Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / To make and to utilise. These two actions effortlessly encapsulate a fundamental quality of human beings. Ever since the dawn of industry, humans have developed a necessity to manufacture various items and systems in order to achieve a more efficient and enjoyable lifestyle. The nature of manufacturing has always been defined by the concept of input and output and over time has resulted in the unsustainable extraction of Earth’s natural resources in order to produce. Additionally, consumerism has exponentially increased the rate at which society manufactures and has consequently led to by-production of discarded waste. The presence of solid waste is adversely affecting the environment due to the fact that a large majority of it is non-biodegradable and thus pollutes today’s cities and natural ecosystems. In the context of Newtown, Johannesburg, the issue of discarded solid waste is of growing concern. As a result of the seamless coexistence of industry, commerce and culture and its proximity to important urban zones, this historic area of Johannesburg is attracting more and more people from various social demographics. In turn, this has led to higher levels of productivity and exploitation. As seen in most third world nations, such characteristics inevitably lead to an overabundance of unmanageable waste. Even with the implementation of various recycling schemes as well as the informal waste collecting movement, the issue in Newtown and greater Johannesburg still stands, due to the fact that waste management services lack the efficiency to transport collected waste to the relevant recycling and landfilling facilities. Without an efficient waste management system, various collection depots and scrap yards across the city remain under a constant state of waste overflow. This will only further tarnish the notion of waste recycling on an urban level. Therefore by reimagining the term ‘recycle’ and perceiving it in the sense of transformation, one may begin to rationalise a contemporary solution to the issue of waste in our cities. Through the study of waste on a global scale and some of the advanced technologies in an age defined by fabrication and making, this research report works to conceptualise a system in which discarded waste can be ‘transformed’ and used for the fabrication of any conceivable object. The establishment of a framework which allows direct, on-site trading of collected waste and its consequent transformation for fabrication, would aid in addressing the issue of overflowing waste yards across the city and would in turn improve the social awareness of waste management on an urban level. The incorporation of transformed waste with digital, nano and prefabrication technologies will ultimately result in the realisation of an architecture that will offer society the opportunity to re-create. A social place where waste is the vital resource and where the maker’s creativity is the limit. / XL2018

A research paper submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science November, 2016. / Informal solid waste recycling has increasingly become part of the urban landscape in many South African cities and towns. In the city of Johannesburg, for example, waste pickers are now playing an important role in waste management and recycling. There is evidence in the literature that suggests these activities have both economic and environmental benefits thereby contributing towards job creation and environmental sustainability. Despite the role that the informal sector contributes to waste management and socio-economic development, as well as environmental sustainability, the urban development and planning policy in South Africa has not embraced and integrated informal systems of municipal waste management in its policy framework. Drawing on field-based study conducted in selected parts of the City of Johannesburg, and using methods inspired by the traditional participatory research, this study explored the institutional framework within which informal solid waste management can be pursued. One solution to this problem could be the integration of the informal sector recycling into the formal waste management system. To achieve informal sector recycling integration, this study identifies barriers that hinder the integration of the informal sector into an inclusive waste management: repressive policy, lack of evidence to support activity, social acceptance, illegal migrants and lack of valid citizenship documents. It is essential to note that the integration of waste pickers should not be grounded on a ‘universal’ model but should instead take into account local context and conditions. / MT2017

A research report presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science at the University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, August 2017. / In Johannesburg, as in many cities of developing countries, municipal solid waste management poses a key challenge to local city governments. The amount of municipal solid waste generated has been noted to be growing in tandem with increasing city populations. This Masters Research Report focuses on the factors shaping participation in the separation at source (S@S) programme run by Johannesburg’s Pikitup waste management utility, with a particular focus on the role of residents’ conceptualization of waste. The research employed a qualitative comparative case study of two suburbs that were part of Pikitup’ first pilot S@S programme, which was conducted by the Waterval depot: the low income area of Newlands, and the high income area of Franklin Roosevelt Park. Twenty semi-structured interviews and one focus group interview were conducted in each of the suburbs, as well as three semistructured interviews with key informants. Findings were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The results indicate several differences between the two suburbs – including participation rates, conceptualization of waste and other factors shaping wasting practices. The research showed that conceptualization of waste is an important factor, but not the only one and affirmed other studies showing the importance of time, convenience and positive attitude towards recycling. The research found that in addition to their conceptualization of waste, the ways in which residents conceptualized recyclables affected their participation rates, and that their separation practices were aligned to their conceptualizations. In addition, the research found that residents’ conceptualization of recyclables and the recycling system played an important role in their decision to participate in Pikitup’ S@S programme. In Newlands, whilst some separated but due to their low incomes they sold it for themselves versus giving it to Pikitup, and others would not separate as they felt Pikitup should pay them or it was time consuming for them. In both suburbs those that understood the role of waste pickers chose to separate their waste for the waste pickers versus Pikitup. In conclusion, when we understand that residents participating in separating materials for different pathways, and waste pickers play an important role in separating at source when residents fail to do so then a better understanding of how much waste is being separated and diverted from landfills is obtained in addition to what motivates participation in separation. Keywords: municipal solid waste (MSW), resident households, conceptualization of waste, separation at source, wasting practices, waste picker / LG2018

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 126-129. / by Stephen Andrew Hill. / M.C.P.

