluded from this study that the single-segmental baffle with rotated triangular tube configuration had the best steady-state performance. Some results were extracted from the transient multiphase simulations. The transient multiphase flow simulation of the single-segmental baffle configurations showed larger concentrations of stagnant sediment for the rotated triangular tube configuration versus larger concentrations of suspended/flowing sediment in the square tube configuration. This result was offset by the observation that the downstream movement of sediment was quicker for the rotated triangular tube configuration. No definitive results could be obtained, but from the available results, it can be concluded that the configuration currently implemented at Sasol is best suited to handle sedimentation. This needs to be verified in future studies by using advanced computational resources and experimental results. / Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Sasol Limited experiences extremely high particulate fouling rates inside shell-and-tube heat exchangers that utilize process cooling water. The water and foulants are obtained from various natural and process sources and have irregular fluid properties. The fouling eventually obstructs flow on the shell side of the heat exchanger to such an extent that the tube bundles have to be replaced every nine months. Sasol requested that certain aspects of this issue be addressed. To better understand the problem, the effects of various tube and baffle configurations on the sedimentation rate in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger were numerically investigated. Single-segmental, double-segmental and disc-and-doughnut baffle configurations, in combination with square and rotated triangular tube configurations, were simulated by using the CFD software package, STAR-CCM+. In total, six configurations were investigated. The solution methodology was divided into two parts. Firstly, steady-state solutions of the six configurations were used to identify the best performing model in terms of large areas with high velocity flow. The results identified both single-segmental baffle configurations to have the best performance. Secondly, transient multiphase simulations were conducted to investigate the sedimentation characteristics of the two single-segmental baffle configurations. It was established that the current state of available technology cannot adequately solve the detailed simulations in a reasonable amount of time and results could only be obtained for a time period of a few seconds. By simulating the flow fields for various geometries in steady-state conditions, many of the observations and findings of literature were verified. The single-segmental baffle configurations have higher pressure drops than double-segmental and disc-and-doughnut configurations. In similar fashion, the rotated triangular tube configuration has a higher pressure drop than the square arrangement. The single-segmental configurations have on average higher flow velocities and reduced cross-flow mass flow fractions. It was concluded from this study that the single-segmental baffle with rotated triangular tube configuration had the best steady-state performance. Some results were extracted from the transient multiphase simulations. The transient multiphase flow simulation of the single-segmental baffle configurations showed larger concentrations of stagnant sediment for the rotated triangular tube configuration versus larger concentrations of suspended/flowing sediment in the square tube configuration. This result was offset by the observation that the downstream movement of sediment was quicker for the rotated triangular tube configuration. No definitive results could be obtained, but from the available results, it can be concluded that the configuration currently implemented at Sasol is best suited to handle sedimentation. This needs to be verified in future studies by using advanced computational resources and experimental results. / Thesis (MIng (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Discharge of brine wastewater produced from industrial plants into adjacent coastal water bodies is considered as a preferable and common method currently used in many offshore industrial plants. Therefore, it is important to carefully study the behavior of jets and their environmental impacts on water bodies close to the discharge points, especially when the density is different between the jets and the receiving water. The main goal of this study is to improve the understanding of the mixing behaviour of jet trajectories for positively (offset) and negatively (inclined) buoyant jets when density is considered a significant factor, and also to examine the accuracy of some RANS turbulence models and one type of artificial neural network in predicting jet trajectory behaviours. In the first part of this study, experiments using a PIV system for offset buoyant jets were conducted in order to study the effect of the density differences (due to salinity [nonthermal] or temperature [thermal]) between the discharge and the receiving water body on the jet behavior, and the results showed that the nonthermal jets behaved differently as compared to the thermal jets, even though the densimetric Froude numbers (Frd) and density differences (∆ρ) were similar. In addition, a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical model was performed using open-source CFD code (OpenFOAM) with a developed solver (modified form of the pisoFoam solver). The realizable k-ε model showed the best prediction among the models. Secondly, an extensive experimental study of an inclined dense jet for two angles (15°and 52°) was conducted to study the effect of these angles on the jets’ geometrical characteristics in the presence of a wide range of densimetric Froude numbers as well as with different discharge densities. More experimental data were obtained for these angles to be added to the previous data for the purpose of calibrating, validating, and comparing the various numerical models for future studies. The results of these experiments are used to evaluate the performance of a type of artificial neural network method called the group method of data handling (GMDH), and the GMDH results are then compared with existing analytical solutions in order to prove the accuracy of the GMDH method in simulating mixing behaviors in water bodies. Thirdly, a comprehensive study on predicting the geometrical characteristics of inclined negatively-buoyant jests using GMDH approach was conducted. The superiority of this model was demonstrated statistically by comparing to several previous analytical models. The results obtained from this study confirm that the GMDH model was highly accurate and was the best among others for predicting the geometrical characteristics of inclined negatively-buoyant jests.

