¡@The economic reform and the Open Door Policy undertaken in Mainland China has been carried out for more than 20 years since 1978 by Deng Xiaoping. Mainland China has been advocating herself to the rest of the world, and the development of domestic regional integration is also taking place. The differences between the provinces and regions in China is basically very huge. And in the process of economic reform, decentralisation, the gradural withdraw of the central government from certain functions, all accelerate the cleavage of different regions. ¡@How do the provinces cooperate with each other? What is the key features in the process of economic integration? We distinguish two models in this article. One is regionalization, which refers to bottom-up process where the most important driving forces for economic regionalization come from markets, from private trade and investment flows, and from the policies and decesions of companies, rather than resulting from predetermined plans of national or local government. Here we exaime the triangle territory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong and Macao. Conversely, regionalism is used here to refer to top-down process- the concious and deliberate attempts by national state to create formal mechanism for their economic good. Such regionalism is defined as political and intergovernmental project, and here we exaime the south-west provinces in Mainland Chind, thus the forces of intergration is mainly from the local government. Through the two cases, we highlight the uneven nature of regional economy, and the cases suggest that attempts to forster regional integration have been most successful when governments facilitate, rather than control.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The purpose of rainfall-runoff modelling, like all environmental modelling is to generate simulations that accurately mimic those encountered in the system being modelled. Once this is achieved, the model may then be used to study the catchment response under conditions that have not previously been observed, such as the determination of extreme flood levels. The complex behaviour of the processes involved in the generation of streamflow mean that to achieve a usable model, simplifications must be made. This inevitably leads to the introduction of model error into the simulations, as these simplifications cannot reproduce the level of response variation encountered in a natural system. As a consequence, a model that performs well at some times may be inappropriate at other times. The MultiModel approach is an alternative method of rainfall-runoff modelling that uses numerous alternative process descriptions to generate a suite of unique rainfall runoff models. These models are calibrated and applied to allow for simulation responses that incorporate not only parameter variability but model structure variability. It is shown that the application of the MultiModel method to four test catchments produced simulated confidence limits that are much more likely to contain flood peaks that are beyond the range encountered during the calibration process than using a single model. This is due to the wider confidence limits generated as a result of the greater structure variability available to the MultiModel. The wider confidence limits are therefore a better reflection of our true understanding of the system being modelled. The prediction of ungauged basins presents an additional challenge to rainfallrunoff modelling. Most methods involve some form of regionalization of model parameters. These approaches are very limited in that they are restricted by model selection and application range. Two unique methods for the prediction of ungauged basins are presented that overcome these restrictions. The first attempts to condition a rainfall-runoff model using uncertain criteria, normally used as a supplement to more common calibration procedures. These criteria include estimates of flood peaks, baseflow, recession and saturated area. It is shown that combinations of these criteria provide a powerful means of constraining the parameter space and reducing the simulation uncertainty. The second approach to model conditioning for ungauged basins uses an alternative method of regionalization that focuses on the estimation of flow characteristics rather than model parameter values. Strong relationships between flow characteristics (such as runoff coefficients, flow duration curves and coefficient of variation) and catchment conditions (such as area, mean annual rainfall and evaporation) are identified for catchments across Australia. Using the estimated ranges of these flow characteristics as assessment criteria, a rainfall-runoff model is successfully conditioned to adequately reproduce the streamflow response of the four test catchments. In particular it is shown that the use of numerous characteristics in tandem further improves the conditioning for the test catchments.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The purpose of rainfall-runoff modelling, like all environmental modelling is to generate simulations that accurately mimic those encountered in the system being modelled. Once this is achieved, the model may then be used to study the catchment response under conditions that have not previously been observed, such as the determination of extreme flood levels. The complex behaviour of the processes involved in the generation of streamflow mean that to achieve a usable model, simplifications must be made. This inevitably leads to the introduction of model error into the simulations, as these simplifications cannot reproduce the level of response variation encountered in a natural system. As a consequence, a model that performs well at some times may be inappropriate at other times. The MultiModel approach is an alternative method of rainfall-runoff modelling that uses numerous alternative process descriptions to generate a suite of unique rainfall runoff models. These models are calibrated and applied to allow for simulation responses that incorporate not only parameter variability but model structure variability. It is shown that the application of the MultiModel method to four test catchments produced simulated confidence limits that are much more likely to contain flood peaks that are beyond the range encountered during the calibration process than using a single model. This is due to the wider confidence limits generated as a result of the greater structure variability available to the MultiModel. The wider confidence limits are therefore a better reflection of our true understanding of the system being modelled. The prediction of ungauged basins presents an additional challenge to rainfallrunoff modelling. Most methods involve some form of regionalization of model parameters. These approaches are very limited in that they are restricted by model selection and application range. Two unique methods for the prediction of ungauged basins are presented that overcome these restrictions. The first attempts to condition a rainfall-runoff model using uncertain criteria, normally used as a supplement to more common calibration procedures. These criteria include estimates of flood peaks, baseflow, recession and saturated area. It is shown that combinations of these criteria provide a powerful means of constraining the parameter space and reducing the simulation uncertainty. The second approach to model conditioning for ungauged basins uses an alternative method of regionalization that focuses on the estimation of flow characteristics rather than model parameter values. Strong relationships between flow characteristics (such as runoff coefficients, flow duration curves and coefficient of variation) and catchment conditions (such as area, mean annual rainfall and evaporation) are identified for catchments across Australia. Using the estimated ranges of these flow characteristics as assessment criteria, a rainfall-runoff model is successfully conditioned to adequately reproduce the streamflow response of the four test catchments. In particular it is shown that the use of numerous characteristics in tandem further improves the conditioning for the test catchments.

