Drivers for sustainability have made it necessary for the construction industry to adapt its traditional processes to become both more efficient and produce less waste. Performance based design and specification in the UK for motorways and trunk roads permits a very flexible approach to pavement design, material selection and performance related testing aimed at utilising materials to their maximum potential. However, it is clear that within the emerging philosophy of using materials that are 'fit for purpose' there are many technical challenges for design and specification. There is a need to develop suitable methods of evaluating materials prior to their being used on site. This project was born out of this requirement, with a particular emphasis on coarse granular materials due to their common role in capping construction and also their unique difficulty for measurement under laboratory conditions due to their large range of particle size. A novel assessment test for coarse capping materials for roads that can be used to indicate their likely short-term in situ performance, under controlled laboratory conditions before construction on site, has been developed during this research programme. Key findings relating to the behaviour of coarse capping materials, the use of stiffness measuring devices and variables that influence the measurement of composite stiffness are discussed in detail. The research highlights the necessity for adequate drainage and protection of foundation materials against increase in water content. When adopting a performance specification the timing of the pavement assessment is critical, both on site and in the laboratory. The performance measured on site should perhaps only be considered as a 'snapshot' relating to the stress state in the material at the time of testing.

Este trabalho apresenta a análise de agregados reciclados de telhas de cerâmica vermelha, visando seu emprego em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo, baseado em estudos de laboratório. A indústria de cerâmica vermelha gera refugos da queima que são tratados como resíduos, mas se constituem em materiais de alto conteúdo energético e matéria prima de qualidade. O quadro da geração desses resíduos foi diagnosticado nas cidades de Monte Carmelo e Ituiutaba, em Minas Gerais. Os dados quantitativos obtidos indicam que é justificável a sua reciclagem. Somente na cidade de Monte Carmelo, as quantidades geradas permitiriam executar 10,8 km de camada de base de pavimento, ao se misturar 40% de solo poderia atingir 32 km por ano. Aproximadamente 10 t destes resíduos foram britadas obtendo-se o agregado reciclado de telha (ART). Estes agregados foram caracterizados mediante os ensaios físicos e mecânicos, e submetidos aos ensaios empregados na pavimentação, como a metodologia tradicional, metodologia MCT, método da pastilha, resistência ao cisalhamento, outros ensaios denominados índices de qualidade, ensaio de módulo resiliente e deformação permanente. Apesar deste material atender aos principais requisitos da metodologia tradicional, identificou-se que ele quebra com a aplicação de energia de compactação e de tensões nos ensaios, e apresenta alta resiliência - grandes deformações resilientes-, o que levaria à perda da capacidade de suporte da estrutura do pavimento, por fadiga. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a determinação da absorção no estado saturado superfície seca, de agregados porosos, com fração fina inclusive, pois os métodos conhecidos não são aplicáveis; esta metodologia pode ser aprimorada para se constituir em norma de ensaio. Estudou-se um método inédito para a otimização do volume compactado da mistura de agregado com solo, baseado na porosidade do material granular, como uma alternativa ao método da estabilização granulométrica que se mostrou inadequado, no caso. As misturas produzidas com solos lateríticos foram avaliadas após a compactação não apresentando mais a quebra dos grãos do agregado, e mostraram ganhos expressivos no valor do módulo de resiliência, chegando em um caso a atingir 288% acima do módulo do agregado. Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório indicaram ser possível a aplicação deste material em misturas com solos lateríticos, em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo. / The purpose of this work is to use recycled aggregate of ceramics roofing tiles for low cost pavement layers, based on laboratory studies. The heavy-clay ceramic industry generates wastes, originated from the calcination stage, that are considered as residues which demand resources for its deposition. However they are high energy content materials which can be useful. The generation of these residues in the cities of Monte Carmelo and Ituiutaba, in the State of Minas Gerais indicated that its recycling is valid. For instance, in the city of Monte Carmelo, it is generated such a large amount of residues that it should be enough to execute about 10,8 km of base course of pavement; moreover if 40% of soil is mixed 32 km pavement per year can be produced. For this study, approximately 10 metric tones of these residues had been crushed to produce the recycled aggregate from roofing tile. The aggregates produced had been characterized by physical and mechanical tests. They were also submitted to the tests used for aggregates for pavement, such as the traditional methodology, methodology MCT (tropical compacted miniature), shear strength, resilient module, permanent deformation, and other tests called quality rates. These residues comply with the main requirements of the traditional methodology, however it is necessary to point out that the material breaks with the application of energy for compaction and under the tensions during the mechanical tests, it also presents high resilience, or great resilient deformations, which will lead to the loss of the supporting capacity of the pavement due to fatigue. An appropriate methodology was developed for the porous aggregate absorption measurement, including its fraction, in the saturated dry surface state. As the known methods for absorption are not applicable, this methodology with improvements can be proposed as standard test. A new method to optimize the compacted volume of the mixture was studied, based on the porosity of the granular material, as an alternative to the traditional method of the grain sized stabilization, which is not adequate for this purpose. The mixtures produced with lateritics soils were evaluated after the compacting, they have not presented the broken grains. These mixtures performed very well with significant increase in the value of the resilience module, up to 288% above of the module of the aggregate. The results of the laboratory indicate that it is possible to use these residues in mixtures with laterític soil, for layers of low cost pavements.