O ilhamento intencional quando desenvolvido em modo seguro pode ser considerado uma solução viável à promoção da confiabilidade das redes elétricas na presença de geradores distribuídos. Diante disso, esta tese de doutorado propõe metodologias que definem os ajustes das proteções do ponto de acoplamento comum e do gerador para viabilizar tecnicamente o ilhamento intencional, permitindo também avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso deste quando não planejado por um período de operação da rede. As metodologias propostas consideram os relés de deslocamento de fase ou \"salto de vetor\", relés de taxa de variação de frequência e os relés de sub/sobrefrequência convencionais. Estas metodologias baseiam-se na associação direta do tempo de detecção do ilhamento e do tempo de restrição. Estes tempos são oriundos da capacidade de detecção de ilhamento do relé baseado em medidas de frequência do ponto de acoplamento comum e da proteção do gerador. Os resultados foram consistentes e além de determinar a viabilidade técnica do ilhamento intencional de geradores distribuídos, permitiram avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso do ilhamento intencional. Adicionalmente, as metodologias permitiram definir quando possível os ajustes das proteções mais adequados à operação segura da ilha. / The intentional islanding when perfomed in a safe way can be considered a viable solution to the promotion of the reliability of the electrical networks in the presence of distributed generators. In this context, this doctoral thesis proposes methodologies that define the adjustments of the protections of the point of common coupling and the generator to technically enable the intentional islanding and allow to evaluate the probability of successful islanded operation. The proposed methodologies consider the vector surge or \"vector jump relays\", the rate of change of frequency and conventional under/overfrequency relays for islanding detection purposes, and the under/overfrequency relays to protect the generator. These methodologies are based on the direct association of the islanding detection time and the restriction time, and on their relation with the active power imbalance of the island. The detection and restriction times are derived from the islanding detection capability of the previous-mentioned relays, and from the generator protection, respectivelly. The results showed that the methodologies were able to identify favourable conditions for a successful islanded operation, and allowed assessing its probability of occurrence given different conditions of load and generation power imbalance. Additionally, the methodologies allowed to define, when possible, the adjustments of the most adequate protections for the isolated operation of the microgrid.

Les limiteurs de courants de court-circuit supraconducteurs sont des appareillages à fort potentiel pour les réseaux électriques. En effet, ils offrent une limitation efficace dès les premiers instants du court-circuit. On peut qualifier la limitation de "naturelle", c’est-à-dire qu’elle est intrinsèquement liée aux caractéristiques du matériau et ne nécessite pas de commande particulière. Afin de faciliter la conception et l’intégration des limiteurs de courant de court-circuit supraconducteurs résistifs (rSFCL) destinés aux réseaux électriques, il est nécessaire de disposer de modèles de simulation précis. Ces derniers doivent prendre en compte et simuler correctement (et le plus précisément possible) les phénomènes électriques et thermiques du rSFCL en présence de surintensités de courant, qu’il s’agisse d’un court-circuit franc ou d’un phénomène temporaire de plus faible amplitude. Il est difficile d’envisager la planification de l’intégration d’un rSFCL sans passer par des outils numériques qui permettent la simulation d’un tel dispositif dans un réseau électrique en régime transitoire. Il est alors plus facile d’appréhender et de prédire le comportement transitoire du limiteur dans des conditions de stress réalistes, qui peuvent comprendre une grande variété de surintensités, tant en durée qu’en amplitude. Néanmoins, les rSFCL sont des dispositifs fortement non-linéaires caractérisés par un couplage électrique et thermique très fort. L’implémentation d’un tel modèle dans un logiciel de simulation de type “circuits électriques” en régime transitoire présente un certain défi. Bien que des modèles de rSFCL existent déjà, des améliorations doivent être apportées pour prendre en compte i) l’ensemble des phénomènes physiques liés à la limitation (thermiques et électriques), ii) les propriétés géométriques des rubans supraconducteurs utilisés et iii) la possibilité de réaliser des études globales (impact du limiteur sur le réseau) et iv) l’influence de l’architecture du ruban en présence de phénomènes locaux (points chauds). Cette thèse se concentre donc sur le développement d’un modèle de rSFCL basé sur des rubans supraconducteurs de deuxième génération. Ce modèle est développé dans le logiciel EMTP-RV, qui est un outil utilisé par un grand nombre de compagnies d’électricité dans le monde. Le modèle proposé dans cette thèse repose sur une analogie qui fait le lien entre les phénomènes électriques et thermiques, et qui permet une modélisation entièrement basée sur des éléments de circuits électriques. Le modèle permet de prendre également en