O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de \"software\" para proteção digital das linhas de transmissão. Com esse propósito são implementados relés de distância com características quadrilaterais e adaptativas. Um \"software\" básico para este fim consiste de várias etapas como: detecção da falta, filtragem digital, classificação da falta, cálculo da impedância aparente e verificação das zonas de proteção. Na etapa de filtragem digital das ondas, é utilizada a Transformada Discreta de Fourier (TDF) para a extração dos componentes fundamentais de tensão e corrente. A característica quadrilateral mostra-se eficiente para determinadas condições de operação fixas do sistema, mas seu desempenho é comprometido quando ocorrem mudanças das mesmas. Para solucionar este problema, é introduzida a teoria de relés adaptativos onde a característica de abertura do relé digital muda com as alterações nas condições de operação do sistema, mantendo-se assim a eficiência da proteção. / The objective of this work is the development of a software for digital protection of transmission lines. For this purpose relays of distance with Quadrilateral and Adaptive characteristics are implemented. A basic software with this aim consists of several steps such as: detection of the fault, digital filtering of the faulted waves, classification of the fault, impedance calculation and verification of the protection zones. For the digital filtering purpose, the Fourier Discret Transform, is used in order to extract the fundamental phasors of voltages and currents. Quadrilateral characteristcs are shown to be effective under certain operation conditions of the system, but its performance is not so efficient when those conditions are changed. In order to solve these problems, the theory of adaptive relays was introduced whereby the characteristic of digital relay changes according to the alterations in the conditions of the system operation, and by these means the protection is kept efficient.

Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) systems have become essential to modern industries that require continuous power supply to manage critical operations. Since a failure of a single battery will affect the entire backup system, UPS systems providers must replace any battery before it runs dead. In this regard, automated monitoring tools are required to determine when a battery needs replacement. Nowadays, a primitive method for monitoring the battery backup system is being used for this task. This thesis presents a classification model that uses data mining cleansing and processing techniques to remove useless information from the data obtained from the sensors installed in the batteries in order to improve the quality of the data and determine at a given moment in time if a battery should be replaced or not. This prediction model will help UPS systems providers increase the efficiency of battery monitoring procedures. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013.

Nas subestações das grandes concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica coexistem sistemas de proteção com diferentes tecnologias, formados por relés eletromecânicos, estáticos e digitais, que, em alguns casos, continuarão funcionando por algumas décadas. Essa diversidade de tecnologias implica em sistemas com características de hardware e software diferentes, o que dificulta a implantação de funcionalidades locais e remotas que sejam interoperáveis. Dessa forma, torna-se interessante desenvolver um sistema baseado nas diferentes plataformas de proteção do mercado, com o objetivo de integrar as informações dos relés de proteção de diferentes tecnologias e que se comunicam através de protocolos distintos, criando uma base de dados homogênea. Para isso é necessário realizar uma coleta de dados provenientes dos vários relés de proteção e disponibilizar as informações do sistema de proteção para uma base de dados, através de uma interface de protocolos, onde essas informações possam ser tratadas de maneira uniforme e organizadas de forma estruturada, otimizando a funcionalidade local da instalação e podendo alimentar um sistema central de gestão. / In substations of large electric power distribution companies coexist protection systems with different technologies, comprised of electromechanical, static and digital relays that, in some cases, will continue to work for a few decades. This technology diversity implies in systems with different features of hardware and software, which hampers the implementation of local and remote functionalities that are interoperable. It would be interesting to develop a system based on integrated functional use of different protection platforms on the market, aiming to integrate the information of protective relays from different technologies that communicate with different protocols, creating a homogeneous database. It would be necessary a collection of data from the various protection relays that, through an interface protocols, provide information from the protection system for a database where information can be treated uniformly and organized in a structured manner, optimizing the local functionalities and feeding a central management system.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade de um Sistema de Monitoramento de Baixo Custo (SMBC), por meio da observação de ganhos operacionais no caso de serem agregadas funções de monitoramento e controle aos relés eletrônicos dos protetores (equipamentos religadores do sistema de distribuição reticulado), visando a melhoria da qualidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica através da redução dos tempos de reação das concessionárias às falhas, do aumento da vida útil dos equipamentos e redução dos custos operacionais. Um relé para protetores de rede com características apropriadas foi desenvolvido pela empresa Futura, testado nos laboratórios do IEE/USP e instalado em campo, dentro do Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da ANEEL com a concessionária Companhia Energética de Brasília. A operação foi acompanhada por 13 meses avaliando as novas possibilidades de operação remota, os benefícios para a concessionária e os ganhos sociais. Os benefícios do uso do sistema, os ganhos operacionais, gerenciais e sociais, são relatados constatando a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adoção do sistema. Ao final, recomendações para a continuidade da pesquisa são feitas / This work presents a viability study for a Low-cost Monitoring System (SMBC), through the examination of the operational improvements on electrical network distribution systems when new functions are added to network protectors relays allowing remote monitoring and control using typical automation protocols. The improvements on energy supply quality by reducing response times to failures, extension of equipment life and pro-active actions are also evaluated. A network protector relay with the new features have been developed by Futura Automação and tested in the IEE/USP laboratories, within a Research & Development program promoted by the national electrical energy regulator, ANEEL, and the utility Companhia Energética de Brasília (CEB). The 7 new relays have been installed for field operation and for evaluation of the new possibilities of operation and possible gains for the utility took place in 13 months of continuous operation. The benefits, operational improvements, management and social gains are described assuring the technical and economical viability of the system. Recommendations for future research are made