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-07T15:29:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MicheliSilveiraGoncalves.pdf: 3809253 bytes, checksum: 08117d13836ff905179bd2fbdae30d28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MicheliSilveiraGoncalves.pdf: 3809253 bytes, checksum: 08117d13836ff905179bd2fbdae30d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A preocupação com o meio ambiente e a escassez de recursos naturais tem levado à busca por alternativas de crescimento mais sustentáveis por parte de todos os segmentos da sociedade. Dentro desta corrida pelo bem estar ambiental, a reciclagem de resíduos tem se mostrado uma boa alternativa na redução do impacto causado pelo consumo desordenado de matéria-prima e pela redução das áreas de disposição, em virtude do grande volume de resíduos descartados a cada ano em todo mundo. Neste contexto encontram-se inseridos os resíduos da construção civil, foco deste trabalho, o qual tem como objetivo o estudo da influência da utilização de agregados reciclados de concreto para a produção de novos concretos e à verificação da potencialidade de reciclagem dos resíduos gerados pela indústria de pré-fabricados em concreto localizada no município de Porto Alegre. Para as novas matrizes de concreto confeccionaram-se três traços, com os dois resíduos gerados em maior quantidade pela indústria, sendo realizada a substituição do agregado graúdo natural pelo reciclado de concreto na quantidade de 50% em volume. Utilizou-se água de compensação na confeccção dos concretos com agregado reciclado devido as diferentes absorções de água. Nestes novos concretos verificou-se a influência do agregado reciclado sobre as propriedades mecânicas (resistência à compressão e à tração), propriedade de durabilidade (absorção de água) e observado o monitoramento da evolução da temperatura das reações de hidratação. A partir dos resultados obtidos realizaram-se análises estatísticas e apresentaram-se modelos matemáticos. Concluindo-se que os concretos confeccionados com ARCs, oriundos do processo de cura convencional, apresentaram acréscimo nas propriedades de resistência à compressão e à tração, enquanto os oriundos do processo de cura térmica, decréscimo quando comparados à referência. Já para a propriedade de absorção de água, verificou-se um aumento para os dois tipos de ARCs, quando compara-se à referência, não sendo este aumento significativo em escala real. Para o monitoramento da evolução da temperatura das reações de hidratação da pasta do concreto, verificou-se redução do início dos tempos, para as amostras contendo agregado reciclado, sem a presença de aditivo, ao comparar-se à referência, já para as amostras com aditivo, verificou-se maiores valores de temperatura, não sendo observada nenhuma tendência quanto ao início e fim dos tempos de evolução da temperarura das reações de hidratação das amostras de concreto. / The concern about the environment and the lack of natural resources has led all segments of society to the search for more sustainable alternatives of growth. In this run for environmental welfare, the recycling of material waste seems to be a good alternative for the reduction of the impact caused by the messy consumption of raw material and the reduction of provision areas, by virtue of the great amount of discarded waste every year in the world. In this context is the waste coming from civil construction, the focus of this work, which aims to study the influence of the use of recycled concrete aggregate for the production of new concrete and also the verification of the recycling potential of the waste generated by the industry ofprecast concrete located in the city of Porto Alegre. For new concrete matrixes crafted three traces, with the two waste materials generated in most part by the industry, having the replacement of the natural coarse aggregate been done with the recycled concrete in the volume of 50%. Compensation water was used in the making of concrete with recycled aggregate due to different levels of water absorption. In this new concrete was checked the influence of the recycled aggregate over the mechanical properties (resistance to compression and traction), durability property (water absorption) and was observed the monitoring of the evolution of temperature of the hydration reactions. From the results obtained, statistical analyses and mathematical models were made. It can be concluded that the concrete manufactured with RCAs (recycled concrete aggregate) coming from the conventional cure process showed increase in the properties of resistance to compression and to traction, while the ones coming from the process of thermal cure show decrease when compared to the reference. As for the property of water absorption, there is an increase for both kinds of RCAs when compared to the reference, not constituting a significant increase in real scale. For the monitoring of the temperature evolution of the hydration reactions of the concrete paste was verified decrease of the beginning of time for samples containing recycled aggregate without the presence of additive, when compared to the reference, was verified higher values of temperature, not having been observed any tendency regarding as start and end times for the evolution of temperarure the reactions of hydration of concrete samples.