compte les propriétés non linéaires des matériaux, tant au niveau électrique qu’au niveau thermique, avec l’utilisation de dipôles non-linéaires. Le modèle a été développé pour offrir un niveau de généricité intéressant pour la modélisation des rubans supraconducteurs. Il permet un fonctionnement avec une excitation AC ou DC en tension ou en courant et tient compte de la non-uniformité de courant critique, qui est typiquement observée dans la longueur des rubans disponibles commercialement. Il est également possible de représenter des variantes d’architectures (géométries et matériaux), avec une souplesse de modélisation qui est basée sur un assemblage de blocs “élémentaires” dont les dimensions peuvent être différentes. Cela permet alors d’évaluer, dans une même simulation, l’architecture du limiteur à une échelle submillimétrique (points chauds) et à une échelle “systémique”, tel que le comportement de plusieurs centaines de mètres de ruban. Des comparaisons ont permis de vérifier que le modèle circuit avait un comportement similaire à son équivalent en éléments finis, seulement si la taille des éléments électrothermiques de base (dans EMTP-RV) est adéquate. Le modèle équivalent circuit permet de réaliser des simulations de différentes architectures de rubans supraconducteurs, avec ou sans résistance d’interface, entre les couches tampons et la couche de (RE)BCO par exemple [...] / Superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) are a promising technology for power systems, i.e. they provide efficient current limitation from the very beginning of the fault without requiring any control system. In fact, the current limiting characteristics are directly connected to the physical properties of superconducting materials. There is a need for accurate models to help designing resistive-type SFCLs (rSFCL) and planning their integration into electrical networks. Such models have to take into account the physics involved for simulating (as accurately as possible) the electrical and thermal behaviours for a wide range of fault conditions, i.e. high and low short-circuit currents that can be of various durations. It is difficult to see how the planning and integration of SFCLs can be realized without using numerical tools, especially tools that allow realizing power system transient simulations, such as EMTP-RV. In fact, such software packages support engineers in predicting the behaviour of SFCLs in realistic network conditions, which may comprise a wide variety of overcurrent or fault situations. However, rSFCLs exhibit highly non-linear behaviours with a strong coupling between thermal and electrical phenomena. The implementation of such a model in power systems simulation tools is therefore challenging. Although some models have been already developed over the years, improvements are needed to take into account i) all the phenomena linked to the current limitation (electrical and thermal), ii) geometric properties of superconducting tapes that are used in rSFCLs, and iii) the possibility to perform simulations at the system level, and iv) the influence of the tape architecture in relationship to local phenomena (hot spots). This thesis hence focuses on the development of a models for resistive-type SFCLs based on second generation high temperature superconducting coated conductors (2G HTS CCs), i.e. (RE)BCO tapes. The models are implemented in EMTP-RV, a tool that is used by many utilities around the world. However, the modeling technique can be adapted to other simulation tools as well. The model proposed in this thesis is based on an electro-thermal analogy, which allows modeling thermal effects with non-linear electrical circuit elements such as resistors and capacitors. The model has been developed with the aim of providing flexibility. Hence, it can be used with an AC or DC excitation, and can also take into account non-uniformity in critical critical current density typically observed along length of the conductors (i.e. tapes). It also allows modeling virtually any tape architecture using modular and flexible electrical and thermal basic building blocks that can be different in size. This in turn also allows modeling SFCLs with different level of discretization, i.e. from hot spot modeling with local heat transfer to several meters of (RE)BCO tape. It therefore becomes possible to analyze in the same simulation phenomena happening at the sub-millimetric scale, such as hot-spot phenomena, and at the system-scale, such as the impact on the network of several hundred meters of superconducting tape. In order to validate the EMTP-RV circuit model, comparisons with results obtained with finite elements have been carried out. A similar behavior could be observed, as long as the discretization size of the electro-thermal elements were appropriate. The EMTP-RV circuit model allows performing optimizations of the tape architecture for various thicknesses of stabilizer, in presence or not of an interfacial resistance layer, e.g. between the superconductor and the substrate. While the circuit model was developed to allow representing heat transfer and current distribution in 3D, simulations are still limited to 2D cases because the size of the nodal matrix is otherwise exceeded in EMTP-RV. Simulation results also show that neglecting heat transfer along the thickness of the tape can be risky, [...]

