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As the world is moving towards the renewable energy, there is increase in usage of the electric vehicles in transport sector. This has led to more consumption of electricity from the grid and thus affecting its stability. To overcome this issue many decentralized charging stations have come of which generating electricity from the solar energy is more popular. These solar carports act as a shelter for the vehicles from various climatic factors such as rain, snow, dust in addition to producing renewable electricity. The main aim of this thesis study is to design a solar carport with the reflector compared to the existing Solar carports. The roof selected for this thesis study is a “V” shaped roof with the PV modules installed on one side of the roof and a reflector installed on the other side of the roof. The objectives of this thesis study are creating a mathematical irradiation and yield model of the PV system with and without a reflector. In addition, find the optimum roof tilt angle for a PV system with the reflector. Finally, determine the optimum increase in the annual energy yield for a PV system with the reflector compared to the PV system without a reflector. Microsoft Excel is used to create the mathematical irradiation and yield model of the PV system. The simulation was done for three different locations by obtaining hourly irradiation and temperature data from the PVsyst software. As a case study four different reflective materials of different specular and diffuse reflectance were chosen for better understanding and comparison. The simulation results showed that there is significant increase in the annual energy yield for a PV system with the reflector for all the locations. The study also shows that the increase in energy yield, optimum roof tilt angle is dependent on the specular and diffuse nature of the reflector. The study has concluded that the increase in the annual energy yield for a PV system with the specular reflector is more compared to a PV system with the diffuse reflector for the lower roof tilt angles and vice versa. It is also clear that the increase in the energy yield is similar for all the three locations. Hence, based on the roof tilt angle the selection of the reflector material needs to be done for an optimum design of the solar carport.

Gabor's original holography, which is the basic theory of modern microwave holographic techniques, is introduced. By computer simulations, it is demonstrated that the conventional holographic approach can be used as a tool to reconstruct aperture field distributions of an antenna with some constraints. Computer simulations of the theory and technique of the improved microwave holographic approach originally introduced by Rahmat-Samii et al. are carried out. The results show that it can be used for surface distortion diagnosis of large reflector antennas. The physical optics integral formulation is derived by general solutions of the vector wave equations. The necessary theory , which is needed to reconstruct the aperture field from near-field measurements both in a rectangular coordinate system and in a cylindrical coordinate system is developed. It is based on the plane wave spectrum and the vector wave modal expansion of an electromagnetic field. By using a simple dipole and other well-defined antennas, computer simulations have been performed. The results show that the technique is rigorous and applicable. It is also demonstrated that the sampling intervals and the number of sampling points should be chosen carefully in order to obtain a satisfactory resolution of the reconstructed aperture field. Furthermore, the simulations carried out in this work reveal that the real aperture field distribution of a dipole antenna has a maximum point at each end of the antenna. This characteristic can only be obtained at a very close distance to the antenna. This study also reveals the significant contributions of the evanescent waves to the aperture reconstruction. A simple but effective method for examining the evanescent waves from the measured near-field is also presented. By using dipoles and other well known antennas and antenna arrays, the experiments were carried out. The experimental results provide reasonable good agreements with the simulations. The technique proposed is effective and accurate. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In recent years, even though the light output of GaN-based LED continues to increase, the brightness (~20 lm/W) is still low compared to conventional lighting systems and it is necessary to further improve the light extraction of LEDs. In this study, we utilize flip-chip technique, photoresist microlenses, reflectors and thermoelectric cooler to increase the light extraction of GaN MQW LED. Electroluminescence (EL) and power angular distribution are used to measure the light output intensity of LED. From temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V-T) characteristics, the charge carrier transport mechanisms at different biased regions are also investigated. In the results, back emission of LED with SiO2/Al reflector has maximum light intensity ( 3.28£gW ) , which is higher than front emission one ( 2.73£gW ) in vertical emitting area ( at 90 angles). LED with P.R. microlenses (refractive index, n=1.62) on backside could improve the light extraction of LED (about 1.2 times) as well. The enhancement of light output is duo to the reduction of light absorption from the metal contact and Fresnel¡¦s transmission losses at GaN (n=2.4)/air (n=1) interface. Finally, we fabricate a high brightness LED with above light enhancement design. EL intensity of LED is increased about 1.25 times than conventional one. Therefore, we can manufacture a LEDs array with above designs to obtain high light output for future solid-state illumination.

