Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1995. / Title from title page screen, viewed April 21, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Edward R. Hines (chair), Floyd B. Hoetling, Kenneth H. Strand, Lemuel W. Watson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-149) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 116 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Includes links to web sites for additional information. / Cover title.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Leigh, Nancey Green, Committee Chair ; Contant, Cheryl, Committee Member ; Meyer, Peter, Committee Member ; Vanegas, Jorge, Committee Member ; Elliott, Michael, Committee Member.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-58).

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Current global trends in government, industry and popular OpInIOn indicate that recycling will become essential in the future. Vacuum pyrolysis is a new technology with many recycling applications that have not yet been investigated. This study is a contribution towards the better understanding of the vacuum pyrolysis process and also towards finding possible economically favourable recycling applications. A batch operated tube furnace, which allowed the controlled heating of different materials in a vacuum, was designed and built. The gases and vapours passed though a series of progressively colder vacuum traps, condensing the vapours for further study. The products from the process are charcoal, oil, an aqueous phase and noncondensable gases. The charcoal and oils' possible economic values (R2500- R5000/ton of charcoal, while the plant product oil can be sold as a low sulphur fuel, with a retail value of approximately R1.42 per litre) were determined along with the oils' chemical composition. Several possible feedstocks were studied, including intruder plant species, leather wastes, sewage sludge and a simplified representation of municipal solid waste. The three intruder plants studied were Kraalbos (Galenia africane), Scholtzbos (pteronia pallens) and Asbos (Psilocaolon absimile). These plants yielded 40%, 42% and 48% (charcoal per kilogram dry feedstock) respectively at their maximum oil yield temperatures of 380°C, 480°C and 450°C respectively. The maximum oil yields were 36%, 32% and 20% respectively (also on a dry feedstock basis). It was found that the plants with ash contents below 10% yielded commercially competitive charcoal, and that all of the plants yielded oils with heating values in the range of 24MJ/kg, containing several high value compounds. Asbos was the only plant that did not produce usable charcoal, as its ash content of 40% was double that of commercial charcoals. The leather wastes represent a previously unrecognised application of the technology that could bring huge financial rewards to the tanning industry and could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to lined landfilling. The cost of landfilling for a medium sized tannery can be as high as RIOOO 000 a year. Apart from the volume reductions achieved (up to a factor 8) it was found that landfilling might be totally avoided if the chrome contained in the charcoal product could be extracted and reused. Sewage sludge was studied, as it is a hazardous waste that requires costly disposal in a lined landfill. It was revealed that volume reductions of up to a factor 3.5 were possible with corresponding charcoal and oil yields of 40% and 38% respectively at 500°C. It was also found that the charcoal product could be used as compost, which would then turn a costly waste into a commodity product. The oil from both the leather and sewage sludge had high energy values (26.7MJ/kg and 30.9MJ/kg respectively) and might either be sold as a bunker fuel or used in the process as a make-up heat source. The value of the oil depends on the problems posed by the oils' high nitrogen content (±5%-6%). A further study was also made of the co-pyrolysis of PVC and wood to determine the interaction between the feedstocks and as a simplified representation of municipal solid wastes. It was found that the HCI released from the PVC caused acid hydrolysis of the wood and led to lower charcoal (reduced from 32.6% to 29.7% on dry feedstock basis, at the maximum co-pyrolysis oil yield temperature of 460°C) and much higher oil yields (42.4% for the co-pyrolysis compared to 23.6% for the plant material at 460°C). An existing computer program (CEA by Gordan and McBride) was also employed in order to find explanations for some of the vacuum pyrolysis results. Although large specialist vacuum pyrolysis plants have been designed in the past (mostly to dispose of used tyre waste) it will be necessary to determine the process economics for small-scale applications if the technology is to be applied at the source of the problem. Overall vacuum pyrolysis appears to be a very promising technology that could solve many waste problems in an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial manner. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hedendaagse neigmgs in regenng, industrie en populêre opirue toon dat hergebruikstegnologieë al hoe meer noodsaaklik sal word in die toekoms. Vakuum pirolise is 'n nuwe tegnologie met vele moonlike hergebruik toepassings wat nog nie bestudeer is nie. Hierdie studie is 'n bydrae tot 'n dieper begrip van vakuum pirolise en ook tot die verdere soeke na nuwe toepassings vir die tegnologie. 'n Enkellading buis-oond, wat die beheerde verhitting van verskillende materiale in vakuum toegelaat het, is ontwerp en gebou. Die gevormde gasse en dampe het deur 'n progressief kouer reeks van vakuum valle beweeg waar dit vir verdere studie gekondenseer en opgevang is. Die produkte van die proses is houtskool, olie, 'n waterryke fase en nie-kondenseerbare gasse. Die houtskool en olie se moontlike waarde (R2500-R5000/ton houtskool, terwyl die plant produk olie verkoop kan word as 'n lae swael verhittings olie met 'n kleinmaat kommersieële verkoopswaarde van R1.42/1), saam met die chemiese samestelling van die olie fase, is bepaal. Die vakuum pirolise van verskeie moontlike voerstowwe is bestudeer, insluitende indringerplante, leerafval, rioolslyk en 'n vereenvoudigde voorstelling van munisipale afval. Die drie plant spesies wat bestudeer is, is: Kraalbos (Galenia africane), Scholtzbos (Pteronia pal/ens) en Asbos (Psilocaolon absimile). Die plante het opbrengste van 40%, 42% en 48% (houtskool per kilogram droë voerstof) onderskeidelik gelewer by elk van die plante se maksimum olie opbrengs temperature van 380°C, 480°C en 450°C onderskeidelik. Die maksimum olie opbrengste was 36%, 32%, 20% (olie per kilogram droë voerstof) vir die onderskeie plante. Daar is bevind dat die plante met as-inhoude van minder as 10% kommersieel kompeterende houtskool gelewer het. Dit is ook gevind dat die olie van al die plante verbrandingswaardes in die orde van 24MJ/kg lewer en dat die olies ook verskeie waardevolle chemikalieë bevat. Asbos was die enigste van die bestudeerde plante wat nie maklik bruikbare houtskool gelewer het nie. Die Asbos houtskool was minder bruikbaar as gevolg van die uiters hoë as-inhoude van tot 40% met gevolglike lae energie waarde. Die vakuum pirolise van leerafval is 'n toepassing wat nog nie voorheen ondersoek is nie. Dit kan moontlik lei tot groot finansiële voordele vir die leerlooi industrie en kan ook 'n meer omgewingsvriendelike alternatief tot belynde afval storting bied. Die koste verbonde aan die storting van leer afval van 'n medium grootte looiery kan tot R1000 000 per jaar beloop. Behalwe vir die volume verkleining behaal (tot 'n faktor 8), is daar ook gevind dat afvalstorting totaal vermy kan word as die hoë hoeveelheid chroom (12% van die houtskool) uit die houtskool verwyder en hergebruik kan word. Rioolslyk is ook bestudeer, siende dat dit ook 'n probleem afvalstof is wat teen groot koste gestort moet word. Die studie het getoon dat volume verkleinings van tot 'n faktor 3.5 en houtskool en olie opbrengste van onderskeidelik 40% en 38% by 500°C behaal kan word. 'n Ondersoek van die houtskool het getoon dat dit gebruik kan word as 'n kompos, wat dan sal beteken dat 'n probleem afvalstof verander word na 'n omgewingsvriendelike en ekonomies waardevolle produk. Die olie van beide die rioolslyk en leer het hoë energiewaardes (26.7MJ/kg en 30.9MJ/kg onderskeidelik) en kan verkoop word as verbrandingsolie of gebruik word in die vakuum pirolise proses as 'n hulp-hitte bron. Die gebruikswaarde van die olie sal baie afhang van die probleme wat deur die uiters hoë stikstof-inhoud (±5%-6%) veroorsaak gaan word. 'n Verdere studie van die ko-pirolise van PVC en hout is ook gedoen om die interaksie tussen die afvalstowwe te bestudeer en ook om as 'n vereenvoudigde voorstelling van munisipale afval te dien. Daar is gevind dat die HCI wat afkom as PVC verhit word, suur hidrolise van die houtstrukture veroorsaak en lei tot laer houtskool (verminder van 32.6% na 29.7% droë voerstofbasis, by die maksimum olie opbrengs temperatuur van 460°C) en veel hoër olie opbrengste (42.4% vir die kopirolise in vergelyking met 23.6% vir die plant materiaal by 460°C). 'n Studie van die energie wat verkry kan word uit die olie en houtskool het getoon dat 16% tot 28% meer energie verteenwoordig word deur die produkte per kilogram droë voerstof vir die ko-pirolise proses bo normale vakuum pirolise. Alhoewel groot spesialis vakuum pirolise aanlegte in die verlede ontwerp is (meestal vir die verwerking van gebruikte motor buitebande) sal dit nogstans noodsaaklik wees om die winsgewindheid van kleinermaat prosesse te bestudeer sodat vakuum pirolise by die oorsprong van die afvalstoftoegepas kan word. Dit blyk dat vakuum pirolise 'n baie belowende tegnologie IS wat verskeie afval probleme op 'n omgewingsvriendelike en ekonomies winsgewinde wyse kan oplos.