O ilhamento intencional quando desenvolvido em modo seguro pode ser considerado uma solução viável à promoção da confiabilidade das redes elétricas na presença de geradores distribuídos. Diante disso, esta tese de doutorado propõe metodologias que definem os ajustes das proteções do ponto de acoplamento comum e do gerador para viabilizar tecnicamente o ilhamento intencional, permitindo também avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso deste quando não planejado por um período de operação da rede. As metodologias propostas consideram os relés de deslocamento de fase ou \"salto de vetor\", relés de taxa de variação de frequência e os relés de sub/sobrefrequência convencionais. Estas metodologias baseiam-se na associação direta do tempo de detecção do ilhamento e do tempo de restrição. Estes tempos são oriundos da capacidade de detecção de ilhamento do relé baseado em medidas de frequência do ponto de acoplamento comum e da proteção do gerador. Os resultados foram consistentes e além de determinar a viabilidade técnica do ilhamento intencional de geradores distribuídos, permitiram avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso do ilhamento intencional. Adicionalmente, as metodologias permitiram definir quando possível os ajustes das proteções mais adequados à operação segura da ilha. / The intentional islanding when perfomed in a safe way can be considered a viable solution to the promotion of the reliability of the electrical networks in the presence of distributed generators. In this context, this doctoral thesis proposes methodologies that define the adjustments of the protections of the point of common coupling and the generator to technically enable the intentional islanding and allow to evaluate the probability of successful islanded operation. The proposed methodologies consider the vector surge or \"vector jump relays\", the rate of change of frequency and conventional under/overfrequency relays for islanding detection purposes, and the under/overfrequency relays to protect the generator. These methodologies are based on the direct association of the islanding detection time and the restriction time, and on their relation with the active power imbalance of the island. The detection and restriction times are derived from the islanding detection capability of the previous-mentioned relays, and from the generator protection, respectivelly. The results showed that the methodologies were able to identify favourable conditions for a successful islanded operation, and allowed assessing its probability of occurrence given different conditions of load and generation power imbalance. Additionally, the methodologies allowed to define, when possible, the adjustments of the most adequate protections for the isolated operation of the microgrid.

During the operation in a modern power distribution system, some abnormal events may happen, such as over-voltage, faults, under-frequency and overloading, and so on. These abnormal events may cause a power outage in a distribution system or damages on the equipment in a distribution system. Hence these abnormal events should be identified and isolated by protection systems as quickly as possible to make sure we can maintain a stable and reliable distribution system to supply adequate electric power to the largest number of consumers as we can. To sum up, we need stable and reliable protection systems to satisfy this requirement. Chapter 1 of the dissertation is a brief introduction to my research contents. Firstly, the background of a distribution system and the protection systems in a power system will be introduced in the first subchapter. Then there will be a review of existing methods of optimum coordination of overcurrent relays using different optimal techniques. The dissertation outline will be illustrated in the end. Chapter 2 of the dissertation describes a novel method of optimum online adaptive coordination of overcurrent relays using the genetic algorithm. In this chapter, the basic idea of the proposed methods will be explained in the first subchapter. It includes the genetic algorithm concepts and details about how it works as an optimal technique. Then three different types of simulation systems will be used in this part. The first one is a basic distribution system without distributed generations (DGs); the second one is similar to the first one but with load variations; the last simulation system is similar to the first one but with a distributed generation in it. Using three different simulation systems will demonstrate that the coordination of overcurrent relays is influenced by different operating conditions of the distribution system. In Chapter 3, a larger sized distribution system with more distributed generations and loads will be simulated and used for verifying the proposed method in a more realistic environment. In addition, the effects of fault location on the optimum coordination of overcurrent relays will be discussed here. In Chapter 4, the optimal differential evolution (DE) technique will be introduced. Because of the requirement of the online adaptive function, the optimal process needs to be accomplished as soon as possible. Through the comparison between genetic algorithm and differential evolution on the optimum coordination of overcurrent relays, we found that differential evolution is much faster than the genetic algorithm, especially when the size of the distribution system grows. Therefore, the differential evolution optimal technique is more suited than the genetic algorithm to realize online adaptive function. Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the research work that has been done in this dissertation.

