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Riscos, prejuízos e danos em bioética: um estudo sobre os riscos em pesquisas com questionário e/ou entrevista / RISKS, IMPAIRMENT AND DAMAGES IN BIOETHICS: A STUDY ON THE RISKS IN RESEARCH WITH QUESTIONNAIRE AND/OR INTERVIEWPessalacia, Juliana Dias Reis 11 April 2006 (has links)
A precaução com riscos e prejuízos na utilização de instrumentos de pesquisa interacionais, tais como questionários e entrevistas, ainda é muito pequena, visto que, a maioria dos pesquisadores entende que riscos são possibilidades de danos ou agressões ao corpo físico, esquecendo-se que a presença de riscos de ordem moral, emocional ou espiritual pode ocasionar aos participantes da pesquisa prejuízos e, até mesmo, danos a sua saúde mental. Segundo o princípio da não-maleficência proposto por Beauchamp e Childress, o pesquisador tem a obrigação de não infligir danos ou males intencionalmente. Dentro desta perspectiva, uma análise acurada de tais instrumentos de pesquisa deve ser feita, avaliando-se a relação riscos/benefícios. Deve-se também se considerar as precauções quando da inclusão de indivíduos pertencentes a grupos vulneráveis, já que os mesmos apresentam uma maior predisposição a sofrer danos. Estes só poderão ser incluídos na pesquisa se a sua participação for essencial à hipótese que está sendo testada. Um levantamento realizado com protocolos de pesquisa encaminhados a um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP), verificou que uma grande parte dos pesquisadores (14; 15,2%) descreveram os riscos de suas pesquisas com questionário ou entrevista, como inexistentes, devido ao fato de se tratar ?apenas de questionamentos?. Contudo, tais instrumentos podem ser tão evasivos e repletos de riscos quanto às experimentações que envolvem o corpo físico. Deste modo, chama-se a atenção para o fato de que a falta de uma análise crítica e uma descrição dos riscos pelo pesquisador pode acarretar a ausência de medidas a serem utilizadas para evitá-los ou minimizá-los, e, até mesmo, a previsão de uma assistência especializada, caso venham a ocorrer. Palavras chave: bioética; ética em pesquisa; risco; redução do dano; método; coleta de dados. / Precaution with risks and damages in the use of interactive research instruments, such as questionnaires and interviews, is still very small, since a majority of researchers understand that risks are possibilities of damage or aggression to the physical body and forget that the presence of moral, emotional or spiritual risks can cause damage to research participants and even damages to their mental health.. According to the nonmaleficence principle proposed by Beauchamp & Childress, researchers are obliged not to cause any intentional harm or damage. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of such instruments of research must be made, evaluating the relation between its risks and benefits. Additional precaution must be considered if vulnerable individuals are to be included in the research, since they are more predisposed to suffer damage. Such individuals could only be included in the research if their participation is essential to the hypothesis that is being tested. A survey carried out using protocols of research that were directed to a Committee of Ethics in Research (CER) verified that a great part of researchers (14; 15.2%) that used questionnaires or interviews in their works hadn?t described any risks in this practice, and if so they were considered ?only questionings\". However, such instruments can be as invasive and full of risks as the experiments involving the physical body. For this reason, we think it?s important to focus on the fact that the lack of a critical analysis and description of the risks by the researcher can cause the absence of measures necessary to prevent them or to minimize them, and, even the forecast of a specialized assistance, in case they occur.
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Reducing the potential for accidents and the associated environmental impacts arising from road tankers transporting petro-chemical substances / J.I. de VilliersDe Villiers, Jonathan Izak January 2003 (has links)
Petroleum products, which are required to keep the 'wheels' of industry and
commerce turning, are distributed from the various refineries to their destinations
throughout the country on a daily basis and the mode and extent of
transportation or conveyance of these products is varied. This distribution activity
predominantly takes place by means of road tanker, pipeline as well as rail
tanker and quantities during transit could vary from a few hundred litres to many
thousands of litres per trip.
Road tanker transportation is considered to be the most vulnerable form of
distribution means and this poses a high risk in terms of the potential for being
involved in an accident.