Let K be a number field with ring of integers O_K and let G be a finite group.By a result of E. Noether, the ring of integers of a tame Galois extension of K with Galois group G is a locally free O_K[G]-module of rank 1.Thus, to any tame Galois extension L/K with Galois group G we can associate a class [O_L] in the locally free class group Cl(O_K[G]). The set of all classes in Cl(O_K[G]) which can be obtained in this way is called the set of realizable classes and is denoted by R(O_K[G]).In this dissertation we study different problems related to R(O_K[G]).The first part focuses on the following question: is R(O_K[G]) a subgroup of Cl(O_K[G])? When the group G is abelian, L. McCulloh proved that R(O_K[G]) coincides with the so-called Stickelberger subgroup St(O_K[G]) of Cl(O_K[G]). In Chapter 2, we give a detailed presentation of unpublished work by L. McCulloh that extends the definition of St(O_K[G]) to the non-abelian case and shows that R(O_K[G]) is contained in St(O_K[G]) (the opposite inclusion is still not known in the non-abelian case).Then, just using its definition and Stickelberger's classical theorem, we prove in Chapter 3 that St(O_K[G]) is trivial if K=Q and G is either cyclic of order p or dihedral of order 2p, where p is an odd prime number. This, together with McCulloh's results, allows us to have a new proof of the triviality of R(O_K[G]) in the cases just considered.The main original results are contained in the second part of this thesis. In Chapter 4, we prove that St(O_K[G]) has good functorial behavior under restriction of the base field. This has the interesting consequence that, if N/L is a tame Galois extension with Galois group G, and St(O_K[G]) is known to be trivial for some subfield K of L, then O_N is stably free as an O_K[G]-module.In the last chapter, we prove an equidistribution result for Galois module classes amongst tame Galois extensions of K with Galois group G in which a given prime p of K is totally split.

Comprehensive rehabilitation projects of dam spillways are made in Sweden, due to stricter dam safety guidelines for their discharge capacity. The Piano Key Weir (PKW) is an innovative design which has proven effective through several renovation projects made in many countries including France. In this study we investigate the flow patterns around a prototype PKW, located in Escouloubre dam in southern France, with numerical simulations through three different flow cases in Ansys Fluent. A computational domain containing the PKW is created in the CAD software Ansys SpaceClaim for the simulations. Three polyhexcore meshes are further generated using Ansys Fluent Meshing. The three flow cases are then simulated with a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model, coupled with realizable k-epsilon and volume of fluid models. Through an assessment of the discretization error between three meshes, a relative error of one percent is obtained for the discharge rate. The numerical results are qualitatively compared with results from previously conducted physical experiments on this PKW. The RANS model does not capture the water surface undulations (due to turbulence) around the PKW. The effects from under modelled surface undulations are alleviated by inserting an air vent to the PKW, which results in a flow behaviour in good agreement with the physical experiments. Through this alteration, water discharge rates are computed with a maximum discrepancy of five percent compared with the corresponding experimental values. A large eddy simulation should be conducted in the future, to bring further light on air exchange and water interaction phenomena present in the PKW flow pattern.

The flow pattern in the uphill teeming process has been found to be closely related to the quality of ingots and further to affect the yield of ingot production, which is crucial for the steel making process. The formation of non-metallic inclusion and entrapment of mold flux has been considered to be affected by the flow pattern in the gating system and molds by many previous researchers. The aim of this study is to investigate the flow pattern of steel in the gating system and molds during the initial filling stage. In addition, to study the utilization of swirl blade implemented at the bottom of the vertical runner on the improvement of initial filling condition in the mold. A three dimensional model of two molds gating system for 6.2 ton ingots from Scana Steel was adopted in the present work. A reduced geometry model including one mold and a runner, based on the method from previous researchers, was also used for comparison with the current more extensive model. Moreover, a reduced geometry model including one swirl blade and a runner was simulated to find effects of an increased-length vertical runner on the flow pattern improvement at the vertical runner outlet. Flow pattern, hump height and wall shear stress were respectively studied. A reduced geometry with homogenous inlet conditions fails to describe the fluctuating conditions present as the steel enters the mold. However, the trends are very similar when comparing the (hump height-surface height) evolution over time. The implementation of swirl blades gives a chaotic initial filling condition with a considerable amount of droplets being created when steel enters the molds during the first couple of seconds. However, a more calm filling condition with less fluctuation is achieved at the molds after a short while. Moreover, the orientation of the swirl blades affects he flow pattern of the steel. A proper placement of a swirl blade improves the initial filling conditions. The utilization of swirl blades might initially result in larger hump height. However, it gives fewer fluctuations as the casting proceeds. In the model without swirl blades, the maximum wall shear stress fluctuates with a descending trend as the filling proceeds. An implementation of swirl blades can decrease and stabilize the wall shear stress in the gating system. A special attention should be made in choosing refractory at the center stone, the horizontal runner near center stone and the vertical runner at the elbow. This is where the wall shear stress values are highest or where the exposure times are long. / QC 20120203