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L’étude de la représentation du pouvoir à l’époque moderne s’est beaucoup développée ces dernières années sous l’impulsion de spécialistes historiens de l’art ou sémiologues. Or ces études ont souvent exclu de leur champ de recherche l’espace géographique, pourtant fondamental, que constitue le monde méditerranéen. Cette thèse va donc s’articuler autour de l’interrogation suivante : l’art du portrait, et en particulier du portrait de cour peint, a-t-il été pour les princes italiens un support de leur politique, de l’affirmation de leur pouvoir et de leur puissance ? Le portrait de cour est-il le reflet de la conception du pouvoir des princes et des principaux mouvements intellectuels de l’époque moderne ? Après avoir replacé ces tableaux dans leur contexte historique, cette étude s’attachera à appliquer aux représentations du pouvoir une véritable analyse de contenu : étude des thèmes récurrents, périodicité de leur apparition, positionnement dans les plans de l’image, superficie occupée, mais aussi connotation de chacun à des référentiels culturels bien précis, autant de sens cachés et pourtant patents. Certaines principautés méditerranéennes ont en effet utilisé les principes picturaux et politiques de la Contre-réforme pour affirmer non seulement la supériorité de l’Église catholique, mais aussi leur pouvoir. Après la période de redécouverte de l’art du portrait que constitue la Renaissance, la Contre-réforme et le XVIIe siècle apparaissent comme l’utilisation du discours « visuel » pour s’opposer au discours écrit. Au contraire, au XVIIIe siècle, c’est l’influence des Lumières et des écrits philosophiques qui vont imprégner ces portraits de cour. Si certaines permanences demeurent, les décors ou certains éléments du costume montrent une imprégnation de la société et des sphères du pouvoir par les idées nouvelles, qu’elles soient politiques ou sociales. / The study of the representation of power in modern times has developed significantly in recent years under the guidance of art historians and experts in semiotics. However, these studies have often excluded from their research the fundamentally important geographical space that is the Mediterranean world. Therefore, this thesis revolves around the following questions: Was the portraiture, and in particular the state portrait, a political statement of the power and legitimacy of the person represented in the painting? Is the court portrait a reflection of the conception of the power of the princes and the main intellectual movements of the modern era? After placing these paintings in their historical context, this study conducts a content analysis of the representations of power, focusing on recurrent themes, frequency of occurrence, and the placement of the image, and also to the connotation each specific cultural references, and meanings whether hidden or evident. Some Mediterranean principalities have indeed used the pictorial and political principles of the Counter-Reformation to assert not only the superiority of the Catholic Church, but also their own power. After the period of rediscovery of portraiture as an art form during the Renaissance, the Counter-Reformation and the seventeenth century are seen as the use of visual communication to oppose the written word. On the contrary, in the eighteenth century, the influence of the Enlightenment and philosophical writings permeates the state portraits. While there was a great deal of stability in portraiture over time, gradually the background decor and elements of the clothing began to reflect the arrival of new ideas, both political and social, within the spheres of power and in society more generally.

Reducing apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) crop load during bloom is a reliable option for increasing fruit quality and return bloom. In this thesis, multiple approaches to improving bloom thinning practices are discussed. The first project analyzed the pollen tube growth of several crabapple cultivars. Previous research had improved the use of bloom thinning chemicals, by coordinating the application timing with the pollen tube growth between pollination and fertilization. However, pollen tube growth rates have only been measured in a few genotypes. In Chapter 2, the pollen tube growth rates of five crabapple cultivars were measured in the styles of 'Fuji', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Pink Lady' flowers, at four temperatures 12, 18, 24 and 30 C. Complex relationships were found among paternal pollen tube growth, maternal cultivar, and temperature. Chapters 3 and 4 describe projects where organically-approved chemicals, including the biofungicide, Regalia, were evaluated for their ability to simultaneously reduce crop load and decrease early season disease infection. These chemicals were applied in conventionally managed orchards (Chapter 3), and in an organically-managed 'Honeycrisp' orchard (Chapter 4). The number of chemicals approved for bloom thinning is limited, especially in the Eastern U.S. where lime sulfur and oil applications are not permitted during bloom. These studies indicate Regalia, applied during bloom, can reduce crop load and provide early season disease control. The research presented in this thesis provides new knowledge that can be incorporated into crop load management practices in both conventional and organic apple orchards. / Master of Science