To combat the rapid degradation of the Louisiana coast, the Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority has planned strategic land building initiatives throughout the Louisiana Gulf coast, including beach nourishment and marsh creation projects. It is commonly agreed that the state lacks sufficient renewable sediment resources to maintain the planned CPRA land building program. However, Louisiana, the state that commonly ranks last in state recycling percentage, recycles an estimated 0.6% of the waste glass consumed in the state. Glass is predominantly silica sand. This thesis evaluates laboratory‑determined characteristics of recycled crushed glass cullet to assess its suitability as a renewable aggregate for beach nourishment and marsh creation projects. Specifically, the research herein evaluates geotechnical and settling characteristics of recycled crushed glass cullet produced in Pearl River, Louisiana. Additionally, this research evaluates the effects on beach nourishment and marsh creation design parameters of blending this material with Gulf coastal sediments.

To evaluate the performance of Warm Mixture Asphalt (WMA) with varying amounts of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in comparison with Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), comprehensive laboratory and field evaluations were conducted. Mix designs were performed for both WMA with a LEADCAP additive and HMA with large amounts of fractionated RAP materials. Hamburg Wheel Tracking (HWT) test was performed to evaluate the rutting and moisture susceptibility of both HMA and WMA laboratory mixtures. HMA mixtures with up to 50% RAP materials by binder replacement exhibited a better performance than WMA mixtures. However, when RAP materials were increased to 75% both WMA and HMA mixtures showed a superior performance. When a specially designed LEADCAP additive for a mixture with a high RAP content called "RAPCAP" was used, the performance was significantly improved. The existing Asphalt Bond Strength (ABS) test (AASHTO TP91-11) was modified to better evaluate the adhesion bond between asphalt binder and aggregate surface. Based on the modified ABS test results, it was found that the asphalt binder type significantly influenced the adhesion bond. To evaluate the performance of WMA mixtures in the field, test sections were constructed in Iowa, Minnesota and Ohio. The test sections were successfully constructed with less compaction effort than HMA and met the required field densities per each DOT's specification. All HMA and WMA mixtures collected from the test sections passed the HWT and the modified Lottman tests, which indicates high resistance to rutting and moisture damage. The asphalt binders were then extracted and recovered from the field samples then re-graded following AASHTO M320 and AASHTO MP19-10. The recovered asphalt binder grades were found to be higher than the target grades due to the existence of RAP materials in the mixtures except for asphalt binders extracted from WMA mixtures produced using "RAPCAP" additive.

In the process of crushing concrete waste, significant amounts of fine by-products, the so called fine recycled concrete aggregates (FRCA), are generated and excluded from potential use. Limited research has thoroughly investigated the performance of concrete mixes with FRCA, very likely due to the complexity in analysing non-negligible amounts of adhered residual cement paste (RCP). Although some studies have proposed promising sustainable mix-design procedures accounting for the different microstructure when using coarse recycled concrete aggregates (CRCA), no similar approach exists for FRCA concrete. In this work, two promising procedures for mix-designing eco-efficient concrete with 100% FRCA are proposed accounting for the presence of RCP to reduce cement content in new mixtures. First, built on top of the existing procedure for CRCA mix-design, modifications to the Equivalent Volume (EV) method were introduced toconsider full replacement of fine natural sand by FRCA. Second, based on the concept of continuous Particle Packing Models (PPM), an optimized procedure was proposed to allow maximum packing density of FRCA mix linked to a given level of measured RCP content. Results verified the feasibility of producing eco-efficient concrete mixes with 100% FRCA, emphasizing the PPM mixes to report superior rheological and mechanical performance along with suitable durability-related properties. Yet, results also indicated the influence of simple or multistage crushed FRCA on the overall performance of mixes.