Cranes are widely used in material-handling and transportation applications, e.g. in shipyards, construction sites, and warehouses. As they are critical to the economic vitality of modern-day industries, improving crane performance and ease of use are important contributors to industrial productivity, low production costs, and workplace safety. In a typical crane operation, a payload is lifted, moved to its destination, and then lowered into place. This dissertation aims to improve crane performance and reduce task difficulty for the human operator in the movements mentioned above, namely: 1) Moving payloads laterally in the horizontal plane, 2) Lifting payloads off the ground, and 3) Lowering or laying down payloads on the ground. The design of a novel and intuitive human-machine control interface is the focus for improving operations that involve moving payloads laterally. The interface allows operators to drive a crane by simply moving a hand-held device through the desired path. The position of the device, which is tracked by sensors, is used to generate command signals to drive the crane. This command is then input-shaped such that payload oscillations are greatly reduced, making it much easier for the operator to drive the crane. Several facets of this crane control method are examined, such as control structure and stability, usability contexts, modes of operation, and quantitative measures (by means of human operator studies) of performance improvements over standard crane control interfaces. Lifting up a payload can be difficult for the operator, if the hoist is not properly centered above the payload. In these potentially dangerous and costly ``off-centered" lifts, the payload may slide on the ground and/or oscillate in the air after it is hoisted. Newtonian and Coulomb friction models that focus on the stiction-sliding-separation contact dynamics are derived and experimentally verified to study off-centered lifts. Then, with the goal of aiding operators during lift operations, simple but practical, self-centering solutions are proposed and implemented. Laying down or lowering a payload to the ground can also be challenging for operators in certain situations. For example, laying down a long, slender payload from a vertical orientation in the air, to a horizontal position on a flat surface. If the operator does not properly coordinate the motions of the crane in the vertical and horizontal directions simultaneously, then the potential hazards that may occur during these operations include: 1) slipping of the pivot about which the payload rotates, leading to sudden and dangerous payload movements; and 2) excessive hoist cable angles that lead to ``side-pull" problems. Newtonian and Coulomb friction models are derived to describe this lay-down scenario. The forces and motions experienced by the payload are then used to determine the motion trajectories that the crane and payload should follow to execute a successful lay-down maneuver. Finally, a special chapter is included to address the oscillation control of systems that have on-off nonlinear actuators, such as cranes powered by relay-controlled circuits. Due to their simplicity, ruggedness, and long service life, this type of crane can be commonly found in older factories or in applications where precise motion control is not a strict requirement. However, controlling payload oscillations on this type of crane is challenging for two reasons: 1) Relays that can only be turned on or off allow for only limited control over the crane velocity; and 2) These cranes typically have nonlinear asymmetrical acceleration and deceleration properties. Methods are derived for determining the relay switch-times that move single-pendulum and double-pendulum payloads with low residual oscillations.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Cooperation diversity and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are two key technologies for the modern wireless communication systems. The cooperative communication systems considered through this work use the OFDM technology and they are composed of: one transmitter with a nonlinear power amplifier (PA), one or more amplify-and-forward (AF) relays, also having a nonlinear PAs, and one destination node. In this dissertaion, it is initially proposed an optimal receiver, in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) sense, for a nonlinear cooperative AF system. The proposed receiver uses the maximum ratio combining (MRC) diversity technique to combine the received signas, assuming that both the source-destination and source-relay-destination links are available. In the sequel, closed-form expressions for the instantaneous SNR and outage probability of the considered system are developed. The outage analysis is then extended