Rizvi and Lingard (2010) suggest that there have been shifts in the development and institutional implementation of education policies, as the values promoted by national systems of education are not just established by the policy actors within the nation state but forged through transnational and global entities. In current studies, there are a number of reductionist accounts of global effects on education policy which do not take account of historical context. Drawing on the policy sociology literature, this thesis empirically investigates the policy process at University College Dublin when it modularised its undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. It reviews how supranational processes (including European integration and the work of the OECD) and policy making affected UCD's institutional dynamics and policy production during this process. In documenting and analysing the production of this institutional education policy, evidence suggests that policy is shaped predominantly by local policy actors and global influences situated outside of the nation-state. To explore the influence of macro factors on this policy process, UCD provides an outward-focused case study into this policy process at a micro level. Insight into this process is evidenced by collecting data through textual analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviewing of 23 key policy actors at UCD and other influential policy agencies. To investigate the ‘black box’ by which power is exerted in this policy process, Bourdieu’s theoretical tools are utilised. Bourdieu’s ‘conceptual triad’ is pervasive in the education policy literature, clarifying why some of these policy practices remain national and localised within the global policy field. The study evidences the effects of globalisation manifest in UCD’s modular policy which responded to both internally generated reform and agencies external to the state. The pursuit and implementation of this policy demonstrates the capacity of non-national political structures, e.g. the EUA, OECD, and Bologna Process, to shape not only national policy (Henry et al., 2001) but also institutional governance and policy. The manifestation of these structures also provide confirmation of governance without government (Rosenau, 1992). This study sustains the suggestion of a global policy field (Lingard, et al., 2005) and demonstrates a resultant reconstitution of the local education policy field.

Since the 1990s, a regional tier of governance has emerged in England, in a country which historically has not been noted for its regional identities. The vying for European Union (EU) structural funds has been seen as a key factor in the mobilisation of regions across Europe. It is within the context of UK membership of the EU, and the effects of the Europeanisation processes, that some scholars have placed the appearance of English regions. Other scholars have sought to explain the growth of English regional governance principally in terms of a response to globalisation. New Regionalism offers an insight into the renewed interest in regions as the focus for economic governance in an increasingly globalised world. With its emphasis on clusters, skills and innovation as a way to promote a competitive advantage, links have been made with New Labour’s economic agenda. Economic rescaling, on the other hand, has been seen to offer a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between the state and the regions. On this view, the state is actively rescaling economic governance in response to the pressures of globalisation, but at the same time still retains its traditional authority. The emergence of governance more generally has also been cited as a factor in English regionalisation. The extent to which the state is being “hollowed out” is a feature of this debate. Again, links have been made specifically to New Labour’s agenda that included plans for devolution for Scotland and Wales and plans for elected regional assemblies in England. This thesis examines the East of England and the South West English regions within the context of these debates. The central argument is that regionalisation in England is a centrally orchestrated process by central government as the nature of governance, but not the state, changes.

This thesis examines the recent production and consumption of television dramas in Taiwan in the context of Taiwan's complicated modem history, rapid social transitions, budding self-assertiveness and changing relationships with regional and global players. The detailed analysis in this subject matter contributes to wider debates in the media globalisation theory, reaffirming the continuing development of an East Asian cultural trading block and pointing to a formation of the distinctive regional popular culture that is more effective in shaping up the local production and consumption activities. The rising regional dynamism in Taiwan's television drama production and consumption since the late 1990s has been encapsulated in this thesis in three main points: 1. The findings from detailed content analysis on programming schedules of seven locally-run channels has shown that regional programming is more integrated with local business while global programming (mostly American) has shifted to be produced and distributed single-handedly by the transnational media corporations. 2. The first-hand audience interviews revealed a subtle difference in young people's viewing experiences of the global and the regional programming. Situated in a broader social context, their experience of the former has primarily crouched on a fantasy of liberal individualism while the latter provided a desirable template for emulation in everyday life. 3. The thesis also discussed the emergence of a new drama genre on Taiwanese television-Idol drama, which can be seen as the reactions to the widespread regional television deregulation, commercialisation and growing intra-regional cultural trade. Its late development has also epitomised An inevitable negotiation of local characteristic with regional forces.

