This report is about relays defence end systemic automatics of Lithuania electricity network. There is analysed relays defence end systemic automatics installations work, reason of deteriorations end incorrectly coordination. Comparing difference generations relay defences and systematic automatics equipments changing of prices tendency. Summarized difference generations relay defences and systematic automatics equipments prices-quality-function possibility relation. In this research summarized Lithuanian electrical system RAA service work. One of the research purposes, establish microprocessors RAA equipments planting in electrical system possibility, on its base carrying out RAA equipments reconstruction necessity and ground this necessity on economical calculations. Collected statistical data was summarized and drawed corresponded conclusions. Analysed electrical wind power stations influence to relay defences and to optimal systematic automatics coordination.

This dissertation report began as an investigation into an overcurrent relay protection operation on a shunt capacitor bank (SCB) at ESKOM’s Westgate substation. Westgate substation has two SCBs, both of which were in service at the time of the 2007 incident. However, only the overcurrent protection scheme applied on SCB No.2 operated due to an external feeder fault on the Eltro feeder at Westgate substation. In 2004, SCB No.2 had tripped also on an overcurrent relay protection operation for an external fault. The difference identified in the otherwise identical SCBs was the relay technology employed by the overcurrent protection schemes i.e. electromechanical and electronic overcurrent relays were utilised. Therefore an investigation was initiated to determine any difference in the performance and reliability of overcurrent relay technologies in the SCB environment. The purpose of this work is to present the performance of the different technologies of overcurrent relays (electromechanical, electronic and digital) as applied to an ESKOM SCB during system disturbances and to compare their operation and behaviour. MatLAB and DigSILENT simulation packages were used to conduct preliminary fault studies to determine overcurrent relay performance, for a definite time overcurrent setting. These simulation results indicated that the simple electromechanical and electronic overcurrent relay could operate incorrectly in the SCB environment, during system disturbances. Practical laboratory tests were also conducted. This comprised of injecting DigSILENT simulations, comprising of system switching events and external faults, into three technologies of overcurrent relays. These Omicron injection tests found that the Westgate electronic relay would operate incorrectly for certain fault events in the SCB environment. Due to the results observed, further frequency response tests were conducted. These results suggested that the electronic and electromechanical overcurrent relays were susceptible to harmonics i.e. harmonics impact both the pick-up current setting and operating time of electronic and electromechanical overcurrent relays. The digital relay did not exhibit this vulnerability. Finally, recommendations were made to address the incorrect operation of the Westgate electronic relay in its SCB application. These recommendations could be applied in other ESKOM SCB overcurrent protection schemes, to prevent incorrect operation for system disturbances. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

Series compensating capacitors were initially introduced in transmission networks mainly to increase the / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

Electrical power distribution networks are required to provide power to customers at nearconstant / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Opportunities for enhancing the security and reliability of power supply as well as the utilization of renewable and efficient energy sources have generated major interest in Microgrids. A microgrid typically consists of interconnected loads, distributed generators (DG) and energy storages, and should be able to operate in parallel with the utility grid or as a power-island. The main focus of this thesis is on the transition between parallel and islanded operation of a microgrid. A literature review on existing microgrids was carried out. Based on the survey, a microgrid test system was implemented on PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. The microgrid controls essential for the study and a load shedding scheme were designed and implemented. When the microgrid changes from parallel to islanded operation, its controls need to be changed. It was found that delays in microgrid control mode transition can impact the amount of load need to be shed to preserve the frequency stability and the power quality of the islanded microgrid. The importance of fast detection of islanding was therefore highlighted. The IEEE standard 1547.4-2011 recommends application of the existing DG synchronization criteria for microgrid synchronization. The adequacy of these criteria for synchronization of a microgrid with highly unbalanced loading was investigated. It was found that the required criteria can be met with the support of switched capacitors for voltage balancing, and a circuit breaker supervised by a synchro-check relay is sufficient to successfully reconnect an islanded microgrid back to the utility. In order to meet the requirement for fast detection of islanding of microgrids, new islanding detection technique was proposed. In the proposed scheme, Discrete Wavelet Transform was used to extract features from transient current and voltage signals, and then a Decision Tree classifier was employed to distinguish islanding events from other transients. Simulation based tests asserted that the proposed technique has a high reliability and fast response compared to most existing islanding detection methods. Also, the detection time of the proposed method was invariant with the power imbalance in the microgrid, and gave a zero non-detection-zone with any type of generator.

No description available.