Nos Sistemas de Automação de Subestação atuais são utilizados equipamentos digitais chamados IED (Dispositivos Eletrônicos Inteligentes), incorporando as funções de proteção, automação e medição. Estes, para trocarem informações entre si, utilizam um canal de comunicação serial, sendo os dados transmitidos de forma digital por meio de vários protocolos, muitos deles proprietários, o que dificulta a integração entre eles. Neste cenário entra a norma IEC 61850 oferecendo um padrão a ser seguido entre os fabricantes de IED. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo da norma e a análise de sua aplicação no Sistema de Automação de Subestação. O estudo proposto da norma a analisará utilizando os principais conceitos estabelecidos por ela para atingir os objetivos propostos: interoperabilidade, liberdade de configuração e estabilidade a longo prazo. Como ensaio de aplicação da norma será apresentado um comparativo com um protocolo utilizado atualmente e a implementação de funções de proteção. No comparativo entre protocolos foi escolhido o DNP3, um dos mais utilizados atualmente no setor elétrico, com o objetivo de verificar as principais diferenças entre eles e vantagens de cada um. Para a implementação de funções de proteção foram escolhidos dois exemplos: a falha de disjuntor e o bloqueio reverso, implementadas da forma tradicional, por meio de sinais elétricos de comando transmitidos por cabos, e por meio dos serviços de mensagens prioritárias da IEC 61850, com o objetivo de analisar suas dinâmicas, seus tempos de atuação e o comportamento frente a eventuais defeitos. / In current Substation Automation System, digital equipaments called IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices) are used with protection, automation and measurement functions incorporated. These devices, to exchange information among them, use serial communication buses with information transmitted in digital form through many procotols, many of them proprietary, making their integration very hard. In this scene, IEC61850 standard appears offering a standard to be followed by IED manufacturers. This research presents a IEC 61850 standard study and an analysis of its application in Substation Automation System. The proposed study will analise the standard through the most important topics used by the standard to reach its main goals: interoperability, free configuration and long-term stability. In the application analysis, a comparative with a protocol used nowadays and a implementation of protection functions will be presented. In the comparative between protocols the chosen was DNP3, one of most used protocols in electric plants, with the purpose of verifying the main diferences and advantages of each one. Two examples of protection functions implementation were chosen: breaker failure and reverse blocking, implemented through traditional techniques, using wires and electrical signals, and through high performance IEC 61850 services, with the purpose of analising their dynamics, their actuation times and their behavior in eventual failures.

Nas subestações das grandes concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica coexistem sistemas de proteção com diferentes tecnologias, formados por relés eletromecânicos, estáticos e digitais, que, em alguns casos, continuarão funcionando por algumas décadas. Essa diversidade de tecnologias implica em sistemas com características de hardware e software diferentes, o que dificulta a implantação de funcionalidades locais e remotas que sejam interoperáveis. Dessa forma, torna-se interessante desenvolver um sistema baseado nas diferentes plataformas de proteção do mercado, com o objetivo de integrar as informações dos relés de proteção de diferentes tecnologias e que se comunicam através de protocolos distintos, criando uma base de dados homogênea. Para isso é necessário realizar uma coleta de dados provenientes dos vários relés de proteção e disponibilizar as informações do sistema de proteção para uma base de dados, através de uma interface de protocolos, onde essas informações possam ser tratadas de maneira uniforme e organizadas de forma estruturada, otimizando a funcionalidade local da instalação e podendo alimentar um sistema central de gestão. / In substations of large electric power distribution companies coexist protection systems with different technologies, comprised of electromechanical, static and digital relays that, in some cases, will continue to work for a few decades. This technology diversity implies in systems with different features of hardware and software, which hampers the implementation of local and remote functionalities that are interoperable. It would be interesting to develop a system based on integrated functional use of different protection platforms on the market, aiming to integrate the information of protective relays from different technologies that communicate with different protocols, creating a homogeneous database. It would be necessary a collection of data from the various protection relays that, through an interface protocols, provide information from the protection system for a database where information can be treated uniformly and organized in a structured manner, optimizing the local functionalities and feeding a central management system.

