Remediation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chlorinated solvents is of great concern due to their toxicity and their persistence in the environment. Iron has been used extensively in the past decade as a subsurface reactive agent for the remediation of dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs). Permeable reactive barrier walls (PRBW) have been installed at many sites around the country to treat contaminated plumes resulting from the presence of DNAPL pools. The use of zero-valent metals, such as iron, to effectively reductively dechlorinate DNAPLs has been employed as the reactive material in these PRBWs (Gillham et al., 1993). However, limited work has been conducted to compare the kinetics of TCE degradation related to various manufacturing sources of iron and the pretreatment the iron receives prior to subsurface installation. Determination of iron reactivity through kinetic studies makes it possible to compare different types of iron and the effects that pretreatment has on reactivity. This research utilized rate studies, scanning electron microscopy, and BET surface area analysis for iron particles that were obtained from several sources. Peerless Metal Powders and Abrasive, Inc., Connelly-GPM, Inc., and Alfa Aesar Inc., produced the iron particles using various manufacturing techniques, and nanoscale iron was synthesized in our laboratory. By utilizing zero-headspace batch vial experiments and gas chromatography, changes in TCE concentration were determined. The data obtained produced linear first order rate plots from which dehalogenation rate constants were obtained. The rate constants were normalized by iron mass, solution volume, and surface area. The pretreatment techniques employed in this study, including ultrasonication and acid washing, demonstrated a beneficial effect by removing oxide precipitates from the iron surface, thus increasing the reactivity of the iron. Mass loading studies revealed how physical factors, associated with the experimental setup, could influence reaction rates. Surface area studies confirmed that the smaller iron particles, such as the nanoscale iron, have a greater surface area per unit mass. The large mass and volume normalized rate constant, kMV, obtained for the nanoscale iron was a result of this high surface area. However, the calculated surface area normalized rate constant, kSA, for the nanoscale iron was significantly lower than those for the granular iron samples tested. It was concluded that differences in surface area normalized rate constants, between different iron particle types, could be attributed to inherent characteristics of the iron, such as composition and crystal structure.

No description available.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Anthony Jurich / Within the field of medicine and clinical/counseling psychology, there has been an overabundance of research and literature devoted to specific areas of focus such as trainee impairment, remediation, and dismissal procedures. Although literature does exist in relation to the specific types of remediation methods being used by graduate training programs, no research to date, however, has addressed what types of remediation methods would be most effective in response to the various types of impairment experienced by therapists-in-training (Russell & Peterson, 2003; Forrest et al., 1997). Using a modified version of the Delphi method, the present study seeks to bridge this existing gap by exploring the types of remediation methods deemed most effective for the specific types of impairment experienced by trainees within master’s and doctoral level accredited Marriage and Family Therapy graduate training programs. The purpose of the study was to answer the following questions: 1. What, given a list of impairments and remediation methods would, supervisors and/or professors within MFT graduate training programs list as the most effective type of remediation method for a specific type of impairment? 2. Given the initial answers of experts, once they are provided the answers from their colleagues, can they come to a greater consensus about the most effective remediation methods for specific types of impairment? Those remediation methods chosen by panelists that had a median of 6.00 to 7.00 and interquartile range of 0.00 to 1.50 made the final profile. Results indicated that, given the initial answers of experts, the panel of experts was able to reach a greater consensus about which types of remediation methods they deemed most effective in responding to the corresponding types of impairment. Furthermore, during the first phase of questioning, the panel of experts also generated relevant commentaries with regard to responding to student impairment. Finally, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