The risk potential associated with the road transportation of these fuels, from an
environmental point of view, is aggravated due to:
*The conveyance of bulk loads,
*non-roadworthiness of many vehicles,
*inconsistency in vehicle condition checking systems and in the application of
*safety systems,
*poor road conditions,
*driver fatigue,
*hi-jacking threats,
*the level of incompetence or unsuitability of drivers,
*the inconsistency in driver training programs,
*the vulnerability of the tankers being subject to collision and accidents.
The potential exists for road tankers involved in accidents to leak or spill large
quantities of petroleum products which in turn could result in catastrophic
environmental consequences (such as leaking large quantities of fuel into
sewers, plantations, rivers and streams thus causing much ground and water
pollution). Also, during an accident the fuel leaking from a road tanker may ignite
causing it to burn for several hours before it is finally brought under control and
extinguished. This may result in much air pollution as well as damage to the
surrounding ecological systems. Subsequent explosions could further result in
severe loss of life and associated fires which in turn could cause more
environmental degradation and damage.
For the purpose of this dissertation, focus was specifically placed on the
introduction of internal company control measures that a "supplier” company
(such as Natref (Pty) Ltd) could implement to check whether petroleum product
distributors are complying with predetermined criteria aimed at reducing the
potential for accidents involving road tankers. The measuring of how these
controls have an effect in the bigger scheme of things in terms of reducing
accidents and environmental degradation was very difficult to determine because
it was not possible to extract from the distributors how many of their vehicles
were actually involved in incidents during the study period. As a result it was not
possible to determine whether the improved control measures had an effect on
the number of accidents incurred by the vehicles that were effected by the
improved application of the standards.
The study thus focused primarily on the effect that the implementation of an
inspection system could have in progressively reducing the number of defects
found on road tankers wanting to gain access to Natrefs site as well as
measuring whether an improvement in compliance to standards actually took
place. This study was conducted over a period of 22 months and involved the
development and implementation of a new procedure and training course,
implementation of an inspection checklist, improved reporting methods as well as
improved the overall environmental awareness of the employees involved in the
checking and inspection process. It is however assumed that the implementation
and ongoing enforcement of the company standards has assisted in contributing
towards minimising the potential for pollution exposures arising from accidents
and in so doing minimising environmental degradation to a larger or lesser
extent. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Reducing the potential for accidents and the associated environmental impacts arising from road tankers transporting petro-chemical substances / J.I. de VilliersDe Villiers, Jonathan Izak January 2003 (has links)
Petroleum products, which are required to keep the 'wheels' of industry and
commerce turning, are distributed from the various refineries to their destinations
throughout the country on a daily basis and the mode and extent of
transportation or conveyance of these products is varied. This distribution activity
predominantly takes place by means of road tanker, pipeline as well as rail
tanker and quantities during transit could vary from a few hundred litres to many
thousands of litres per trip.
Road tanker transportation is considered to be the most vulnerable form of
distribution means and this poses a high risk in terms of the potential for being
involved in an accident.
The risk potential associated with the road transportation of these fuels, from an
environmental point of view, is aggravated due to:
*The conveyance of bulk loads,
*non-roadworthiness of many vehicles,
*inconsistency in vehicle condition checking systems and in the application of
*safety systems,
*poor road conditions,
*driver fatigue,
*hi-jacking threats,
*the level of incompetence or unsuitability of drivers,
*the inconsistency in driver training programs,
*the vulnerability of the tankers being subject to collision and accidents.
The potential exists for road tankers involved in accidents to leak or spill large
quantities of petroleum products which in turn could result in catastrophic
environmental consequences (such as leaking large quantities of fuel into
sewers, plantations, rivers and streams thus causing much ground and water
pollution). Also, during an accident the fuel leaking from a road tanker may ignite
causing it to burn for several hours before it is finally brought under control and
extinguished. This may result in much air pollution as well as damage to the
surrounding ecological systems. Subsequent explosions could further result in
severe loss of life and associated fires which in turn could cause more
environmental degradation and damage.
For the purpose of this dissertation, focus was specifically placed on the
introduction of internal company control measures that a "supplier” company
(such as Natref (Pty) Ltd) could implement to check whether petroleum product
distributors are complying with predetermined criteria aimed at reducing the
potential for accidents involving road tankers. The measuring of how these
controls have an effect in the bigger scheme of things in terms of reducing
accidents and environmental degradation was very difficult to determine because
it was not possible to extract from the distributors how many of their vehicles
were actually involved in incidents during the study period. As a result it was not
possible to determine whether the improved control measures had an effect on
the number of accidents incurred by the vehicles that were effected by the
improved application of the standards.