This thesis utilized pulse shaping technology to study chirp response of SSBR and attempt to analyze contribution of SSBR in mode-locked process. A home-made pulse shaping system (based on 4f scheme) with Freezing algorithm and Gerchberg-Saton algorithm was demonstrated. A normal dispersion at nonabsorbable wavelength and an anomalous dispersion around absorbable wavelength region in SSBR were obtained. Meanwhile, a Kramers-Kronig relation like behavior of pulse depression/broadening ratio in the strained multiple quantum well was observed and also refer to that pulse starting force is stronger at short wavelength. Decrease of pulse compression with increasing power of negative chirp incident pulse was characterized. Unclear power dependence for positive chirp case was also performed. These could be due to competition of band-filling and pump dump process. In addition, higher reflectivity and tendency of lower saturation fluence of SSBR for negative chirp incident pulse were observed.

In this thesis, we study the array theory and the array synthesis methods to design a sector antenna composed of a broadside collinear array and a corner reflector that is suitable for base stations. The antenna produces a sector beam in the horizontal plane to reduce the co-channel interference. In the elevation plane the antenna produces a narrower beam in order to achieve a higher gain. A uniform array is known to produce a high side lobe level which will cause serious interference. Therefore, Dolph-Tchebyscheff linear array method and Taylor line source method are utilized for the antenna design. We also design the structure of corner reflector which is combined with an array to form the sector antenna. We also study the switched-beam system, design and fabricate a 4¡Ñ1 microstrip patch antenna array to simulate the operation of the system and measure its performance.

Significant quantities of hydrocarbons are found in complex salt environments. One of the modern challenges of exploration and production activities is to image below salt. This challenge arises from the complexities of salt structures, weak primaries from the subsalt, and the interference of free-surface multiples with the weak primaries of the subsalt. To effectively process subsalt data, we need to develop a method of attenuating free-surface multiples that preserves the amplitude and phase of primaries and does not introduce artifacts at either near and far offsets. In this thesis, we will demonstrate that the weak primaries of the subsalt can be preserved while attenuating free-surface multiples. The method used for the demonstration is the bottom-multiple generator (BMG) reflector approximation. This technique requires that a portion of the data containing only primaries be defined. A multidimensional convolution of the data containing only primaries with the actual data will predict free-surface multiples and hence is used to attenuate free-surface multiples from the actual data. This method is one of the most effective methods for attenuating free-surface multiples; however, the method requires muting data at the BMG location. One of the issues investigated in this thesis, is to establish the sensitivity of the BMG demultiple technique when the mute at the BMG location end up cutting some seismic reflections, which can be the case in complex environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of Guinea, where freesurface multiples interfere with primaries. For this investigation, we generated synthetic data through the 2D elastic finite-difference modeling technique. The synthetic seismic data contain primaries; free-surface multiples, and internal multiples, and direct waves acquired over a 2D geological model that depicts a shallow-water geology. In this thesis, we also investigate if the first step of the BMG demultiple technique can sufficiently attenuate free-surface multiples. For this investigation, we designed a 2D geological model, which depicts the deep offshore environment, and we generated synthetic data through the 2D elastic finite-difference modeling technique. After performing the various investigations mentioned above, the following conclusions were made, that the demultiple result is not affected when the mute at the BMG location end up cutting some primaries, that the first step of the BMG demultiple technique is not sufficient for the demultiple, and that the weak subsalt primaries are preserved during demultiple processes. We compared shot gathers and zero offset data before and after the demultiple.