to the case of a multi-hop system, that is, with multiple serial relays. Finally, an outage analysis is also proposed for a nonlinear AF OFDM system using a Selection Combining receiver, considering two cases: one relay and multiple parallel relays. Numerical simulation results are presented through the work, evaluating the performance of the proposed receiver and theoretical expressions. / A diversidade cooperativa e a multiplexaÃÃo por divisÃo de frequÃncias ortogonais (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing - OFDM) sÃo duas das principais tecnologias para os sistemas de comunicaÃÃo sem fio modernos. Os sistemas de comunicaÃÃo cooperativos considerados neste trabalho de dissertaÃÃo utilizam a tecnologia OFDM e possuem: uma fonte com amplificador de potÃncia nÃo linear, um ou mais repetidores (relays) do tipo amplifica-e-encaminha (Amplify-and-Forward - AF), tambÃm com amplificadores de potÃncia (Power Amplifier - PA) nÃo lineares, e um nà destino. PropÃe-se inicialmente um receptor Ãtimo, no sentido da razÃo sinal ruÃdo (Signal-to-Noise Ratio - SNR) para um sistema OFDM cooperativo nÃo linear. Usando a tÃcnica de diversidade por combinaÃÃo de razÃo mÃxima (Maximal Ratio Combining - MRC) para tratar os sinais recebidos, o receptor proposto considera tanto as informaÃÃes oriundas do caminho direto (fonte-destino) como as provenientes do repetidor. Posteriormente, sÃo apresentadas expressÃes para o cÃlculo da SNR instantÃnea e da probabilidade de outage do sistema proposto. Fez-se ainda, uma proposta de expressÃo para o cÃlculo da probabilidade de outage do sistema considerando mÃltiplos relays em sÃrie. Por fim, propÃe-se expressÃes para o cÃlculo da probabilidade de outage do sistema utilizando receptor Selection Combining para um e para mÃltiplos relays dispostos paralelamente. Resultados de simulaÃÃo sÃo apresentados durante todo o trabalho, evidenciando o desempenho do receptor e das expressÃes propostas.

Os modernos sistemas de mediÃÃo, proteÃÃo, comando, controle e supervisÃo (MPCCS) tÃm contribuÃdo de forma significativa para o aumento da seguranÃa, confiabilidade e continuidade de serviÃo dos sistemas elÃtricos de potÃncia. O sistema de proteÃÃo à parte relevante desse sistema multifuncional, o qual tem como objetivo principal manter a integridade do sistema elÃtrico quando submetido a um distÃrbio, garantindo a seguranÃa de pessoas e assegurando a continuidade de serviÃo da porÃÃo nÃo envolvida no problema. Para tanto, o sistema de proteÃÃo deve atender a alguns requisitos bÃsicos tais como: boa seletividade e coordenaÃÃo, rapidez na atuaÃÃo, sensibilidade para proteger a maior zona de proteÃÃo possÃvel e confiabilidade. No sistema de proteÃÃo, um componente assume uma posiÃÃo de destaque: o relà de proteÃÃo digital. à neste componente que sÃo configurados os ajustes necessÃrios para o correto funcionamento do esquema de proteÃÃo de um dado sistema elÃtrico. Os relÃs de proteÃÃo digitais sÃo equipamentos multifuncionais, que possuem diversas funÃÃes de proteÃÃo, mediÃÃo de grandezas elÃtricas, registros oscilogrÃficos, supervisÃo, controle e comunicaÃÃo. AlÃm de todos estes recursos, os relÃs digitais dispÃem de mÃltiplos grupos de ajustes que podem ser previamente configurados conforme necessidade operacional. A mudanÃa de grupo de ajuste de um relà à um recurso amplamente utilizado pelas Ãreas de proteÃÃo das empresas do setor elÃtrico, possibilitando uma otimizaÃÃo do ajuste do sistema de proteÃÃo, compatibilizando-o Ãs diversas topologias assumidas pelo sistema elÃtrico apÃs uma falta ou retirada intencional de algum componente da rede. Atualmente este procedimento à realizado de forma manual, tornando-o vulnerÃvel à falha humana, podendo ter como consequÃncia desligamentos de grandes blocos de carga por falha de coordenaÃÃo, com graves prejuÃzos para os indicadores da qualidade de serviÃo de duraÃÃo e frequÃncia de interrupÃÃo, DEC e FEC, e para a imagem da empresa. Neste trabalho à apresentado um sistema, baseado em Redes de Petri Coloridas, capaz de realizar a mudanÃa automÃtica entre grupos de ajustes de um sistema de proteÃÃo a partir da mudanÃa de topologia do sistema elÃtrico. O sistema desenvolvido monitora a topologia da rede elÃtrica, em tempo real, a partir das informaÃÃes de estado dos disjuntores. Para qualquer alteraÃÃo na configuraÃÃo da rede elÃtrica, que caracterize necessidade de alteraÃÃo no sistema de proteÃÃo, automaticamente sÃo enviados sinais de comando para os relÃs, alterando os grupos de ajustes ativos de um conjunto predefinido, de modo a se obter a melhor graduaÃÃo de proteÃÃo possÃvel para a porÃÃo correspondente do sistema elÃtrico afetado pela alteraÃÃo de topologia. / The modern systems of measurement, protection, command, control and supervision (MPCCS) have contributed