M.Ing. / Traffic has become an extreme irritation and costly entity to deal with in recent years. Gone are the days where one could simply widen roadways to increase flow rates due to space constraints. Traffic costs countries billions of dollars per annum and thus the need to alleviate traffic congestion. Many technologies are currently available that can be used to lower the traffic density at an intersection, one of them being the use of cameras. Not only are digital cameras dropping in price, but the associated cost of maintenance is low. Distance information of a scene can thus be calculated via a visual system and from this information advanced control can be implemented in order to maximise traffic flow through an intersection. A traffic simulator was coded and analysed in order to validate the use of a visual system for increasing the amount of cars passing through the intersection per unit time over the current fixed timing system. Two different algorithms were compared to the current fixed timing scheme using a traffic simulator. The results showed that an improvement can be achieved over the current fixed timing scheme (of up to 19.92%). The use of stereovision as a method of attempting to monitor traffic flow is discussed. Vehicles were tracked using 13 trackers and the distance away from the stereo setup was calculated and compared to the actual distance away from the stereo setup. The best results found that with a baseline distance of 1500mm the average error in determining the distance of a vehicle was 16.46m. Although this error is quite large, it is still possible to monitor traffic flow using stereo vision with these inputs. Some of the issues that may cause these errors are camera quality, camera calibration and variable lighting conditions.

Corporate governance is a highly discussed topic in financial circles. Recent corporate failures have triggered regulatory reforms where the internal audit was given a stronger position. However, this regulatory evolution also brought challenges to internal audit activity. The growing demands and pressure from stakeholders have placed internal auditors in a difficult position of having to serve several stakeholders and sometimes inconsistent ones with different agendas. That is why the aim of this thesis was to examine how regulations have impacted the internal audit within financial institutions with a special focus on internal auditors’ relations with their stakeholders. In order to achieve the aims of this study, qualitative interviews were conducted as they were considered most suitable in order to uncover a deeper meaning and significance regarding the topic. The findings in this study indicate that internal auditing activity within financial institutions faces a multitude of challenges. Beyond having to deal with traditional duties, these institutions now have to incorporate mandatory audits from regulators within their scope of practise as well. This steers them in a direction where they have to satisfy the needs of yet another stakeholder.

The aim of this study is to understand and analyse the relationship between corporate governance (CG) and banking governance (BG) in Conventional and Islamic banking systems. The reason for choosing this topic was because the regulations and banking systems within Conventional banks are differently in comparison to Islamic banks, which means that their corporate governance and banking governance are influenced by different mechanisms and therefore regulated differently. Since Conventional banks stands for a small amount of Islamic banks in their markets and Islamic countries do have Conventional banks in theirs, made this topic a good case study. Furthermore is Sweden a Conventional country where they don’t offer Islamic financial services and the UK is a Conventional country where they do, which was an interesting fact since both of them are European countries with similar regulations. The author of this thesis chose qualitative, semi-structured interviews, where six persons: three from Sweden and three from the UK stood for answers toward their banking systems. Since these respondents were standing on a high position within their organizations did they have the knowledge needed to answer the questions asked. The result showed that the relationship between CG and BC in Conventional and Islamic banking systems have an impact in the way different types of banks operate. Identifying the Conventional and Islamic banks differences and assessing on how the Corporate Governance and Banking Governance do operate solves the complexity in the system. Based on the findings, countries that are applying the Conventional system need to expand their regulations and mechanisms so that other systems could operate without a need for changes in their own. They also need to expand their knowledge, where the population needs to be familiar with other banking systems and services as well.