This thesis examines Alexander�s conception of kingship, his relationship with royal traditions in the three great kingdoms of the Near East, and the concomitant transformation of the king�s court by which Alexander created a distinctive royal insignia and introduced new court personnel and protocol. Section I ("Alexander and Near Eastern Kingship") contains Chapters I, II, and III. Section II ("The Transformation") comprises Chapters IV to VI. In Chapter I, I examine the Macedonian background of Alexander�s court and his native conception of kingship. Chapter II is a study of the kingship of Egypt. Chapter III deals with the kingship of Babylon and Persia. I then turn to an analysis of Alexander�s policies towards the Persians and the concept of the "kingship of Asia," as this was understood by Alexander. This crucial concept is to be distinguished from the kingship of Persia, a position which Alexander supplanted and replaced with his personal kingship of Asia. In Section II, three chapters are devoted to an analysis of the transformation of Alexander�s court. Chapter IV covers the origin and significance of Alexander�s royal insignia. Chapter V examines the introduction of, and the role played by, Persians and easterners in the king�s court; and Chapter VI the significance of other Persian court offices.

This thesis examines Alexander�s conception of kingship, his relationship with royal traditions in the three great kingdoms of the Near East, and the concomitant transformation of the king�s court by which Alexander created a distinctive royal insignia and introduced new court personnel and protocol. Section I ("Alexander and Near Eastern Kingship") contains Chapters I, II, and III. Section II ("The Transformation") comprises Chapters IV to VI. In Chapter I, I examine the Macedonian background of Alexander�s court and his native conception of kingship. Chapter II is a study of the kingship of Egypt. Chapter III deals with the kingship of Babylon and Persia. I then turn to an analysis of Alexander�s policies towards the Persians and the concept of the "kingship of Asia," as this was understood by Alexander. This crucial concept is to be distinguished from the kingship of Persia, a position which Alexander supplanted and replaced with his personal kingship of Asia. In Section II, three chapters are devoted to an analysis of the transformation of Alexander�s court. Chapter IV covers the origin and significance of Alexander�s royal insignia. Chapter V examines the introduction of, and the role played by, Persians and easterners in the king�s court; and Chapter VI the significance of other Persian court offices.

In the realm of tree fruit cultivation, the management of various diseases affecting pome fruits like apples and pears is crucial for sustaining production. This study amalgamates findings from three distinct disease investigations to propose an integrated approach to their management. Firstly, in pursuit of mitigating shoot blight severity caused by Erwinia amylovora and preventing fire blight cankers on pear trees, a two-year evaluation was conducted. The study assessed the efficacy of preventive treatments, including foliar spray and trunk injection applications of Giant Knotweed Extract (RSE) alongside antibiotics. Results highlighted the effectiveness of RSE in controlling both shoot blight severity and canker incidence, offering a sustainable alternative to antibiotics. Secondly, in addressing the bitter rot of apples caused by Colletotrichum spp., eighteen fungicide treatments were evaluated over two years, focusing on newer fungicide options to mitigate fungicide resistance development. Fungicides such as Omega, Aprovia, Ferbam, Captan, Ziram, and Cabrio were proven reliable management tools, complementing the existing effective fungicides that growers heavily depend on. Lastly, the emergence of European canker (Neonectria ditissima) on cider apple cultivars was investigated. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of N. ditissima as the causal agent, posing a significant threat to cider apple production. Koch's postulates were fulfilled through various tests, proving the pathogenicity of N. ditissima. Further research avenues, including genome sequencing were conducted to enhance understanding and control of a devastating pathogen like N. ditissima. Integrating findings from these studies proposes a comprehensive management strategy incorporating preventive spray programs, alternative fungicides, and pathogen identification to combat these diseases effectively, ensuring sustainable production of apples and pears in orchards. This holistic approach offers growers a multifaceted toolkit to manage diseases effectively, safeguarding apple and pear orchards' productivity and economic viability. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / In the world of growing apples and pears, keeping diseases under control is crucial for keeping orchards thriving and productive. We conducted studies on three endemic and emerging diseases aiming to create a well-rounded approach to managing them. First, we looked into ways to reduce the impact of shoot blight and fire blight cankers on pear trees caused by a devastating bacterium Erwinia amylovora. We tested the efficacy of preventive spray applications of plant extract of giant knotweed alongside antibiotics and found more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics that effectively control this disease. Next, we studied bitter rot disease in apples caused by many different species of fungi in Colletotrichum genus. We determined the efficacy of eighteen different biorational and synthetic fungicide spray programs over two years to find new options that can help prevent fungicide resistance development against currently available fungicides in the market. Several fungicides showed promise in managing this disease including Omega, Aprovia, Ferbam, Captan, Ziram and Cabrio, adding to the effective materials that growers already rely on. Lastly, we investigated the emergence of European canker on cider apple trees. This disease, caused by a fungus Neonectria ditissima, poses a serious threat to cider production. We confirmed the pathogen's identity and its capability of causing the disease in controlled experiments. We propose a comprehensive strategy for managing these diseases by including preventive spray applications of alternative materials and classic fungicides, combined with accurately identifying the pathogens. Our holistic approach provides growers with a range of tools to effectively protect their orchards, ensuring sustainable production of both apples and pears.