This thesis studies cooperative techniques that rely on femtocell user diversity to improve the downlink communication quality of macrocell users. We analytically analyze and evaluate the achievable performance of these techniques in the downlink of Rayleigh fading channels. We provide an approximation of both the bit-error rate (BER) and the data throughput that macrocell users receive with femtocell user cooperation. Using simulations, we show that under reasonable SNR values, cooperative schemes enhance the performances of macrocells by improving the BER, outage probability, and data throughput of macrocell users significantly when compared with the traditional, non-cooperative schemes. / Graduation date: 2012

We construct polar codes for binary relay channels with orthogonal receiver components. We show that polar codes achieve the cut-set bound when the channels are symmetric and the relay-destination link supports compress-and-forward relaying based on Slepian-Wolf coding. More generally, we show that a particular version of the compress-and-forward rate is achievable using polar codes for Wyner-Ziv coding. In both cases the block error probability can be bounded as O(2-Nβ) for 0 &lt; β &lt; 1/2 and sufficiently large block length N. / <p>© 2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. QC 20111207</p>

There has been significant development in the area of neural network based power system protection in the previous decade. Neural network technology has been applied for various protective relaying functions including distance protection. The reliability and efficiency of ANN based distance relays is improving with the developing digital technologies. There are, however, some inherent deficiencies that still exist in the way these relays are designed. This research addresses some of these issues and proposes an improved protective relaying scheme.<p> The traditional ANN distance relay designs use parameter estimation algorithms to determine the phasors of currents and voltages. These phasors are used as inputs to determine the distance of a fault from relay location. The relays are trained and tested on this criterion; however, no specific relay characteristic has been defined. There is a need for development of a new methodology that will enable designing of an ANN that works as a generic distance relay with clearly defined operating boundary.<p> This research work presents a modified distance relaying algorithm that has been combined with a neural network approach to eliminate the use of phasors. The neural network is trained to recognize faults on basis of a specific relay characteristic. The algorithm is flexible and has been extended for the design of other relays. The neural network has been trained using pure sinusoidal values and has been tested on a 17-bus power system simulated in PSCAD. The training and testing of the neural network on different systems ensures that the relay is generic in nature. The proposed relay can be used on any transmission line without re-training the neural network.<p> The design has been tested for different fault conditions including different fault resistances and fault inception angles. The test results show that the relay is able to detect faults in lesser time as compared to conventional relay algorithms while maintaining the integrity of relay boundaries.

There has been significant development in the area of neural network based power system protection in the previous decade. Neural network technology has been applied for various protective relaying functions including distance protection. The reliability and efficiency of ANN based distance relays is improving with the developing digital technologies. There are, however, some inherent deficiencies that still exist in the way these relays are designed. This research addresses some of these issues and proposes an improved protective relaying scheme.<p> The traditional ANN distance relay designs use parameter estimation algorithms to determine the phasors of currents and voltages. These phasors are used as inputs to determine the distance of a fault from relay location. The relays are trained and tested on this criterion; however, no specific relay characteristic has been defined. There is a need for development of a new methodology that will enable designing of an ANN that works as a generic distance relay with clearly defined operating boundary.<p> This research work presents a modified distance relaying algorithm that has been combined with a neural network approach to eliminate the use of phasors. The neural network is trained to recognize faults on basis of a specific relay characteristic. The algorithm is flexible and has been extended for the design of other relays. The neural network has been trained using pure sinusoidal values and has been tested on a 17-bus power system simulated in PSCAD. The training and testing of the neural network on different systems ensures that the relay is generic in nature. The proposed relay can be used on any transmission line without re-training the neural network.<p> The design has been tested for different fault conditions including different fault resistances and fault inception angles. The test results show that the relay is able to detect faults in lesser time as compared to conventional relay algorithms while maintaining the integrity of relay boundaries.