Opportunities for enhancing the security and reliability of power supply as well as the utilization of renewable and efficient energy sources have generated major interest in Microgrids. A microgrid typically consists of interconnected loads, distributed generators (DG) and energy storages, and should be able to operate in parallel with the utility grid or as a power-island. The main focus of this thesis is on the transition between parallel and islanded operation of a microgrid. A literature review on existing microgrids was carried out. Based on the survey, a microgrid test system was implemented on PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. The microgrid controls essential for the study and a load shedding scheme were designed and implemented. When the microgrid changes from parallel to islanded operation, its controls need to be changed. It was found that delays in microgrid control mode transition can impact the amount of load need to be shed to preserve the frequency stability and the power quality of the islanded microgrid. The importance of fast detection of islanding was therefore highlighted. The IEEE standard 1547.4-2011 recommends application of the existing DG synchronization criteria for microgrid synchronization. The adequacy of these criteria for synchronization of a microgrid with highly unbalanced loading was investigated. It was found that the required criteria can be met with the support of switched capacitors for voltage balancing, and a circuit breaker supervised by a synchro-check relay is sufficient to successfully reconnect an islanded microgrid back to the utility. In order to meet the requirement for fast detection of islanding of microgrids, new islanding detection technique was proposed. In the proposed scheme, Discrete Wavelet Transform was used to extract features from transient current and voltage signals, and then a Decision Tree classifier was employed to distinguish islanding events from other transients. Simulation based tests asserted that the proposed technique has a high reliability and fast response compared to most existing islanding detection methods. Also, the detection time of the proposed method was invariant with the power imbalance in the microgrid, and gave a zero non-detection-zone with any type of generator.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003. / Bibliography: leaves 127-132. Also available online.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Com o aumento na demanda de energia elÃtrica e a exigÃncia de maior confiabilidade, seguranÃa e eficiÃncia na operaÃÃo de sistemas elÃtricos de potÃncia por parte dos ÃrgÃos reguladores, aumentou a necessidade por profissionais cada vez mais qualificados em planejamento e operaÃÃo dos sistemas de potÃncia. No entanto, com a necessidade de atualizaÃÃo tÃcnica continuada e em decorrÃncia da polÃtica de racionalizaÃÃo de custos e de disponibilizaÃÃo de pessoal, as tÃcnicas de ensino a distÃncia tÃm evoluÃdo e alcanÃado abrangÃncia nas mais diferentes Ãreas do conhecimento. Este trabalho apresenta um Simulador para Treinamento Presencial e a DistÃncia em OperaÃÃo e ProteÃÃo de Sistemas ElÃtricos (STOP). O simulador STOP à desenvolvido em Java, podendo ser utilizado em ambientes: Unix, Linux, Windows, MacOS. O STOP pode ser aplicado em treinamento presencial e a distÃncia e està voltado à capacitaÃÃo de estudantes de engenharia, tÃcnicos e profissionais da Ãrea de sistemas elÃtricos de potÃncia. O STOP està integrado a um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA), o Moodle. A integraÃÃo enriquece o ensino-aprendizado tornando-o mais efetivo com o uso de uma ferramenta capaz de simular situaÃÃes reais. Os simuladores em ambientes virtuais sÃo alternativas para a reduÃÃo de custos em empresas e instituiÃÃes de ensino. O simulador STOP à um software composto de diagramas unifilares, com a representaÃÃo dos principais componentes do sistema de proteÃÃo, tornando possÃvel ao usuÃrio simular faltas e reconfigurar o sistema elÃtrico, por meio de ajustes de relÃs para coordenaÃÃo da proteÃÃo e redefiniÃÃo de parÃmetros. / As the demand for electrical energy increases and requirements from regulatory agencies for improved reliability, security and efficiency on the operation of electric power systems, the need for professionals ever more qualified on planning and operation power systems also increases. However, with the need for continued technical update and as a result of rationalization policies of costs and provision of personnel for training, the distance learning techniques have evolved and reached different areas of knowledge. This work presents a Simulator for Presence and Distance Learning about Operation and Protection of Electric Systems (STOP). The STOP Simulator is developed in Java, which enables it to be used in the following systems: Unix, Linux, Windows, MacOS. The STOP can be applied in class as well as distance training and is directed to the training of engineering students, technicians and professionals specialized on electric power systems. The STOP is integrated to a Learning Virtual Environment (AVA), the Moodle. The integration enhances the teaching-learning process making it more effective by using a tool able to simulate real life situations. Simulators in virtual environments are an alternative to reducing costs in companies and educational institutions. The STOP is a software tool featuring one-line diagrams with the main components of the protection system, short-circuits simulation and reconfiguration of the system by setting relays for coordination of the system protection and redefinition of parameters.

Due to increasing changes in the power industry, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's electrical engineering department introduced a set of initiatives to adequately equip students with the skills and knowledge to interact with new technologies. Specifically, the department proposed a microgrid and power systems protection and automation laboratory to strengthen students' knowledge of microprocessor-based relays. This paper outlines a microgrid laboratory system that fulfills the initiative's goal and proposes a collection of laboratory experiments for inclusion in a new laboratory course at Cal Poly. The experiments provide students with practical experience using Schweitzer Engineering Laboratory (SEL) relays and teach fundamental concepts in semi-automated generator synchronization and power system data acquisition. The microgrid laboratory system utilizes SEL relays and a centralized SEL controller to automate frequency regulation through load shedding, power factor correction, generator and utility synchronization, and relay protection group switching.