Business today is faced with discontinuity and unpredictable change, which makes many of the structured processes of yesteryear redundant or obsolete. Process-based transactions are being replaced with technology and increasingly organisations are recognising the importance of proactively managing their knowledge transactions, to remain competitive. While research on knowledge sharing is gaining the attention of researchers, almost invariably their focus has been on the factors influencing knowledge transfer at the macro-level in large multi-national organisations. Few have attempted to unravel the complexities of individual-to-individual micro-level knowledge sharing and those that have, for the most part have directed their investigations towards exploring factors that enhance or impede the source individual sharing their knowledge, rather than the recipient's receiving of knowledge. While questioning is implicit in knowledge sharing there are assumptions that underpin the structure of a question and these assumptions affect both the source and the recipient. This study investigates how the structure of a question posed to a source individual when eliciting knowledge, influences the attitude of a recipient individual towards the knowledge they receive from the question response. Drawing upon theoretical assumptions that underpin question structure, three hypotheses are posed to compare binary, open-ended and directed question responses. To test the hypotheses a progression of three independent studies were performed using laboratory and field experiments. The first study conducted in a laboratory, used a contrived scenario case as the knowledge context and the second study replicated this experiment in the field. The last study conducted in a single organisation, used real organisational knowledge as the knowledge context. Recipients of shared knowledge were found to be more favourably disposed towards question responses that were structured in a complex manner; open-ended and directed question responses were more favoured than binary question responses. ii There was no difference in recipient attitude between open-ended and directed question responses and recipient attitude towards the shared knowledge was found to be positively related to their intention to use the knowledge in the future. These findings are of significance as they illustrate the importance of structuring questions in a manner that is consistent with recipients of the shared knowledge being more favourably disposed towards the knowledge they have received. In an environment of ambiguity, complexity and uncertainty where decisions are nonprogrammed, strategic and imperative to the competitiveness of the organisation, no longer is the binary 'Yes' or 'No' compliance or audit style question, with its implicit assumptions, sufficient to elicit knowledge. It is important to recognise that often we do not know what we need to know until it is shared by someone. Further, when shared knowledge is cognitively processed with our current knowledge base, the new knowledge is likely to facilitate more informed decision-making. The more favourably disposed the recipient is towards the knowledge the more likely it is that they will use it in the future; knowledge is transferred.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Stormwater is defined as rain- and melted water. Ludvika kommun had little knowledgde about the stormwater that reaches a specific recipient Lyviken. Therefore they intended to do an research of the stormwater that leads down to Lyviken. The aim with this study was to assess the quality of the contents in the stormwater based on pH, conductivity, phosphorous, nitrogen, bacterias, oil and one sample that meassured the value of several methals.</p><p> </p><p>Since the population has increased for decades, the area of hard surfaces and asphalts areas also has increased. This can increase the pollutions that finally ends up in the recipient. Depending on what activity that is going on in the nearby area the pollutions that comes with the stormwater is a variety. The catchment area of Lyviken is approxiametely 2 000 000 m2 and the quality of the stormwater differs a lot, depending on where it comes from.</p><p> </p><p>The conclusion of this study is that there were not any chocking values of methals in the water and that the content of oil were pretty good except for three samples. Nitrogen and phosphorous exceeded the limits in most of the samples and in the majority of the samples the content of bacteria were way too much. The contents of bacteria should have been decreasing during the last years since an improvement in the water pipes has been taken place in a lot of places in Sweden, but that doesn’t seem to be the case in Ludvika. The reason why there is a lot of bacteria is probably because the pipes sometimes get filled to the brim with sewagewater.</p><p> </p><p><em>Keywords: stormwater, recipient, Lyviken, stormwater quality, pollutions.</em></p><p><em>Nyckelord: dagvatten, recipient, Lyviken. Kvalitet på dagvatten, föroreningar.</em></p>

Stormwater from trafficked areas often contains high pollution levels. In traditional stormwater management design, stormwater is first transported away through piped networks, and then in most cases passes through oil separators before finally reaching the recipients. While this traditional method removes certain pollutants from the stormwater, it does not reduce the total flow, as in the case of ecological stormwater management. In the ecological method the stormwater is not simply transported away, but is recirculated through infiltration, percolation, and detention. The aim of this study is to investigate possible advantages of ecological management designs, in contrast to traditional management. The study also incorporates legal aspects of the stormwater issue, in particular how the Swedish national environmental quality goals Poison-free Environment and Adequate Habitational Environment can be successfully linked to stormwater management. A parking area located next to a shopping centre is used as an example in order to offer practical solutions for designing an ecological stormwater management system. This involves using adjacent green spaces for infiltration and to construct wet ponds to maintain flood control and separation of pollution; furthermore it is argued that ecological management can contribute to enhance the aesthetics of an area.

The theoretical part of the master's thesis provides a wide range of information about outsourcing as such -- it covers it's history, definitions and specifications of the basic terms and a legal view on the issue. It also includes a list of services which could be outsourced and divides outsourcing according to the subject. The practical part of the master's thesis analyses the Czech market. It is based on a survey, which deals with many issues already mentioned in the theoretical part. The analysis is performed by both parties to the contract, which means both the user (recipient) and the provider of outsourcing services.