Graduation date: 1996

Chromium contamination of groundwater and soils continues to pose a major environmental concern. Soils may have become contaminated with chromium through former industrial activities geochemical enrichment. The nature of the industrial activity will determine the form and concentration of the chromium as well as the presence of co-contaminants and the pH and redox of the soil. Chemical reductants have been widely used for the transformation of hexavalent chromium in the environment. Over recent decades attention focused on the chemical reductant calcium polysulphide which has performed effectively in the treatment of groundwater and soil samples contaminated with Cr(VI). Yet a detailed understanding of calcium polysulphide (CaSx) performance has not yet been established. Hexavalent chromium concentrations in aqueous and groundwater samples were significantly reduced by calcium polysulphide and CaSx:chromate molar ratio of 1.5 was sufficient to prevent partitioning of Cr(VI) into solution and to precipitate the solution phase. Calcium polysulphide was used for the remediation of solid chromite ore processing residue (COPR) samples. Prior to the application of calcium polysulphide to COPR, each of the key steps were optimized. A range-finding experiment was conducted to understand the dosage and treatment regime at which Cr(VI) immobilization within COPR was optimal. The results indicated that unsaturated deployment of CaSx into the medium outperformed that in saturated systems. A higher polysulphide amendment dose of 5% w/v concentration enhanced the final treatment of Cr(VI) within COPR. The toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) over Cr(III) requires a technique capable of discriminating between valencies. The EPA Method 7196A specifically quantifies the concentrations of Cr(VI) in environmental samples and was used for all analysis to differentiate between Cr(VI) and Cr(III). Cr(III) was calculated as the difference between the Cr(VI) and Cr-total concentrations. In addition to the EPA 7196A, a novel ion exchange resin (IER) procedure was developed to differentiate the two species of chromium. After optimisation, Amberlite resins IRA 400 and IR-120 were used for the specific sorption and subsequent analysis of aqueous Cr(VI) and Cr(III) solutions. For the selective removal of chromate from groundwater, waste water and soil samples, Amberlite IRA 400 achieved a consistent performance of >97% removal in a range of trials. The IERs in this work were applied as analytical tools however they could be applied as remediation tools. While aqueous treatment of chromium contaminated media using CaSx was very successful, COPR treatment proved to be difficult due to the complex nature of the system. An understanding of stoichiometric responses to CaSX has been established, but the nuances of soil physicochemical interactions require more thorough investigation.

Arsenic is a highly toxic, easily transportable and widespread contaminant in groundwater throughout the world. Arsenic causes acute toxicity by disrupting biological functions. In groundwater arsenic concentrations can reach up to a few milligrams per liter. Current regulations on arsenic content in drinking water are becoming more stringent and require the standard to be reduced to a few parts per billion. Arsenic exists as oxyanions in aqueous solution in either trivalent or pentavalent oxidation states depending on the oxidation-reduction potential and pH of the medium. Several treatment methods are available for removing arsenic from water. However, cost, operational complexity of the technology, skill required to operate the technology and disposal of arsenic bearing residual are factors that should be considered before the selection of any treatment method. Most of these techniques are also effective only in removing As(V) and not As(III). N,N’-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide), abbreviated BDTH2, is known to effectively precipitate soft heavy metals from water. A solid-supported reagent with the metal capture ability of BDTH2 would be ideal to use as a filtration column packing material for removal of aqueous As(III). In order to attain this objective, a new dithiol compound, 2,2'-(isophthaloylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-mercaptopropanoic acid) (abbreviated ABDTH2) has been synthesized and immobilized on silica beads. Silica-supported reagent ABDTH2 (SiABDTH2) thus prepared, completely removed As(III) from water by forming As-S bonds. In batch study, SiABDTH2 reduced the concentration of As(III) in aqueous solutions from 200 ppb to below 5 ppb at pH 5, 7 and 9. XAFS study of ABDT-As(III) and SiABDT-As(III) indicated that arsenic was present in +3 oxidation state as well as As(III) was only bonded to sulfur atom of ABDT unit. When SiABDTH2 was used as filtration column material, only 3% of ABDTH2 was leached out from the column. However, 100% As(III) was removed from 20 L of 200 ppb As(III) aqueous solution at a flow rate of 20 mL/min.

Mercury and arsenic are widespread contaminants in aqueous environments throughout the world. The elements arise from multiple sources including mercury from coal-fired power plants and wells placed in natural geological deposits of arseniccontaining minerals. Both elements have significant negative health impacts on humans as they are cumulative toxins that bind to the sulfhydryl groups in proteins, disrupting many biological functions. There are currently no effective, economical techniques for removing either mercury or arsenic from aqueous sources. This thesis will demonstrate a superior removal method for both elements by formation of covalent bonds with the sulfur atoms in N,N’-Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (commonly called “B9”). That B9 can precipitate both elements from water is unusual since aqueous mercury exists primarily as a metal(II) dication while aqueous arsenic exists as As(III) and As(V) oxyanions.