In the context of regionalism and regionalisation, the notion of a region holds sway. Discussions around the topic of how spatial entities defined as ‘regions’ form, evolve, develop, become institutionalised and sometimes stabilized have been active and profound over the last forty years. Moreover, rich and diverse literature provides different conceptualizations and problematisation of regions that have been changing over time. ‘Heterogeneous relations’ that stretch over boundaries and are not territorially fixed have been accorded an increased attention in the regional studies. This research investigates the region building process in the Alpine region and analyses different agenda-settings pursued by various stakeholders in the Alpine region. The study employs qualitative methods to analyse processes of region building by applying Paasi’s institutionalisation theory. The findings show the regional dynamics in the case under investigation and claims that the Alpine region has being transformed from a closed, bounded, territorially fixed entity to a relational one, based on not territorially fixed heterogeneous relations. This transformation leads from a relatively ‘fixed’ Alpine region (as defined by Alpine Convention) to a more fluid, unbounded and ‘fuzzy’ space – the Alpine macro-region, which is being developing.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'apporter une contribution scientifique et technique à la problématique opérationnelle visant l'évaluation de la ressource en eau disponible en période d'étiage. Cet état des lieux constitue en effet un pré-requis indispensable à toute action de gestion destinée à concilier et équilibrer les différents usages à l'échelle du bassin versant. Il est alors essentiel de tenir compte des particularités du milieu en question pour adapter les différents dispositifs de gestion au contexte hydro-climatique local. A cet égard, l'indicateur statistique retenu par la réglementation française pour caractériser l'état de la ressource en période de basses eaux correspond au débit moyen mensuel minimum annuel de fréquence quinquennale sèche (noté QMNA5). Ce dernier constitue donc notre principal objet d'étude. Dans l'idéal, la détermination d'un tel débit de référence requiert néanmoins un suivi des débits en continu sur une période suffisamment longue pour constituer une archive statistiquement exploitable et n'est par conséquent possible qu'au droit d'un nombre limité de stations hydrométriques. Ailleurs il est alors nécessaire de faire appel à des techniques d'estimation que l'on souhaite aussi fiables que possible. Cette problématique offre encore à l'heure actuelle de nombreuses perspectives de recherche auxquelles cette thèse, en s'inscrivant dans la continuité de travaux analogues réalisés ces dernières années aussi bien en France qu'à l'étranger (décennie PUB), tente d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse et de réflexion. Au cours de ces travaux nous nous sommes ainsi donnés pour objectif d'élaborer et d'optimiser, sur la base des techniques existantes, un cadre méthodologique cohérent adapté à l'estimation du QMNA5 et passant notamment par la valorisation de l'ensemble de l'information à caractère hydrologique disponible localement le long du réseau hydrographique, que ce soit sous la forme de jaugeages épisodiques ou de chroniques courtes. Cet effort d'exhaustivité et de synthèse, s'il n'est pas tout à fait novateur, reste assez peu courant et constitue probablement l'un des principaux points forts de ce travail. Parallèlement et quelle que soit l'approche d'estimation envisagée, nous nous sommes constamment attachés à fournir une indication sur la fiabilité de chaque valeur estimée au travers d'un intervalle de confiance. Bien qu'apparaissant comme un critère essentiel pour apprécier la validité des résultats obtenus, la détermination d'une incertitude encadrant les valeurs estimées s'avère le plus souvent négligée dans la littérature scientifique relative à la régionalisation de variables hydrologiques ; cette démarche apparaît ainsi comme le second point fort de ces travaux. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, les modalités optimales d'estimation du QMNA5 ont été identifiées au travers d'une procédure systématique de validation croisée et finalement appliquées pour notamment aboutir à une cartographie nationale du QMNA5 spécifique en tout point du réseau hydrographique. A l'issue de cette application, l'un des résultats présentant sans doute le plus d'intérêt passe par la comparaison des performances d'estimation selon la quantité d'information disponible au site cible. Celle-ci montre bien que la valorisation d'une information hydrologique locale, même très fragmentaire, est susceptible d'accroître de manière significative la fiabilité des estimations obtenues par rapport à une estimation en sites non jaugés. Bien entendu le gain de performance est d'autant plus intéressant que la quantité de données disponible est importante. Ainsi l'exploitation de chroniques courtes apparaît logiquement comme plus avantageuse que la valorisation de données de jaugeages. / Estimating water availability along the river network is a pre-requirement for water management purposes before defining water allocation at catchment scale. In France, rules for water allocation is partly based on QMNA5, the annual minimum monthly flow with a return period of 5 years ; QMNA5 is derived from time series with extended records