in a meaningful way to increase the security and reliability of the power systems. The most important part of this multifunctional system is the protection system, which has as the main goal to maintain the power system integrity when it is under a disturbance, assuring the peopleâs safety as well as the continuation of the services to the part of the system not involved in the disturbance. For this, the protection system must fulfill some basic requirements such as: proper selectivity and coordination, prompt response, sensitivity to protect the largest zone as possible and reliability. In a system protection, one component takes on a prominent position, given its functional importance: the digital protection relay. It is in this device where the necessary adjustments are configured for proper operation of the protection scheme of a given electrical power system. The digital relays are devices that have several protection functions, with multiple levels of settings, measurements, oscillography, supervision, control and communication. Besides all these features, the digital relays have multiple groups of settings that can be previously configured and switched among them, according to operational needs. The changing of setting group in a relay is a very important resource at a protection system, extensively used by protection sectors of companies in the power sector, allowing the optimization of the protection system setting, making it compatible to a new topology taken on by the system after a fault or an intentional removal of some system component. Nowadays this procedure is performed manually, making it vulnerable to human errors that might occur as a consequence of an outage, with serious effect in the system performance indices. In this sense this work presents a system, based on Colored Petri Nets, able to automatically change the setting groups of a protection system when the power network topology changes. This system monitors in real time the status of the circuit breakers in order to take the decision whether a meaningful change in the network topology has taken place. If so, a command is automatically sent to the relays to change the active group setting so as to maintain a suitable coordination of the protection system.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional para coordenação automática de dispositivos de proteção contra sobrecorrente em sistemas elétricos industriais radiais, tendo como principais vantagens a exatidão nos cálculos dos ajustes e a proposição automática de soluções para eventuais problemas de coordenação, sempre que possível. A metodologia é utilizada tanto para proteção individual contra sobrecorrente dos equipamentos quanto para coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção do sistema. É feito um estudo detalhado dos requisitos de proteção de sobrecorrente dos equipamentos empregados em sistemas elétricos industriais, como motor, cabo e transformador, bem como dos dispositivos mais utilizados, fusível e disjuntor de baixa tensão, com ênfase para a proteção por meio de relés digitais de sobrecorrente. O método é usado para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional. Há uma exposição dos algoritmos utilizados para busca e cálculo dos ajustes dos dispositivos de cada equipamento. Por fim é realizado um teste da ferramenta com dois exemplos de sistemas elétricos industriais, mostrando que o mesmo apresenta bom desempenho quanto à exatidão no cálculo dos ajustes e na redução do tempo despendido em estudos de coordenação da proteção e seletividade. / This work presents a computational methodology for automatic overcurrent coordination of protection devices in radial industrial electrical systems, which main advantages are the accuracy in the devices\' settings calculation and the automatic proposition of solutions to coordination problems, whenever it is possible. The methodology is used both for equipment individual overcurrent protection and for protection devices coordination. A detailed study of the overcurrent protection requirements of the equipments used in industrial electrical systems, such as motor, cable and transformer is carried out, as well as of the most used protection devices, fuses and low voltage circuit breaker, with emphasis on the protection by means of overcurrent digital relays. The method is used to develop a computational tool. There is an explanation of the search and settings calculation algorithms applied to the devices of each equipment. Finally, two examples of industrial electrical systems are used to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. It is shown that it presents good performance on the accuracy in the calculation of the devices settings and on amount of time spent on protection coordination and selectivity studies.