The problems of waste disposal in the tanning industry are unique in that the effluents are highly saline, have a high organic loading and contain heavy metals. Methods are available for the safe treatment and disposal of the latter two components, but the saline component requires the expensive outlay of evaporation ponds. This study has identified a possible use for the saline effluents, turning a problematic waste product into a potentially valuable by-product. A range of tannery effluents were identified and tested for their suitability for the mass cultivation of Dunaliella salina (bardawil strain). The bardawil strain was preferred over a local isolate because of its higher production of β-carotene. Ponded tannery effluents and combined processes effluent proved unsuitable for realistic propagation of the alga. Anaerobic digestion of combined processes effluent did not improve its suitability significantly. Anaerobic digestion of hide-soak effluent may remove persistent antimicrobial agents which influence algal growth, but its contribution to enhancing algal growth is equivocal. Undigested hide-soak effluent lacking in persistent antimicrobial agents was found to be an ideal culture medium, as no additional nutrients needed to be added. Significantly higher biomass was obtained in this effluent compared to chemically defined media. Induction of β-carotene was achieved in nitrogen-deficient defined media after culture in tannery effluent. This suggests that a two-stage system using hide-soak effluent for cell propagation and nitrogen deficient media for β-carotene induction, could be possible for the mass cultivation of D. salina for β-carotene production.

Thesis (BTech (Surface Design))Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / The purpose of this research is to explore and create an understanding of how architectural structures. that adhere to deconstructivist design principles, can inspire the reconstruction of second-hand school fumiture and scrap metal. The planned pieces will continue to create an awareness of sustainability, by designing for reuse. These functional fumiture pieces of low tables and chairs will be handcrafted, appealing to a niche market, or specific spaces and they will act as expressions of contradiction. This research will act as an addition to a body of knowledge, where I will primarily focus on contradicting the traditional form and aesthetic of furniture design. I have decided to create these functional pieces to express a new possible direction of furniture design. The study context is a potential confrontational experience in that I want to challenge the conventional form and aesthetics of fumiture design. These pieces of fumiture will be placed in a niche market where they will exist as one-offs that are not produced for mass-consumption, as they will be individually hand-erafted. These days more and more people are attempting to live in a more sustainable manner by practicing to reduce our consumption of products and resources; reuse that which we have disposed of and forgotten as consumers and to recycle waste products and transform them into a feasible afterlife (Martin, 2010). The theory is focused on Sohaill Inayatullah's theory of "Futures Thinking", and this .theory is further supported by Victor Margolin's study of changing existing situations into preferred ones. The research further reflects on Jacques Derrida's theory of deconstruction, and this research is further supported by the theory of sustainability, by designing for reuse, with a focus on Ezio Manzini. Therefore, my research study is concerned with confronting and challenging the conformity that the form of furniture and its aesthetic adhere to.