Trashures celebrates my debut in the sustainable world and is my public statement of change. It is essentially provocative, informative and educational and serves three major fronts. First, Trashures aims to raise awareness among visual artists. Second, it seeks to introduce and explore the use of agri-pulp papers in Graphic Design, as a viable commercial solution. Third, it culminates in an invitation to visual artists to search for sustainable solutions. Trashures is about transformations. It highlights the transformation of passive materials into active ones, or the transformation of waste into either papers or as subject matter, as a sustainable way to think over waste and consider it as a potential and genuine resource in Graphic Design.

Mass-production and consumption is causing mountains of waste, overwhelming our fragile world. Since the fast fashion industry is one of the major contributors of waste, it is vital we change the way we produce, consume and market clothing in order to address concerns such as global warming. We need to consider how we can make clothing within a closed cycle to minimise waste. The garments should either be biodegradable and become nutrients for the earth, or be able to go back into the technological cycle, i.e. to be stripped of components and reused, or else up-cycled with zero waste; a cradle-to-cradle life cycle (McDonough & Braungart, 2002). This project explores how a more sustainable relationship can be created between the designer, consumer and their community, in an attempt to slow the fashion industry down. Drawing upon sustainability theories I apply a new system of design, production and consumption that fosters relationships and active participation in the garment manufacturing process, as well as making clothing that is tailored for an individual’s lifestyle. In this project I have created bespoke clothing items for and with three people. The clothes are conceived as treasures that my clients can keep forever. Instead of simply being fashionable and of the time, the New Bespoke clothing is both timely and timeless. Through a series of consultations I develop an understanding of my clients personality and lifestyle, and through photographic explorations I develop a silhouette from their current wardrobe from which to design the garments. The transparency of this production system is aimed to educate my clients about environmental issues in the fashion industry, and to change their perception of the value of clothing.

The expansion of the construction is of great importance for the economic development of the country, due to the prominent position the sector takes in economy, creating jobs, enabling housing, income and infrastructure. However, it is also responsible for serious environmental problems related to the construction processes. Given the current concern about sustainability, recycling of waste from construction and demolition (WCD), it is very important because it reduces environmental impacts such as the extraction of raw natural material and pollution caused by improper disposal of these materials. The recycled waste may be applied in various uses in the construction and the use of recycled sand mortar coating is one of the most viable, since they are not subject to structural efforts. In this study, the research was carried out against the influence of fines content of recycled aggregates in coating mortars. Therefore, mixtures containing 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of natural aggregate replaced by crushed and sieved recycled aggregate (without fines), had their performance compared to mixtures containing crushed and unsieved recycled aggregate (with fines) and to the reference mixture, which contains as aggregate the natural sand. The WCD, provided by company of Santa Maria, are a mixed of bricks, ceramic blocks, tiles, mortars, concrete waste, rocks and ceramic floors. The materials ratio used was 1: 2: 8 (cement: lime: dry fine aggregate) by volume and the recycled aggregate substitutions for natural aggregate were made by volume. To evaluate the influence of the fines content in mortars with recycled aggregates, were analyzed the main properties of mortars in the fresh state and hardened state and the performance of some of these mortars in a coating system. The study concludes that, mortars with recycled and sieved aggregate showed better properties and lower susceptibility to cracking, relative to mortars with unsieved aggregate. Among they, the mortar with a 30% replacement of natural aggregate by crushed and sieved recycled aggregate, presented the best set of properties. / A expansão da construção civil é de grande importância para o desenvolvimento econômico do país, devido à posição de destaque que o setor ocupa na economia, com geração de empregos, viabilização de moradias, renda e infraestrutura. No entanto, é também responsável por graves problemas ambientais relacionados aos processos construtivos. Diante da atual preocupação com sustentabilidade, a reciclagem dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD), é muito importante, pois reduz impactos ambientais como a extração de matéria prima natural e a poluição, causada pela destinação inadequada desses materiais. Os resíduos reciclados podem ser aplicados em diversos usos na construção civil e a utilização de areia reciclada em argamassas de revestimento, é uma das mais viáveis, visto que não estão sujeitas a esforços estruturais. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a investigação, frente à influência do teor de finos dos agregados reciclados nas argamassas de revestimento. Para isso, misturas, com 20%, 30%, 40%, e 50% de substituição de agregado natural por agregado reciclado britado e peneirado (sem finos), tiveram seu desempenho comparado ao das misturas contendo agregado reciclado britado não peneirado (com finos) e à mistura de referência, contendo como agregado areia natural. Os RCD, fornecidos pela usina de reciclagem de Santa Maria são mistos, provenientes de tijolos e blocos cerâmicos, telhas, argamassas, resíduos de concreto, rochas e pisos cerâmicos. O traço utilizado foi 1:2:8 (cimento: cal: agregado miúdo) em volume, com o agregado miúdo seco e as substituições de agregado reciclado por agregado natural foram feitas em massa. Para avaliar a influência do teor de finos nas argamassas com agregados reciclados, foram analisadas as principais propriedades das argamassas no estado fresco e endurecido e o desempenho de algumas dessas argamassas em um sistema de revestimento. No estudo concluiu-se que as argamassas com agregado reciclado peneirado apresentaram melhores propriedades e menor susceptibilidade à fissuração, em relação às argamassas com agregado não peneirado. Entre elas, a argamassa com 30% de substituição de agregado natural por agregado reciclado britado e peneirado, foi a que apresentou melhor conjunto de propriedades.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuandaGD_DISSERT.pdf: 2374976 bytes, checksum: 5b49cc11854aa2427f22f38d6ff109c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The study aimed at the treatment of attapulgite for the development and characterization of composite recycled low density polyethylene - PEBD_rec embedded with natural attapulgite - ATP_NAT, sifted - ATP_PN and attapulgite treated with sulfuric acid - ATP_TR in different compositions (1, 3 and 5%) and compared with the PEBD_rec. The atapulgitas, natural, screened and treated, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and determining the area specific surface (BET). The composites were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Xray diffraction (XRD), torque rheometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and traction. The composite PEBD_rec / ATP (natural, sieved and treated) were produced by mixing in the molten state in a single screw extruder matrix wire with subsequent reprocessing matrix tape. It was found that the screening of attapulgite not reduce the quantity of quartz and the acid treatment completely extracted dolomite aggregate impurities of the channels attapulgite, and increase their surface area. The addition of attapulgite in PEBD_rec acts as a catalyst, reducing the thermal stability of the polymer. The increased concentration of attapulgite, increases resistance and reduces the elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of the composite PEBD_rec / attapulgite / O trabalho teve como objetivo o tratamento da atapulgita para o desenvolvimento e a caracteriza??o de comp?sito de polietileno de baixa densidade reciclado PEBD_rec incorporado com atapulgita natural ATP_NAT, peneirada ATP_PN e com atapulgita tratada com ?cido sulf?rico ATP_TR, em diferentes composi??es (1, 3 e 5%) e comparado com o PEBD_rec. As atapulgitas, natural, peneirada e tratada, foram caracterizadas por difra??o de raios X (DRX), fluoresc?ncia de raios X (FRX), an?lise granulom?trica, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e determina??o da ?rea superficial espec?fica (BET). Os comp?sitos foram caracterizados por an?lise termogravim?trica (TG), calorimetria diferencial explorat?ria (DSC), difra??o de raios X (DRX), reometria de torque, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e tra??o. Os comp?sitos de PEBD_rec /ATP (natural, peneirada e tratada) foram produzidos por meio de mistura no estado fundido em uma extrusora monorosca com matriz de fio com posterior reprocessamento com matriz de fita. Verificou-se que o peneiramento da atapulgita n?o reduziu o teor de quartzo e que o tratamento ?cido extraiu completamente a dolomita, impureza agregada nos canais da atapulgita, al?m de aumentar sua ?rea superficial. A adi??o da atapulgita no PEBD_rec atua como catalisador, reduzindo a estabilidade t?rmica do pol?mero. O aumento da concentra??o de atapulgita aumenta a resist?ncia e reduz o alongamento na ruptura e o m?dulo de elasticidade do comp?sito PEBD_rec / atapulgita