of natural or naturalized discharges at gauged sites. In most cases, data is not warranted. Three contexts can be identified: (i) gauged site with short records, (ii) site with spot gauging data and (iii) no data available.This thesis aims at developing a general framework for estimating QMNA5 by using all the hydrological data available in the neighbouring of the location of interest (including short discharge records and spot gauging data). Different methods and strategies were adapted to data availability and tested on a large dataset. Their efficiency and sensitivity to the data collection strategy, the definition of neighbouring,… were assessed by cross validation and uncertainties were provided through a confidence interval. Lastly the most efficient methods for deriving QMNA5 are used to draw a national map with estimates along the main river network.In conclusion, one of most significant result can be illustrated by comparing the efficiency of the estimates according to the quantity of information available on the target location. Results show that a significant gain in accuracy in the estimated QMNA5 values, even when using only a few sporadic measurements to supplement regional information. The improvement depends on the amount of available data and the use of short record is logically more advantageous than the valuation of spot gauging data. Nevertheless, spot gauging data may offer obvious advantages in terms of monitoring at locations where embedment of a permanent gauging station is uneasy. Therefore using spot gauging data can be seen as a possible cost-effective trade-off to supply a reliable enough estimation for particular location of interest.

La spécification de l’identité ventrale ou dorsale des progéniteurs au cours du développement du télencéphale est la première étape cruciale du développement du cortex cérébral. Les gènes doublesex and mab-3 related (Dmrt) Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 codent pour des facteurs de transcription à doigt de Zinc. Ces gènes sont coexprimés selon un gradient fort caudomédialement à plus faible rostrolatéralement dans le primordium du cortex cérébral. Nous avons d’abord démontré qu’ils étaient tous deux nécessaires pour la formation normale de l’hème corticale, l’hippocampe et le néocortex caudomédian. Nous avons plus récemment adressé le rôle de Dmrt3 et Dmrt5 dans le contrôle de la régionalisation dorsale/ventrale du télencéphale chez la souris, en comparant les phénotypes d’embryons simple knock out (KO) aux double KO (dKO), et par une expression ectopique de Dmrt5 dans le télencéphale ventral. Nous avons mis en évidence que DMRT3 et DMRT5 agissent comme des régulateurs critiques de l’identité dorsoventrale des cellules progénitrices en réprimant les régulateurs ventralisants. Les régulateurs transcriptionnels précoces de la destinée ventrale exprimés dans la partie dorsale de l’éminence ganglionnaire latérale tel que Gsx2 sont régulés positivement dans le télencéphale dorsal embryons dKO et régulés négativement lorsque les progéniteurs du télencéphale ventral expriment Dmrt5 de manière ectopique. La surexpression conditionnelle de Dmrt5 au sein du télencéphale entier génère un profil d’expression et des défauts très similaires à ceux observés lors d’une activité Gsx2 diminuée. De plus, les embryons Emx2 ;Dmrt5 double KO montrent un phénotype similaire à celui des embryons dKO. DMRT3, DMRT5 et le facteur de transcription à homéobox EMX2 peuvent se lier à un enhancer spécifique du télencéphale ventral dans le locus Gsx2. Ensemble, nos résultats montrent des fonctions coopératives de DMRT3, DMRT5 et EMX2 dans la distinction entre identité dorsale et ventrale au sein du télencéphale. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

no / Purpose This paper explores the relationships between the strategic development of subsidiaries and the likelihood of subsidiaries exporting on an intra-regional basis to European markets. Research Approach The paper defines the strategic development of subsidiaries as increases in, autonomy, embeddedness in host locations, the use of networks and host country sourcing. The location of subsidiaries in industrial clusters is also considered. Use is made of multinomial probit analysis of a survey of 391 UK based subsidiaries to identify the relationships between the strategic development of subsidiaries and supplying European markets. Findings The study finds some evidence that there are links between increasing networks and supplying European markets, but there is no evidence that developing host country sourcing is associated with European supply. Location in an industrial cluster is consistently associated with supplying European markets and autonomy also appears to be closely associated with supplying European markets. Research Limitations Extension of the research is required to other regional trade blocs such as Mercosur and NAFTA. The role of networks and the links to location in industrial clusters requires further exploration and future research needs to include the services and knowledge-intensive sectors. Value The paper extends our understanding of subsidiary development in the context of intra-regional trading and thereby expands the literature on the regional strategy of multinationals. It highlights the importance of different types of autonomy for encouraging intra-regional trade by foreign-owned subsidiaries, and the central role of location in industrial clusters.