The study thus focused primarily on the effect that the implementation of an
inspection system could have in progressively reducing the number of defects
found on road tankers wanting to gain access to Natrefs site as well as
measuring whether an improvement in compliance to standards actually took
place. This study was conducted over a period of 22 months and involved the
development and implementation of a new procedure and training course,
implementation of an inspection checklist, improved reporting methods as well as
improved the overall environmental awareness of the employees involved in the
checking and inspection process. It is however assumed that the implementation
and ongoing enforcement of the company standards has assisted in contributing
towards minimising the potential for pollution exposures arising from accidents
and in so doing minimising environmental degradation to a larger or lesser
extent. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Riscos, prejuízos e danos em bioética: um estudo sobre os riscos em pesquisas com questionário e/ou entrevista / RISKS, IMPAIRMENT AND DAMAGES IN BIOETHICS: A STUDY ON THE RISKS IN RESEARCH WITH QUESTIONNAIRE AND/OR INTERVIEWJuliana Dias Reis Pessalacia 11 April 2006 (has links)
A precaução com riscos e prejuízos na utilização de instrumentos de pesquisa interacionais, tais como questionários e entrevistas, ainda é muito pequena, visto que, a maioria dos pesquisadores entende que riscos são possibilidades de danos ou agressões ao corpo físico, esquecendo-se que a presença de riscos de ordem moral, emocional ou espiritual pode ocasionar aos participantes da pesquisa prejuízos e, até mesmo, danos a sua saúde mental. Segundo o princípio da não-maleficência proposto por Beauchamp e Childress, o pesquisador tem a obrigação de não infligir danos ou males intencionalmente. Dentro desta perspectiva, uma análise acurada de tais instrumentos de pesquisa deve ser feita, avaliando-se a relação riscos/benefícios. Deve-se também se considerar as precauções quando da inclusão de indivíduos pertencentes a grupos vulneráveis, já que os mesmos apresentam uma maior predisposição a sofrer danos. Estes só poderão ser incluídos na pesquisa se a sua participação for essencial à hipótese que está sendo testada. Um levantamento realizado com protocolos de pesquisa encaminhados a um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP), verificou que uma grande parte dos pesquisadores (14; 15,2%) descreveram os riscos de suas pesquisas com questionário ou entrevista, como inexistentes, devido ao fato de se tratar ?apenas de questionamentos?. Contudo, tais instrumentos podem ser tão evasivos e repletos de riscos quanto às experimentações que envolvem o corpo físico. Deste modo, chama-se a atenção para o fato de que a falta de uma análise crítica e uma descrição dos riscos pelo pesquisador pode acarretar a ausência de medidas a serem utilizadas para evitá-los ou minimizá-los, e, até mesmo, a previsão de uma assistência especializada, caso venham a ocorrer. Palavras chave: bioética; ética em pesquisa; risco; redução do dano; método; coleta de dados. / Precaution with risks and damages in the use of interactive research instruments, such as questionnaires and interviews, is still very small, since a majority of researchers understand that risks are possibilities of damage or aggression to the physical body and forget that the presence of moral, emotional or spiritual risks can cause damage to research participants and even damages to their mental health.. According to the nonmaleficence principle proposed by Beauchamp & Childress, researchers are obliged not to cause any intentional harm or damage. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of such instruments of research must be made, evaluating the relation between its risks and benefits. Additional precaution must be considered if vulnerable individuals are to be included in the research, since they are more predisposed to suffer damage. Such individuals could only be included in the research if their participation is essential to the hypothesis that is being tested. A survey carried out using protocols of research that were directed to a Committee of Ethics in Research (CER) verified that a great part of researchers (14; 15.2%) that used questionnaires or interviews in their works hadn?t described any risks in this practice, and if so they were considered ?only questionings\". However, such instruments can be as invasive and full of risks as the experiments involving the physical body. For this reason, we think it?s important to focus on the fact that the lack of a critical analysis and description of the risks by the researcher can cause the absence of measures necessary to prevent them or to minimize them, and, even the forecast of a specialized assistance, in case they occur.
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