The European Union (EU), in 1992, issued the Temporary or Mobile Construction Sites (TMCS) Directive, which requires EU members to introduce specific law to improve health and safety (H&S) performance outcomes by placing specific duties on key stakeholders. This Directive led to the introduction of the first Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations in the UK construction industry on 31 March 1995 and since their introduction, the overall performance of construction H&S has improved gradually. However, despite this positive outlook, there are still significant concerns surrounding the implementation of the CDM Regulations, a subject on which empirical research has been very scanty. It is against such a background that this study investigates the practical implementation of the CDM Regulations and extends current knowledge and understanding, and develops a framework for appropriate remedial action by industry. The research method involved a thorough critical review of literature, semi-structured interviews, and two postal questionnaire surveys, using as research informants, practitioners with experience of the Designer, CDM Coordinator (CDM-C), and Principal Contractor (PC) roles under the CDM Regulations. Primary data were collected and analysed from in-depth interviews with six organisations purposively selected based on their construction design expertise and 122 questionnaires returned in total. The finding regarding lack of collaborative working amongst duty holders is a significant outcome of this study; a requirement expressed explicitly within the CDM Regulations, yet questionable in terms of its implementation. Further, the study reveals a number of statistically significant correlations between the extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of importance. However, the strength of the majority of these correlations is weak. In particular, the evidence indicates that 50% of the duties of the CDM-C are misaligned in terms of extent of discharge and perceived degree of importance, whereas 25% of the PC duties are also misaligned. This signals a lack of understanding regarding the importance of duties, towards achieving improved H&S management. Surprisingly, a comparison between extent of discharge of duties and their perceived degree of difficulty reveals that all the duties of the PC are statistically significant, meaning that the perceived degree of difficulty does not impede their extent of discharge. While 90% of the CDM-C duties are also statistically significant, again the same interpretation applies. Further, a consensus reached by Designers supports the view that CDM-Cs provide insufficient input throughout the planning and construction phase, raising doubt as to whether the duty holder is fit for purpose. Overall, the results confirm that interdependent working of duty holders is still a challenge, demonstrated by the Designer duty to ensure appointment of the CDM-C (Regulation 18(1)), the CDM-C duty to ensure Designers comply with their duties (Regulation 20(2)(c)), and the PC duty to liaise with the CDM-C and Designer (Regulation 22(1)(b)). Three recurring themes emerge from the results, that is: (i) collaboration, (ii) accountability and compliance, and (iii) facilitation, which in turn inform the remedial action framework comprising 13 remedial actions and 8 change drivers. Validation of the remedial action framework by 15 study participants reveals that, at least 10 remedial actions and 7 change drivers are considered likely to improve CDM implementation. The top three remedial actions are: (i) ensuring adequate arrangements for coordination of H&S measures; (ii) including provisions within the regulations specifying the stages for the appointment of duty holders; and (iii) amending the ACoP to provide guidance on determining what resources are adequate for a particular project. Whereas, the top three change drivers are: (i) management leadership; (ii) the proactive participation of duty holders; and (iii) training to equip duty holders with sufficient knowledge on provision of timely and adequate preconstruction information. Based on these outcomes, conclusions, recommendations, and further areas of research are drawn.

There exists no predefined framework for aviation policy making and development. While aviation policy planning in most developed countries comes as a result of institutional and industry coordination and is embedded within other national policies addressing the welfare and growth of the country, it is found that in many cases in less developed countries (LDCs), aviation policy planning is often influenced by political pressures and the interests of fund donors. The complexity of this situation in the developing countries results in aviation plans that represent stand alone studies and attempt to find solutions to specific problems rather than comprehensive aviation plans which fit well the country‘s competitiveness profile and are properly coordinated with other national policies for achieving medium and long-term objectives. This study provides a three-stage policy development framework for aviation strategic planning based on situational analysis and performance benchmarking practices in order to assemble policy elements and produce a best-fit aviation strategy. The framework builds on study results that indicate an association between air transport sector performance and aviation policy strategies, arguing that it is not sufficient to simply describe performance but also to be able to assess it and understand how policymakers can use strategic planning tools to affect the air transport industry efficiency levels. This can be achieved by recognizing the level of the country‘s stage of development and working on enhancing the policy elements that produce better output and induce more contributions by aviation to the national economic development and connectivity levels. The proposed aviation policy development framework is systematic and continuous. It helps policymakers in LDC to manage uncertainty in complex situations by allowing them to defend, correct and re-examine the policy actions based on a forward thinking approach which incorporates the contingency elements of the policy and tracks the developments that can affect the odds of its success. The framework‘s elements and its flow of process are explained by providing an illustrative example applied to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Figuerolles est le nom d’un quartier de la ville de Montpellier, une ville qui est le chef-lieu de la Région Languedoc-Roussillon et du département de l'Hérault, en France. La thèse qui y est consacrée s’articule autour de trois axes : sa dimension historique, car il n’y a de vrai développement qu’à partir d’une bonne connaissance de ce que nous sommes, ensuite tout ce qui a trait aux anecdotes, rappelant ainsi qu’il y a, comme le dirait Edgar Morin, une dialogie, c’est-à-dire un va et vient constant entre les archétypes fondateurs et les stéréotypes vécus dans la vie courante. Enfin, les descriptions de figures emblématiques, véritables totems, autour desquels on s’agrège, et qui ainsi constituent véritablement ce qui est un idéal communautaire. Au travers de ces trois points : histoire, figures, anecdotes, il s’agit de montrer comment le bien et le mal, la lumière et les ténèbres, le matériel et le spirituel sont mêlés en un réel tout à la fois complexe et fécond, régi par le hasard et la nécessité. La manifestation la plus évidente d’une telle complétude étant l’étonnante tolérance entre « ceuxqui croyaient au ciel et ceux qui n’y croyaient pas », vivant en un même lieu. N’oublions pas que le lieu fait lien… La signification affective du « quartier » souligne bien l’importance de l’espace que « je » partage avec d’autres, espace où la diversité des orientations sexuelles, la pluralité des représentations idéologiques, la multiplicité des tenues vestimentaires, la théâtralisation corporelle et la variété des goûts divers s’inscrivent dans l’ordre des choses. Tout et son contraire ont leur place, confirmant bien ainsi qu’« il faut de tout pour faire un monde ». / Figuerolles is the name of a district of the city of Montpellier, a city which is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon and the department of Hérault, France. This thesis is devoted to this district, and revolves around three axes : its historical dimension, because there can be no real development without a good understanding of what we are ; secondly, everything that relates to stories, reminding ourselves that there is, to paraphrase Edgar Morin, a dialogy, that is to say a constant back and forth between founders archetypes and stereotypes experienced in everyday life. Thirdly, descriptions of iconic figures, real totems around which we collect, and thus which constitute an ideal community. Through these three points : history, figures, anecdotes, we show how good and evil, light and darkness, the material and the spiritual are involved in a real context all at once complex and fruitful governed by chance and necessity. The most obvious manifestation of such completeness being amazing tolerance between "those who believe in heaven and those who do not believe," living in the same place. Do not forget that the place links... The affective meaning of "neighbourhood" underscores the importance of space as "I" shares with others, space where the diversity of sexual orientations, the plurality of ideological representations, multiple outfits, corporal dramatisation and the variety of different tastes fall into the order of things. Everything and its opposite have their place, clearly confirming that “it takes all kinds to make a world."