Orientador: Artênio José Isper Garbin / Banca: Jeidson Antônio Morais Marques / Banca: Ricardo Coelho Okida / Resumo: O controle do saneamento de uma cidade não depende somente do pessoal ligado à limpeza pública, mas também da consciência da população em geral. Para o enfrentamento dessa problemática, os profissionais da saúde também devem preocupar-se com os resíduos gerados por suas atividades, exigindo dos mesmos um posicionamento consciente e disponibilidade para colaborar na busca de soluções. Desta forma, realizou-se um estudo em municípios do noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar o conhecimento dos profissionais da saúde atuantes nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde sobre política e práticas de gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS). Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de caráter transversal, cujos desdobramentos foram divididos em dois capítulos. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário que versava sobre o perfil dos profissionais participantes e questões relacionadas ao gerenciamento e manejo dos RSS. No primeiro capítulo, a amostra foi composta por 74 Cirurgiões-dentistas. Os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher foram aplicados para verificar a associação entre o conhecimento do descarte de resíduos e a informação sobre o tema, ao nível de significância de 1%. Do total dos profissionais, 97,3% afirmam saber o que são RSS, porém 41,9% não responderam de forma correta como descartar os sugadores e luvas infectados e 20,3% os perfurocortantes. Em relação à informação sobre o tema, 40,5% não obtiveram. Além disso, houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,0007) entre as variáveis "informação sobre o tema" e "descarte de resíduos perfurocortantes". No segundo capítulo, compuseram a amostra 11 Cirurgiões-dentistas, 11 Auxiliares em Saúde Bucal, 25 Enfermeiros, 21 Técnicos em Enfermagem e 17 Auxiliares em Enfermagem. Para análise, aplicou-se o teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis... / Abstract: The control of sanitation of a city does not depend solely the staff of the public cleaning, but also the awareness of the general population. To face up this problem, health professionals should also be concerned with waste generated by their activities, requiring the same conscious positioning and willingness to collaborate in finding solutions. Thus, there was a study in municipalities in the northwest of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to verify the knowledge of the health professionals working in the Basic Health Units on policy and management practices of medical waste (MW). This is a descriptive study of transversal, whose developments were divided into two chapters. To collect data, we used one questionnaire that focused on the profile of professional participants and how to manage and management of RSS. In the first chapter, the sample consisted of 74 Dentists. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to assess the association between waste disposal of knowledge and information on the subject, the level of significance of 1%. Of the total of professionals, 97.3% claim to know what RSS is, but 41.9% did not answer correctly disposing sucking and infected gloves and 20.3% needlestick. With regard to information on the subject, 40.5% did not obtain. In addition, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0007) between the variables "information on" and "disposal of sharps waste." In the second chapter, comprised the sample 11 dentists, 11 oral health assistants, 25 nurses, 21 nursing technicians and 17 nursing assistants. For analysis, we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis... / Mestre

No description available.

This study is on coproduction as a governing policy instrument. Coproduction can be understood as the joint production of services by local officials and individual citizens intended to raise the quality and or amount of service provision. The concept of coproduction as developed in this study suggests that urban services are not simply created by officials and delivered to a passive public. Rather that actions of citizens are an integral part of the service production process. The study purposes are two-fold: (1) to construct a model of coproduction which provides a basis by which citizen involvement in the provision of public services can be fully understood and appreciated; and (2) to examine the usefulness of this model by using it to frame and guide evaluative research on a specific program which targets coproductive participation of citizens. The research examined efforts to implement a program to encourage recycling by residents in multifamily complexes in the City of Portland by involving the direct participation of the managers of the complexes. The research conducted in this study addressed both the inputs and outcomes of citizen involvement in coproduction. Findings of this research are suggestive of the potential importance of both inclusion and volition to furthering citizen involvement in the coproductive process. The level of citizen involvement in producing the programmatic outcomes was by most measures demonstrated to be very important. The results of the investigation in demonstrating the importance of involvement in coproduced programs in generating broader levels of community awareness and involvement, however, were not as conclusive. The model of coproduction developed in this study provides a potentially useful conceptualization of the process and outcomes of coproduction. The empirical investigation provides an assessment of the nature and strength of the relationship between citizen involvement and the coproductive process in the case of Portland's multifamily recycling program. Both the economic and civic considerations of coproduction which were specified and measured in the research contribute to a number of observations about coproduction as a policy instrument leading to several policy recommendations for programs which are built on citizen involvement.

Environmental awareness and legislative pressures have made manufacturers responsible for the take-back and end-of-life treatment of their products. Therefore, manufacturers are struggling to find ways to recover maximum value from returned products. This goal can best be achieved by promoting multiple reuse programs as reuse is one of the most effective ways to enhance a sustainable engineering economy. Since the essential goal of the reuse strategy is to reuse parts, the reliability of used parts becomes a core issue. Research indicates that reuse is technologically feasible, associated with a significant manufacturing cost saving, and it does not compromise product quality. However, it is not easy to be applied in reality. There are several uncertainties associated with reuse, the most common is the uncertainty of the product???s quality after use. A widespread implementation of the reuse strategy could be triggered, subject to the availability of reliable methods to assess the useful remaining life of parts. The evolution of such a methodology would play a pivotal role in making decisions on the supply chain process and the recovery value of returned products. Reliability assessment by life cycle data analysis is the basis of this research. The proposed methodology addresses the problem of reliability assessment of used parts by considering two important aspects. It performs statistical as well as condition monitoring data analysis for decision-making on reuse. The analysis is carried out in two stages. Firstly, a wellknown reliability assessment procedure, the Weibull analysis, is applied to analyse time-tofailure data to assess the overall reuse potential of components. In the second stage, the used capacity (actual life) of components is determined by analysing their operating history (condition monitoring data). The linear and nonlinear regression analysis, Kriging procedures and artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed in this stage. Finally, the Weibull analysis and ANNs are integrated to estimate the remaining useful life of components/assemblies of a product at the end of its first life cycle. The model was validated by using life cycle data from consumer products.

Author's name appears as Lam Lai Fong Janna on front cover. Bibliography: leaves 117-120.

Bibliography: leaves 70-71.