Abstract Stormwater is defined as rain- and melted water. Ludvika kommun had little knowledgde about the stormwater that reaches a specific recipient Lyviken. Therefore they intended to do an research of the stormwater that leads down to Lyviken. The aim with this study was to assess the quality of the contents in the stormwater based on pH, conductivity, phosphorous, nitrogen, bacterias, oil and one sample that meassured the value of several methals.   Since the population has increased for decades, the area of hard surfaces and asphalts areas also has increased. This can increase the pollutions that finally ends up in the recipient. Depending on what activity that is going on in the nearby area the pollutions that comes with the stormwater is a variety. The catchment area of Lyviken is approxiametely 2 000 000 m2 and the quality of the stormwater differs a lot, depending on where it comes from.   The conclusion of this study is that there were not any chocking values of methals in the water and that the content of oil were pretty good except for three samples. Nitrogen and phosphorous exceeded the limits in most of the samples and in the majority of the samples the content of bacteria were way too much. The contents of bacteria should have been decreasing during the last years since an improvement in the water pipes has been taken place in a lot of places in Sweden, but that doesn’t seem to be the case in Ludvika. The reason why there is a lot of bacteria is probably because the pipes sometimes get filled to the brim with sewagewater.   Keywords: stormwater, recipient, Lyviken, stormwater quality, pollutions. Nyckelord: dagvatten, recipient, Lyviken. Kvalitet på dagvatten, föroreningar.

This report compares programmes of coordinated recipient control for rivers in northern Sweden. The aim was to investigate differences in the programme of the Ume and Vindel Rivers compared with those of Skellefte, Torne, Kalix and Ångerman Rivers. Future impacts on Ume and Vindel Rivers, and consequently the programme, were also studied. A quantitative method, namely meta-analysis, was used in order to collect data of programmes on Water Information System Sweden (VISS). The results of this study showed that the programme for the streams is slightly different regarding measured parameters, number of sampling points and sampling frequency. However, the similarities between the programmes of Ume and Vindel Rivers and Torne and Kalix Rivers are greater than compered to Skellefte River. The conclusion is that the differences in the programmes may have a natural explanation such as different emissions to the recipients, but can also indicate different ambitions. The programme may be affected and in need of change if a potential nickel sulphide mine in Tärnaby, Storuman is established and joins the water conservation association of the Ume and Vindel Rivers. Intensified forestry might also increase future impacts.

The focus of our study was to examine personal assistants and group home assistants experiences of stress at work, how they cope with stress and how it affects the relationship with the care recipient. The study is made out of a qualitative frame and based on interviews with two personal assistants and four group home assistants. Our theoretical perspectives consist of Aaron Antonovsky’s SOC theory, Richard Lazarus theory about coping and also sociologist Johan Asplund’s theory about social interaction. The result indicates that the experiences of stress are individual and varied among the participants while the presence of stress at work is a shared apprehension. The Main reasons for the emergence of stress are related to workload, diffuse information, work-tasks and staff exchange. Coping-strategies that are used to reduce the experiences of stress are spread between both problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping while the latter is more frequently applied. Social Support has a vital part in the staff’s management of stress. Colleagues, supervisors and other people in their close environment are presented as important resources.  Our final conclusion is that stress has an impact on the relationship with the recipient of care because of the close interaction they have with each other. The close interaction with the recipient of care may however itself be a powerful stress factor due to the fact that the work itself is characterized by close interaction and it would be an impossibility to not be affected by it.

Background: For patients with end-stage organ failure receiving an organ is lifesaving. To be transplanted means a big change and adjustment in life with lifelong medication. The ambition for these patients is to go back and live as normal of life as possible. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients experiences of being organ transplanted. Method: The method used was a literature-based study based on qualitative scientific articles. A total of 9articles were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: After analysis 5 categories emerged; indebted, limitations in daily life, fear of organ rejection, concerns about medicine and a positive attitude to life. It showed that patient´s experiences of being organ transplanted are individual and unique. Some experiences are harder to deal with than others. Conclusion: Patients describe both negative as well as positive experiences of being transplanted. They express a need for more knowledge about their condition and a need that health care staff enhance their knowledge and understanding about their unique situation.

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Background: Each year, thousands of patients around the world receive a new heart through heart transplant surgery. This is a lifesaving action and is most common among people with a heart disease that has led to a severe and non-treatable heart failure, for instance cardiomyopathy. But the process of receiving a new heart comes with challenges and the patients can experience emotional and physical difficulties. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate adult patients' experiences after heart transplantation. Method: A literature-based study was conducted and fourteen scientific qualitative articles were analyzed with a qualitative approach. Results: After analyzing the results, three main themes emerged; "To receive someone else's heart", "Learning how to live" and "To experience difficult emotions". Each main theme had three significant subthemes. The findings showed that a diversity of experiences arose among the patients after undergoing heart transplant surgery. They experienced gratitude, faith, concern, existential thoughts and sadness. They expressed support and the pursuit of gaining control in daily life as meaningful and essential. But they also had to handle limitations in their lives concerning the medical treatment, the continuous follow-ups and the diet restrictions. Conclusion: As a nurse it is fundamental to see the heart transplant patient as a unity and a unique person. Thus it is important to notice the patients' psychological difficulties that can arise after heart transplantation and not only observe the physical problems. Communicate with the patients in a motivating and caring way and try to understand their individual experiences of the situation in order to promote their health. In that way we can lay a valuable foundation for nursing.