All-fiber multireflector spectral filters which have potential application in optical communications have been investigated experimentally. These multireflector etalons were produced by aligning equal-length fiber sections with TiO2/SiO2 dielectric mirrors deposited on the end in a silicon v-groove. Fiber sections 1.33mm in length were produced by polishing, with the fibers held in a silicon wafer polishing jig. The fibers were aligned inside the polishing jig using a precision micro positioner. Then four polishing steps with increasingly finer grit were applied to produce high-quality polished end surfaces on each fiber section. Finally, a dielectric mirror was deposited on one end of each fiber section by magnetron sputtering. After characterizing the optical loss, length, and mirror reflectance for each of the fiber sections, sections which were well-matched in length were chosen for assembly of the four-mirror etalon, which had nominal reflectance values of 10%, 50%, 50%, and 10% for the dielectric mirrors. Measured transmittance spectra for a mutireflector spectral filter were compared with calculated spectra. Thermal tuning of the multireflector etalon was also investigated. A 0.34 nm wavelength shift was observed for a 23° C temperature change, in agreement with prediction. increasingly finer grit were applied to produce high-quality polished end surfaces on each fiber section. Finally, a dielectric mirror was deposited on one end of each fiber section by magnetron sputtering. After characterizing the optical loss, length, and mirror reflectance for each of the fiber sections, sections which were well-matched in length were chosen for assembly of the four-mirror etalon, which had nominal reflectance values of 10%, 50%, 50%, and 10% for the dielectric mirrors. Measured transmittance spectra for a mutireflector spectral filter were compared with calculated spectra. Thermal tuning of the multireflector etalon was also investigated. A 0.34 nm wavelength shift was observed for a 23° C temperature change, in agreement with prediction.

This study was undertaken to investigate mobile salt and its effect on fault structures and gas hydrate occurrence in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Industry 2-D multichannel seismic data were used to investigate the effects of the salt within an area of 7,577 mi^2 (19,825 km^2) on the Texas continental slope in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The western half of the study area is characterized by a thick sedimentary wedge and isolated salt diapirs whereas the eastern half is characterized by a massive and nearly continuous salt sheet topped by a thin sedimentary section. This difference in salt characteristics marks the edge of the continuous salt sheets of the central Gulf of Mexico and is likely a result of westward decline of original salt volume. Beneath the sedimentary wedge in the western part of the survey, an anomalous sedimentary package was found, that is described here as the diapiric, gassy sediment package (DGSP). The DGSP is highly folded at the top and is marked by tall, diapiric features. It may be either deformed shale or the toe of a complex thrust zone detaching the sedimentary wedge from deeper layers. The dataset was searched for the occurrence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), as they are widely accepted as a geophysical indicator of gas trapped beneath gas hydrate deposits, which are known to occur farther east in the Gulf. Although, many seismic signatures were found that suggest widespread occurrence of gas within the upper sediment column, few BSRs were found. Even considering non-traditional definitions of BSRs, only a few occurrences of patchy and isolated BSRs features were identified. The lack of traditional BSRs is likely the result of geologic conditions that make it difficult to recognize gas hydrate deposits. These factors include: (1) unfavorable layer geometries, (2) flow of warm brines from depth, (3) elevated geotherms due to the thermogenic properties of salt and its varying thickness, and (4) widespread low porosity and permeability sediments within the gas hydrate stability zone.

[pt] O modelamento de superfícies refletoras embarcadas em satélites tem se apresentado como uma alternativa eficiente à síntese de conjuntos de alimentadores. Existem várias técnicas disponíveis para a determinação do formato adequado para esta superfície, baseados em aproximações da ótica geométrica ou da ótica física. Neste trabalho, estudamos a aplicação da técnica das Projeções Sucessivas, um método interativo genérico, à síntese de superfície refletora e à síntese da distribuição de fase sobre a abertura. Este método é baseado nas aproximações da Ótica Física, o que garante uma boa precisão. Entre suas principais vantagens, estão a sua simplicidade e a sua eficiência computacional. / [en] The shaping of reflector surfaces for satellites hás been considered na efficient alternative to the available for the determination of the optimum shape for this surface, base don Geometrical Optics or Physical Optics approximations. This work investigates the application of the Technique of Sucessive Projections, a generic interative method, to the synthesis of a single reflector antenna and to the phase distribution on the aperture. This method is based on Physical Optics Techniques, which guarantees a good precision. Among its main advantages are its simplicity and its computational.