Neste trabalho, buscou-se verificar a possibilidade de, com a utilização do processo eletrolítico, se obter dióxido de manganês a partir da reciclagem de pilhas e baterias exauridas, visto a grande demanda por produtos que utilizam esse mineral. Utilizou-se, para tanto, uma solução eletrolítica que continha os íons metálicos: Ca (270mg/L), Ni (3000 mg/L), Co (630 mg/L), Mn(115300 mg/L), Ti (400 mg/L) e Pb (20 mg/L) em meio de ácido sulfúrico, sintetizada, seguindo-se dados de pesquisa anterior. A produção do dióxido de manganês eletrolítico (DME) foi realizada galvanostaticamente, com a utilização de uma fonte estabilizada que monitorava o potencial do eletrodo de trabalho. Utilizaram-se, preliminarmente, um eletrodo de trabalho de chumbo e dois contra-eletrodos de grafite, à temperatura de 98 ºC (±2ºC) e densidade de corrente de 1,69 A.dm-2. Após a verificação preliminar da possibilidade de obtenção do DME, repetiu-se sistematicamente o processo, aplicando-se variações de densidade de corrente (0,61 A.dm-2 a 1,93 A.dm-2) e de pH (0,00 a 1,20). O material obtido com essas variações foi analisado através dos processos de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X, difração de raios-X, área superficial específica pelo método BET e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os melhores resultados quanto a eficiência de corrente, pureza e área superficial se obtiveram com densidade de corrente entre 1,02 A.dm-2 e 1,39 A.dm-2 e com pH 0,50. Em todos os experimentos, como comprova a análise de difração de raios-X, foi constatada a obtenção da variedade alotrópica -MnO2, uma das formas viáveis para utilização na fabricação de pilhas. Os resultados apontam para a viabilidade desse processo de reciclagem como alternativa diante da escassez de fontes naturais de MnO2 com características compatíveis com a aplicação em questão e como forma de diminuição da poluição ambiental causada pelo descarte de pilhas e baterias. / Considering the growing demand for products containing manganese in its composition, this work seeks to verify the possibility of using depleted batteries as a source of manganese applying the electrolytic process. It was used an electrolyte solution containing the metal ions: Ca (270mg / L), Ni (3000 mg / L), Co (630 mg / L), Mn (115300 mg / L), Ti (400 mg / L) and Pb (20 mg / L) in concentrated sulfuric acid, following data from previous research. The production of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) was performed through galvanization using a stabilized source that monitored the potential of the working electrode. It was preliminary used an electrode of lead and two counter electrodes of graphite at a temperature of 98ºC (± 2ºC) and current density of 1.69A.dm-2. After preliminary verifying the possibility of obtaining electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), the process was systematically repeated, applying different current density (0.61A.dm-2 to 2.51A.dm-2) and pH (0.00 to 1.20). The material obtained at these variations was analyzed through the process of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, specific surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The best values referring to current efficiency, level of purity and specific surface area were obtained with the current density ranging between 1.02 A.dm-2 and 1.39 A.dm-2, and pH 0.50. In any of the tested electrolysis conditions the -MnO2 structure was obtained as evidenced by the diffraction of X-rays analysis. The results indicate the feasibility of this recycling process as an alternative before shortage of natural sources of MnO2 and as a means of reducing environmental pollution caused by the disposal of batteries.

Ph.D. (Chemistry) / South Africa has a background in which the regulatory system has major limitations, especially with reference to an integrated approach to waste and pollution. The situation has been rectified with the promulgation of new legislation that will approach pollution and waste in an integrated and holistic manner. This new approach also emphasizes that waste should be minimised at all levels, including the household level. The aim of this study has been to determine the influence of waste recovery and organic recycling, at household level, on the waste stream within an urban area in South Africa. The following research aims set for this study were: • To discuss the development of waste minimisation, with specific reference to the South African situation and legislative framework. • To investigate waste recovery and organic recycling as a waste management strategy by reviewing literature. • To investigate a waste recovery and organic recycling strategy within a local transitional council by making use of an empirical study. The most important conclusions gained from reviewing the literature are the following: • South Africa has adopted the Integrated Waste Management Approach, which includes recovery and recycling at source as well as organic recycling. • International case studies, incorporating both developed and developing countries, indicate that organic recycling and waste recovery programmes could be implemented successfully in South Africa with resulting benefits for the communities, service providers and the environment. The aim of the empirical component was to determine the following: • The effect of implementation of organic recycling and waste recovery measures on the waste stream at households level. • The comparative effect of organic recycling and waste recovery rates between a training and non-training group. • The respondent's experiences of the organic recycling.