Um sistema elétrico de potência agrega toda a estrutura pela qual a energia elétrica percorre, desde a sua geração até o seu consumo final. Nas últimas décadas observou-se um significativo aumento da demanda e, consequentemente, um aumento das interligações entre sistemas, tornando assim a operação e o controle destes extremamente complexos. Com o fim de obter a desejada operação destes sistemas, inúmeros estudos na área de Proteção de Sistemas Elétricos são realizados, pois é sabido que a interrupção desses serviços causam transtornos que podem assumir proporções desastrosas. Em sistemas elétricos malhados, nos quais as correntes de curto-circuito podem ser bidirecionais e podem ter intensidades diferentes devido a alterações topológicas nos mesmos, coordenar relés de sobrecorrente pode ser uma tarefa muito trabalhosa caso não haja nenhuma ferramenta de apoio. Neste contexto, este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eficiente que determine os ajustes otimizados dos relés de sobrecorrente direcionais instalados em sistemas elétricos malhados de forma a garantir a rapidez na eliminação da falta, bem como a coordenação e seletividade, considerando as várias intensidades das correntes de curto-circuito. Seguindo essa linha de raciocínio, observou-se que o uso de técnicas metaheurísticas para lidar com o problema da coordenação de relés é capaz de alcançar resultados significativos. No presente projeto, dentre os algoritmos inteligentes estudados, optou-se por pesquisar a aplicação do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas Evolutivo (Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization) por este apresentar como características as vantagens tanto do Algoritmo Enxame de Partículas (Particle Swarm Optimization) quanto as dos Algoritmos Genéticos, possuindo assim grande potencial para solução destes tipos de problemas. / An electric power system aggregates all the structure in which the electric energy travels, from its generation to the final user. In the last decades it has been observed a significative increase of the demand and, consequently, an increment of the number of interconnections between systems, making the operation and control of them extremely complex. Aiming to obtain a good operation of this kind of systems, a lot of effort in the research area of power system protection has been spent, because it is known that the interruption of this service causes disorders that may assume disastrous proportions. In meshed power systems, in which the shortcircuit currents might be bidirectional and might have different magnitudes due to topological changes on them, to coordinate overcurrent relays may be a really hard task if you do not have a support tool. Look in this context, this work aims the development of and efficient methodology thats determine the optimal parameters of the directional overcurrent relays in a meshed electric power system ensuring the quickness in the fault elimination, as well as the coordination and selectivity of the protection system, considering the various intensities of the short-circuit currents. Maintaining this line, it has been noticed that the use of metaheuristics to deal with the problem of relay coordination is capable of achieving promissory results. In the present research, among the studied intelligent algorithms, it was chosen to use in it the Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization, due to its features thats is the advantages of the Particle Swarm Optimization as well as the Genetic Algorithms ones, hence it has great potential do solve theses kind of problems.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia computacional para coordenação automática de dispositivos de proteção contra sobrecorrente em sistemas elétricos industriais radiais, tendo como principais vantagens a exatidão nos cálculos dos ajustes e a proposição automática de soluções para eventuais problemas de coordenação, sempre que possível. A metodologia é utilizada tanto para proteção individual contra sobrecorrente dos equipamentos quanto para coordenação dos dispositivos de proteção do sistema. É feito um estudo detalhado dos requisitos de proteção de sobrecorrente dos equipamentos empregados em sistemas elétricos industriais, como motor, cabo e transformador, bem como dos dispositivos mais utilizados, fusível e disjuntor de baixa tensão, com ênfase para a proteção por meio de relés digitais de sobrecorrente. O método é usado para o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional. Há uma exposição dos algoritmos utilizados para busca e cálculo dos ajustes dos dispositivos de cada equipamento. Por fim é realizado um teste da ferramenta com dois exemplos de sistemas elétricos industriais, mostrando que o mesmo apresenta bom desempenho quanto à exatidão no cálculo dos ajustes e na redução do tempo despendido em estudos de coordenação da proteção e seletividade. / This work presents a computational methodology for automatic overcurrent coordination of protection devices in radial industrial electrical systems, which main advantages are the accuracy in the devices\' settings calculation and the automatic proposition of solutions to coordination problems, whenever it is possible. The methodology is used both for equipment individual overcurrent protection and for protection devices coordination. A detailed study of the overcurrent protection requirements of the equipments used in industrial electrical systems, such as motor, cable and transformer is carried out, as well as of the most used protection devices, fuses and low voltage circuit breaker, with emphasis on the protection by means of overcurrent digital relays. The method is used to develop a computational tool. There is an explanation of the search and settings calculation algorithms applied to the devices of each equipment. Finally, two examples of industrial electrical systems are used to assess the performance of the proposed methodology. It is shown that it presents good performance on the accuracy in the calculation of the devices settings and on amount of time spent on protection coordination and selectivity studies.