自古以來，八咫鏡、草薙劍、八坂瓊勾玉之三種神器被視為日本王權的象徵。在日本文學中，關於三種神器的描述也不少。其實，關於鏡、劍、玉的記載在中國文學中早已出現，鏡、劍、玉各自背後皆有其涵義。另根據儒教與道教經典，可瞭解中國王權思想與「天」的思想有所關連，而天的思想也對中國的王權造成莫大影響。因此在論及日本王權思想之時，必須追溯至中國古代天的思想。 　　日本王權應如何以神道的觀點解釋呢？眾所周知，日本天皇思想中蘊含著「萬世一系」的思想，身為天照大神子孫的天皇因而世世代代可統治這個國家。事實上，在《古事記》與《日本書紀》中，對此「天壤無窮的神諭」已有著墨，而三種神器也成為遵守此神諭之象徵。 　　本論文以古代及中世日本文學闡明三種神器的起源與意義，再從比較思想的觀點，探討三種神器與日本王權思想及中國思想三者間之關聯。最後再從日本神道之觀點，論述以三種神器為象徵之日本王權思想。期藉以上研究方法，釐清中日兩國思想之異同，進而理解日本固有的神道思想。 / The Imperial Regalia of Japan consists of the sword Kusanagi no Tsurugi, the mirror Yata no Kagami, and the jewel Yasakani no Magatama. From ancient times, they have been regarded as the symbol of power, which belongs to Emperors of Japan. There are quite a few descriptions about the Imperial Regalia of Japan in Japanese literature as well. Actually, the thought of mirror, sword and jewel has already been described in Chinese literature, and each of them has their own meanings. In addition, according to the books of Confucianism and Daoism, the ideology of the emperor of China is relative to the thought of “sky,” and the thought of sky also greatly influenced the power of Chinese emperors. Therefore, it is necessary to trace back to the thought of sky in ancient China while mentioning the ideology of the Emperor of Japan. How should the power of the Emperor of Japan be explained by means of Shinto? As everyone knows, emperors of Japan rule the country as descendants of Amaterasu due to the ideology of the emperors’ unbroken line. Actually, the proof of it is called “Tenjo Mukyu no Shinchoku”, which has already shown in “Kojiki” and “Nihon Shoki.” It means the oracle, which is as eternal as heaven and earth, and the Imperial Regalia of Japan just became the symbol of the oracle. In this thesis, literatures of ancient Japan and medieval Japan will be used to describe the origins and meanings of the Imperial Regalia of Japan. Next, I will manage to explore the connection between the Imperial Regalia of Japan, ideology of Japanese emperor and Chinese ideology from a comparative point of view, and expound the ideology of the emperor of Japan symbolized by Imperial Regalia of Japan. By means of the above research method, the ideology of Japan and China is expected to be clarified in order to know more about the innate ideology of Japan — Shinto.