Hydrocarbon contamination of soils has increased worldwide and bioremediation offers an attractive and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, the efficiency and completion of remediation must be assessed using environmental risk assessment criteria. As a result, a variety of indicators have become essential for determining and evaluating recovery of contaminated soils. In this study, microbiological and toxicological assays are used to support traditional chemical analyses, to identify a suite of assays suitable for determining a Soil Recovery Index from Pollution (SRIP). Microbiological assays used are microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), plate counts for culturable degraders and general heterotrophs enzyme activities (dehydrogenase and phosphatase), basal respiration, Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR), and bacterial biosensor. Toxicological response assays of higher organisms include two species of earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris), also, plant assays, including seed germination, root elongation, germination index and plant shoot height performed using two species of plant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and white mustard (Brassica alba L.). All assays were applied sequentially to kerosene and diesel amended soils for both incubated and non–incubated treatments. The indicators were discriminated in terms of their sensitivity using a ranking system. The data collected were integrated into a single numeric value to reflect a ‘level of concern’ for each soil treatment. Soil characteristics and hydrocarbon types play key roles in the response of these indicators. The soil that had high organic matter and clay content was less affected by hydrocarbons. For the freshly hydrocarbon amended soils, kerosene was more toxic than diesel, however the opposite was found in the incubated hydrocarbon amended treatments. The most sensitive and robust indicators were basal respiration, bacterial heterotrophs and degraders counts, bacterial biosensors (methanol extracted soils), earthworm survival, mustard root elongation and mustard plant shoot height. Sensitive indicators were inserted into the SRIP. The SRIP indicates the “level of concern” for each soil treatment in a single value.

Adaptioner av romaner är idag mer förekommande än tidigare och efterfrågan på adaptioner av romaner som ännu inte har filmatiserats är större än någonsin. En vanlig fråga som ställs när det gäller adaptioner är hur väl filmatiseringen följer originalmaterialet. Denna fråga har diskuterats djupgående bland romanläsare och filmtittare samt kritiker och forskare ända sedan Shakespears tid. Mycket av den här kritiken och diskussionen fokuserar på hur väl adapterad filmen är efter romanen, att vissa element saknas eller att dessa element är mycket sämre än vad de är i romanen. Jag anser att denna syn på adaption är alldeles för ytlig. Whelehan, Cartmell (1999) och Sanders (2006) analyserar om hur adaption har använts i bl.a. film och text. De ger bilden av att adaption inte är ett ämne som talar om vad som är rätt eller fel, utan istället är en definitionsfråga av flera faktorer. I detta kandidatarbete har jag utfört en undersökning där jag hoppas kunna belysa problematiken som kan uppstå när en roman adapteras till en visuell gestaltning och på så sätt skapa förståelse för att adaptionsprocessen inte är så enkel som den ser ut att vara. I undersökningen adapteras The Wheel of Time: The Eye of the World till en framtidsmiljö, genom att hitta motsvarigheter mellan romanens värld och en framtidsmiljö och sedan skapa estetiska element utifrån romanens koncept av vad som anses vara trovärdigt. Resultatet är en serie konceptbilder som visar de element som har gestaltats från romanen. Jag finner att i slutändan är detta ett djupare ämne än vad jag först trodde att det var. Framtida undersökningar, där den som undersöker även har rollen som gestaltare, bör kompletteras med ytterligare en faktor, person. Detta är för att både utöka diskussionen, men framförallt för att observera och anteckna personen som både undersöker och gestaltar. / Novel adaptations have in the last half a century been more occuring than ever before. And novels that have yet not been adapted into film are more in demand than ever. A question often raised about adaptation, is whether how well it follows the original. Ever since Shakespear’s time, this question has frequently resulted in profound discussions by novelreaders and film viewers as well as critics and scholars. Usually the critique and discussions focus on whether how well the adaptation follows the original, some elements that is missing or how bad the adaptation is compared to the original. I think this view of adaptation is too superficial. Whelehan, Cartmell (1999) and Sanders (2006) have analyzed how adaptation has been used in film and text. They present adaptation as a subject that doesn’t tell right from wrong but instead is defined by several factors. In this bachelor thesis I have researched, I hope to illuminate the problems that can occur when a novel is adapted to a visual design and in so tell and understand that the adaptationprocess isn’t as simple as it seems. This thesis will adapt the novel The Wheel of Time: The Eye of the World into a futuristic environment, by finding counterparts between the world in the novel and a futuristic world. Then create aesthetic elements based on the novels’ concept of reality. The result is a series of conceptual images that shows the elements that have been designed from the novel. I found this research was more profound than I thought it was before. In future research, when the researcher also acts as the designer, I would recommend it to be accompanied by another person. This is for two reasons, first to widen the discussion range. Second, to observe and take notes of the person that acts both as the researcher and designer.