1 Regulations of stockbroker's acting towards his clients Abstract The purpose of my thesis is to define and analyze a scope of regulation of securities broker's acting toward his clients. These rules are set up by European law and regulation, which was brought by three legal documents. First is Directive no. 2004/39/EC on markets in financial instrument, also called MiFID (Markets in Financial Instrument Directive). Second rule is implementing regulation of European Commission no. 1287/2006. Third rule is implementing directive of Commission no. 2006/73/EC. The first rule crates so called LEVEL 1 and the last two rules create LEVEL 2. Legal rules in Czech Republic are set up by reception of above mentioned European rules into the Czech act no. 256/2004 Sb. about business activities on capital markets and implementing publication no. 237/2008 Sb. These all legal documents bring wide range of regulations and inside of this regulation; the significant group is created by rules about protection of the clients, which are the subject of my analyses in the thesis. The thesis is composed of introduction chapter and seven specific chapters. In introduction are presented objectives and goals and structure of the thesis. In this chapter is defined the basic terminology and sources of the law. First chapter is focused...

(in English): The author's main focus was on development and causes of military art changes which British infantry has undergone, especially in the years 1775 - 1815. In author's work, given the magnitude and the topic specificity, the only focus was primarily on the study of official documents, which were used for British infantry training and to form a tactical doctrine. Work is divided into five chapters, which consist of an introductory part to the topic issue and analyse warfare factors in the 16th and 17th century that survived throughout the 18th and early 19th century. The second chapter was devoted into two main streams, including tactical ways of thinking related to the 18th century, which Great Britain army faced and socialised with. The second part of the chapter deals with causes and ways of how the first infantry introduces its training with a prescription of all-army presence. The third chapter, as the most comprehensive part of my thesis, analyses the main training document that the British infantry used since 1792. This was meant to be a turning point to the introductory of similar legislation in the Great Britain. The fourth chapter deals with firearms, which the British line infantry used to use throughout the periods of process analysis. The last fifth chapter analyses the...

The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the law approach to duels in Czech law history and by analysis of selected legal texts to confirm the hypothesis that rather than idea of social development with ideas of humanity it is the fact that duel by its nature is competing with the law that determines the prevailing law approach to duels and the progress of this approach. This matter, the law approach to duels changing dynamically in history, is observed particularly from a law-giver point of view. The thesis consists of eight chapters, including introductory and ending part. The division into chapters is made chronologically with respect to prevailing law approach to duels (with the exception of the first and second chapter). In Introduction are briefly listed and evaluated works dealing with the abovementioned matter as well as introduction to the methodology used in the thesis. Chapter One examines meaning, origins and development of meaning of the word duel ("souboj" in Czech) and its equivalents. Chapter Two deals with origins of the duel. It is divided into two parts. Part One presents the main approaches in recent literature to the matter of duel origins. Part Two focuses on one of the most important sources of duel - a feud. Chapter Three is addressed to the duel as a part of legal...

Diploma thesis topic deals with air transport of dangerous goods. In the beginning part it describes air cargo transportation itself as well as the main characteristics. Thesis introduces organizations involved in international transport of dangerous goods. Next part of diploma thesis reveals project analysis of air transportation of dangerous goods in respect of IATA Dangerous Goods regulations and procedures. Thesis also covers introduction to air transportation of dangerous goods in specific conditions of DHL Express Company.